essay experiment of science

Writing an Introduction for a Scientific Paper

Dr. michelle harris, dr. janet batzli, biocore.

This section provides guidelines on how to construct a solid introduction to a scientific paper including background information, study question , biological rationale, hypothesis , and general approach . If the Introduction is done well, there should be no question in the reader’s mind why and on what basis you have posed a specific hypothesis.

Broad Question : based on an initial observation (e.g., “I see a lot of guppies close to the shore. Do guppies like living in shallow water?”). This observation of the natural world may inspire you to investigate background literature or your observation could be based on previous research by others or your own pilot study. Broad questions are not always included in your written text, but are essential for establishing the direction of your research.

Background Information : key issues, concepts, terminology, and definitions needed to understand the biological rationale for the experiment. It often includes a summary of findings from previous, relevant studies. Remember to cite references, be concise, and only include relevant information given your audience and your experimental design. Concisely summarized background information leads to the identification of specific scientific knowledge gaps that still exist. (e.g., “No studies to date have examined whether guppies do indeed spend more time in shallow water.”)

Testable Question : these questions are much more focused than the initial broad question, are specific to the knowledge gap identified, and can be addressed with data. (e.g., “Do guppies spend different amounts of time in water <1 meter deep as compared to their time in water that is >1 meter deep?”)

Biological Rationale : describes the purpose of your experiment distilling what is known and what is not known that defines the knowledge gap that you are addressing. The “BR” provides the logic for your hypothesis and experimental approach, describing the biological mechanism and assumptions that explain why your hypothesis should be true.

The biological rationale is based on your interpretation of the scientific literature, your personal observations, and the underlying assumptions you are making about how you think the system works. If you have written your biological rationale, your reader should see your hypothesis in your introduction section and say to themselves, “Of course, this hypothesis seems very logical based on the rationale presented.”

A thorough rationale defines your assumptions about the system that have not been revealed in scientific literature or from previous systematic observation. These assumptions drive the direction of your specific hypothesis or general predictions.
Defining the rationale is probably the most critical task for a writer, as it tells your reader why your research is biologically meaningful. It may help to think about the rationale as an answer to the questions— how is this investigation related to what we know, what assumptions am I making about what we don’t yet know, AND how will this experiment add to our knowledge? *There may or may not be broader implications for your study; be careful not to overstate these (see note on social justifications below).
Expect to spend time and mental effort on this. You may have to do considerable digging into the scientific literature to define how your experiment fits into what is already known and why it is relevant to pursue.
Be open to the possibility that as you work with and think about your data, you may develop a deeper, more accurate understanding of the experimental system. You may find the original rationale needs to be revised to reflect your new, more sophisticated understanding.
As you progress through Biocore and upper level biology courses, your rationale should become more focused and matched with the level of study e ., cellular, biochemical, or physiological mechanisms that underlie the rationale. Achieving this type of understanding takes effort, but it will lead to better communication of your science.

***Special note on avoiding social justifications: You should not overemphasize the relevance of your experiment and the possible connections to large-scale processes. Be realistic and logical —do not overgeneralize or state grand implications that are not sensible given the structure of your experimental system. Not all science is easily applied to improving the human condition. Performing an investigation just for the sake of adding to our scientific knowledge (“pure or basic science”) is just as important as applied science. In fact, basic science often provides the foundation for applied studies.

Hypothesis / Predictions : specific prediction(s) that you will test during your experiment. For manipulative experiments, the hypothesis should include the independent variable (what you manipulate), the dependent variable(s) (what you measure), the organism or system , the direction of your results, and comparison to be made.

We hypothesized that reared in warm water will have a greater sexual mating response.

(The dependent variable “sexual response” has not been defined enough to be able to make this hypothesis testable or falsifiable. In addition, no comparison has been specified— greater sexual mating response as compared to what?)

We hypothesized that ) reared in warm water temperatures ranging from 25-28 °C ( ) would produce greater ( ) numbers of male offspring and females carrying haploid egg sacs ( ) than reared in cooler water temperatures of 18-22°C.

If you are doing a systematic observation , your hypothesis presents a variable or set of variables that you predict are important for helping you characterize the system as a whole, or predict differences between components/areas of the system that help you explain how the system functions or changes over time.

We hypothesize that the frequency and extent of algal blooms in Lake Mendota over the last 10 years causes fish kills and imposes a human health risk.

(The variables “frequency and extent of algal blooms,” “fish kills” and “human health risk” have not been defined enough to be able to make this hypothesis testable or falsifiable. How do you measure algal blooms? Although implied, hypothesis should express predicted direction of expected results [ , higher frequency associated with greater kills]. Note that cause and effect cannot be implied without a controlled, manipulative experiment.)

We hypothesize that increasing ( ) cell densities of algae ( ) in Lake Mendota over the last 10 years is correlated with 1. increased numbers of dead fish ( ) washed up on Madison beaches and 2. increased numbers of reported hospital/clinical visits ( .) following full-body exposure to lake water.

Experimental Approach : Briefly gives the reader a general sense of the experiment, the type of data it will yield, and the kind of conclusions you expect to obtain from the data. Do not confuse the experimental approach with the experimental protocol . The experimental protocol consists of the detailed step-by-step procedures and techniques used during the experiment that are to be reported in the Methods and Materials section.

Some Final Tips on Writing an Introduction

As you progress through the Biocore sequence, for instance, from organismal level of Biocore 301/302 to the cellular level in Biocore 303/304, we expect the contents of your “Introduction” paragraphs to reflect the level of your coursework and previous writing experience. For example, in Biocore 304 (Cell Biology Lab) biological rationale should draw upon assumptions we are making about cellular and biochemical processes.
Be Concise yet Specific: Remember to be concise and only include relevant information given your audience and your experimental design. As you write, keep asking, “Is this necessary information or is this irrelevant detail?” For example, if you are writing a paper claiming that a certain compound is a competitive inhibitor to the enzyme alkaline phosphatase and acts by binding to the active site, you need to explain (briefly) Michaelis-Menton kinetics and the meaning and significance of Km and Vmax. This explanation is not necessary if you are reporting the dependence of enzyme activity on pH because you do not need to measure Km and Vmax to get an estimate of enzyme activity.
Another example: if you are writing a paper reporting an increase in Daphnia magna heart rate upon exposure to caffeine you need not describe the reproductive cycle of magna unless it is germane to your results and discussion. Be specific and concrete, especially when making introductory or summary statements.

Where Do You Discuss Pilot Studies? Many times it is important to do pilot studies to help you get familiar with your experimental system or to improve your experimental design. If your pilot study influences your biological rationale or hypothesis, you need to describe it in your Introduction. If your pilot study simply informs the logistics or techniques, but does not influence your rationale, then the description of your pilot study belongs in the Materials and Methods section.

from an Intro Ecology Lab:

Researchers studying global warming predict an increase in average global temperature of 1.3°C in the next 10 years (Seetwo 2003). are small zooplankton that live in freshwater inland lakes. They are filter-feeding crustaceans with a transparent exoskeleton that allows easy observation of heart rate and digestive function. Thomas et al (2001) found that heart rate increases significantly in higher water temperatures are also thought to switch their mode of reproduction from asexual to sexual in response to extreme temperatures. Gender is not mediated by genetics, but by the environment. Therefore, reproduction may be sensitive to increased temperatures resulting from global warming (maybe a question?) and may serve as a good environmental indicator for global climate change.

In this experiment we hypothesized that reared in warm water will switch from an asexual to a sexual mode of reproduction. In order to prove this hypothesis correct we observed grown in warm and cold water and counted the number of males observed after 10 days.

Comments:

Background information

· Good to recognize as a model organism from which some general conclusions can be made about the quality of the environment; however no attempt is made to connect increased lake temperatures and gender. Link early on to increase focus.

· Connection to global warming is too far-reaching. First sentence gives impression that Global Warming is topic for this paper. Changes associated with global warming are not well known and therefore little can be concluded about use of as indicator species.

· Information about heart rate is unnecessary because heart rate in not being tested in this experiment.

Rationale

· Rationale is missing; how is this study related to what we know about D. magna survivorship and reproduction as related to water temperature, and how will this experiment contribute to our knowledge of the system?

· Think about the ecosystem in which this organism lives and the context. Under what conditions would D. magna be in a body of water with elevated temperatures?

Hypothesis

· Not falsifiable; variables need to be better defined (state temperatures or range tested rather than “warm” or “cold”) and predict direction and magnitude of change in number of males after 10 days.

· It is unclear what comparison will be made or what the control is

· What dependent variable will be measured to determine “switch” in mode of reproduction (what criteria are definitive for switch?)

Approach

· Hypotheses cannot be “proven” correct. They are either supported or rejected.

Introduction

are small zooplankton found in freshwater inland lakes and are thought to switch their mode of reproduction from asexual to sexual in response to extreme temperatures (Mitchell 1999). Lakes containing have an average summer surface temperature of 20°C (Harper 1995) but may increase by more than 15% when expose to warm water effluent from power plants, paper mills, and chemical industry (Baker et al. 2000). Could an increase in lake temperature caused by industrial thermal pollution affect the survivorship and reproduction of ?

The sex of is mediated by the environment rather than genetics. Under optimal environmental conditions, populations consist of asexually reproducing females. When the environment shifts may be queued to reproduce sexually resulting in the production of male offspring and females carrying haploid eggs in sacs called ephippia (Mitchell 1999).

The purpose of this laboratory study is to examine the effects of increased water temperature on survivorship and reproduction. This study will help us characterize the magnitude of environmental change required to induce the onset of the sexual life cycle in . Because are known to be a sensitive environmental indicator species (Baker et al. 2000) and share similar structural and physiological features with many aquatic species, they serve as a good model for examining the effects of increasing water temperature on reproduction in a variety of aquatic invertebrates.

We hypothesized that populations reared in water temperatures ranging from 24-26 °C would have lower survivorship, higher male/female ratio among the offspring, and more female offspring carrying ephippia as compared with grown in water temperatures of 20-22°C. To test this hypothesis we reared populations in tanks containing water at either 24 +/- 2°C or 20 +/- 2°C. Over 10 days, we monitored survivorship, determined the sex of the offspring, and counted the number of female offspring containing ephippia.

Comments:

Background information

· Opening paragraph provides good focus immediately. The study organism, gender switching response, and temperature influence are mentioned in the first sentence. Although it does a good job documenting average lake water temperature and changes due to industrial run-off, it fails to make an argument that the 15% increase in lake temperature could be considered “extreme” temperature change.

· The study question is nicely embedded within relevant, well-cited background information. Alternatively, it could be stated as the first sentence in the introduction, or after all background information has been discussed before the hypothesis.

Rationale

· Good. Well-defined purpose for study; to examine the degree of environmental change necessary to induce the Daphnia sexual life
cycle.

How will introductions be evaluated? The following is part of the rubric we will be using to evaluate your papers.

0 = inadequate

(C, D or F)

1 = adequate

(BC)

2 = good

(B)

3 = very good

(AB)

4 = excellent

(A)

Introduction

BIG PICTURE: Did the Intro convey why experiment was performed and what it was designed to test?

Introduction provides little to no relevant information. (This often results in a hypothesis that “comes out of nowhere.”)

Many key components are very weak or missing; those stated are unclear and/or are not stated concisely. Weak/missing components make it difficult to follow the rest of the paper.

e.g., background information is not focused on a specific question and minimal biological rationale is presented such that hypothesis isn’t entirely logical

Covers most key components but could be done much more logically, clearly, and/or concisely.

e.g., biological rationale not fully developed but still supports hypothesis. Remaining components are done reasonably well, though there is still room for improvement.

Concisely & clearly covers all but one key component (w/ exception of rationale; see left) clearly covers all key components but could be a little more concise and/or clear.

e.g., has done a reasonably nice job with the Intro but fails to state the approach OR has done a nice job with Intro but has also included some irrelevant background information

Clearly, concisely, & logically presents all key components: relevant & correctly cited background information, question, biological rationale, hypothesis, approach.

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Education and Communications
Science Writing

How to Write up a Science Experiment

Last Updated: May 19, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Jessie Antonellis-John . Jessie Antonellis-John is a Math and Science Instructor who teaches at Southwestern Oregon Community College. With over 10 years of experience, she specializes in curriculum development. Jessie earned her PhD in Teaching & Teacher Education from the University of Arizona, her Master of Education from Western Governors University, and her BS in Astrophysics from Mount Holyoke College. She’s also co-authored several peer-reviewed journal articles in professional publications. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 275,649 times.

Any time you have conducted a science experiment, you should write a lab report detailing why the experiment was performed, the results you expected, the process you used, the actual results, and a discussion of what the results mean. Lab reports often follow a very standard format starting with an abstract and introduction, followed by a materials and methods section, the results and discussion, and finally a conclusion. This format will allow the reader to find answers to common questions that are often asked: Why was the experiment performed? What were the expected results? How was the experiment conducted? What happened in the experiment? What do the results mean? This article explains the basic format of a lab report.

Lab Report Template

Writing an Abstract and Introduction

The purpose of this short summary is to provide the reader with enough information on the experiment that they can see if they want or need to read the entire report. The abstract helps them determine if your research is relevant to them.
Devote a sentence to describing the purpose of the project and its significance. Then, very briefly describe the materials and methods used. Follow up with a 1-2 sentence description of the results of the experiment. You might also provide a list of keywords listing subjects related to your research.

The introduction will outline what the experiment is, why it was done, and why it is important. It must provide the reader with two key pieces of information: what is the question the experiment is supposed to answer and why is answering this question important.

Step 3 Decide what your expected results should be.

A research hypothesis should be a brief statement that pares down your problem that you described in your introduction into something that is testable and falsifiable.
Scientists must create a hypothesis from which an experiment can reasonably be designed and carried out.
A hypothesis is never proved in an experiment, only "verified" or "supported".

For example, you might start with "Fertilizer affects how tall a plant will grow". You could expand this idea to a clear hypothesis: "Plants grow faster and taller when they are given fertilizer". To make it a testable hypothesis, you could add experimental details: "Plants which are given a solution with 1ml of fertilizer grow faster than plants without fertilizer because they are given more nutrients."

Explaining Your Research Procedure

Step 1 Designate a section in your report for explaining your research design.

This section is extremely crucial documentation of your methods of analysis.

Step 2 Describe all the materials needed to conduct the experiment.

For example, if you were testing how fertilizer affects plant growth, you would want to state what brand of fertilizer you used, what species of plant you used and what brand of seed.
Make sure you include the quantity of all objects used in the experiment.

Step 3 Describe the exact procedure you used.

Remember all experiments involve controls and variables. Describe these here.
If you used a published laboratory method, be sure to provide a reference for the original method.

Reporting Results

Step 1 Designate a section of your report for your results.

For example, if you are testing the effect of fertilizer on plant growth you would want a graph showing the average growth of plants given fertilizer vs. those without.
You would also want to describe the result. For example "Plants which were given a concentration of 1ml of fertilizer grew an average of 4 cm taller than those that were not given fertilizer."
As you go along, narrate your results. Tell the reader why a result is significant to the experiment or problem. This will allow the reader to follow your thinking process.
Compare your results to your original hypothesis. State whether or not your hypothesis was supported or not by your experiment.
Quantitative data is anything expressed in terms of numerical forms such as percentages or statistics. Qualitative data is derived from broad questions and is expressed in the form of word responses from study participants.

In this section, the author can address other questions such as: "why did we get an unexpected result?" or "what would happen if one aspect of the procedure was altered?".
If your results did not verify your hypothesis, explain your reasoning why.

Be sure to link back to the introduction and whether or not the experiment addressed the goals of your analysis.

You can use software such as EndNote to help you cite and build a properly referenced bibliography.

Expert Q&A

↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 8 September 2021.
↑ https://www.matrix.edu.au/how-to-write-a-scientific-report/
↑ https://explorable.com/research-hypothesis
↑ https://www.monash.edu/learnhq/write-like-a-pro/annotated-assessment-samples/science/science-lab-report

About This Article

When you’re writing up a science experiment for a class, break it into sections for your introduction, procedure, findings, and conclusion. In the intro, explain the purpose of your experiment and what you predicted would happen, then give a brief overview of what you did. In the procedure section, describe all of the materials you used and give a step-by-step account of your method. In the findings section, give the results from your experiment, including any graphs or diagrams you made. Then, explain if your expectations were met and what further research you can do. Finish with a brief conclusion that summarizes your experiment and its results. For more tips from our Science co-author, including how to write an abstract for your science paper, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write an Essay Regarding a Science Experiment

26 sep 2017.

After you complete a science experiment you will need to gather all your data and write an essay explaining what you discovered. Your instructor may require a specific number of pages or a minimum word count, so the length of your essay will depend on assignment details. However, most essays, whether for science or any other subject, contain five paragraphs. Inserting your discoveries into the appropriate paragraphs will help you relay your findings with clarity.

Explore this article

Open with the Basics
State Your Thesis
Relay the Data
Wrap Things Up

1 Open with the Basics

In the first paragraph of your essay, you will give a brief introduction to your experiment. Give any background information to help the reader understand the components of your project. For example, if you evaluated the reaction of certain chemicals in a variety of environments, explain what makes up the chemical. You may also want to share what led you to perform this particular experiment, such as your own interest in the subject of your science project or your desire to be innovative.

2 State Your Thesis

Near the end of your introductory paragraph, you will state the main idea of your essay, known as the thesis statement. For an essay regarding a science experiment, your thesis will relate directly to the hypothesis, the educated guess you made about the outcome of your science experiment before you began. The thesis statement may only be a single sentence.

3 Relay the Data

In a typical essay, you'll use the second, third and fourth paragraphs to share how you performed the experiment. Share details about your methods for conducting the experiment to show your reader that you performed each step carefully. This will help your reader trust your findings. Explain the data from your experiment, such as observations you made or any numbers or details that came from your particular science experiment.

4 Wrap Things Up

In the final paragraph, you will conclude by giving a general statement to tell about the data, and you should also state whether your hypothesis was accurate. Give an explanation as to why you were or weren't correct. As well, share the ways you could have performed the science experiment better or more accurately and how you would approach a similar project in the future.

1 Purdue Online Writing Lab: Essay Writing
2 Yale College: Components of a Successful Essay
3 Science Buddies: Steps of the Scientific Method

About the Author

Kate Beck started writing for online publications in 2005. She worked as a certified ophthalmic technician for 10 years before returning to school to earn a Masters of Fine Arts degree in writing. Beck is currently putting the finishing touches on a novel.

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Five of the most important International Space Station experiments

From artificial retinas to ageing mice, here are five of the most promising results from research performed on the ISS – and what they might mean for humans on Earth and in space

By Jon Cartwright

6 August 2024

Astronaut inside the International Space Station using the combustion rack

It’s not all eating bits of food floating in mid-air and introducing suction toilets to fascinated Earthlings – crews on the International Space Station (ISS), which will be coming to an end soon , have serious work to do.

Since the station’s inception, astronauts and cosmonauts have performed more than 3000 experiments in the microgravity and heightened radiation of low-Earth orbit. These have ranged from confirming that fertility levels remain unaltered (in mice, not crew members) to testing the prospects of using lunar soil to make concrete to help build future moon bases. Here are four more of the most impressive bits of ISS research.

Artificial retinas

For millions of people with degenerative conditions affecting the retina – the layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye – there is no cure, only treatments that slow progression. However, an implant that mimics the function of the retina might be the solution, and US-based company LambdaVision has had some success making one by depositing layer upon layer of a light-activated protein known as bacteriorhodopsin. On Earth, solutions of it tended to clump together, leading to poor deposition, but much better results came early this decade in the microgravity aboard the ISS . LambdaVision is now trying to scale up space manufacturing of the artificial retinas and claims these are among the first technologies evaluated on the ISS that have the potential for clinical use.

Astronauts could drink their own urine with water-recycling spacesuit

Invisible flames

When you light a match, the wood burns, reacting with oxygen to produce heat and light, as well as some other products such as carbon…

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72 Easy Science Experiments Using Materials You Already Have On Hand

Because science doesn’t have to be complicated.

Easy science experiments including a "naked" egg and "leakproof" bag

If there is one thing that is guaranteed to get your students excited, it’s a good science experiment! While some experiments require expensive lab equipment or dangerous chemicals, there are plenty of cool projects you can do with regular household items. We’ve rounded up a big collection of easy science experiments that anybody can try, and kids are going to love them!

Easy Chemistry Science Experiments

Easy physics science experiments, easy biology and environmental science experiments, easy engineering experiments and stem challenges.

Skittles form a circle around a plate. The colors are bleeding toward the center of the plate. (easy science experiments)

1. Taste the Rainbow

Teach your students about diffusion while creating a beautiful and tasty rainbow! Tip: Have extra Skittles on hand so your class can eat a few!

Learn more: Skittles Diffusion

2. Crystallize sweet treats

Crystal science experiments teach kids about supersaturated solutions. This one is easy to do at home, and the results are absolutely delicious!

Learn more: Candy Crystals

3. Make a volcano erupt

This classic experiment demonstrates a chemical reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid), which produces carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate.

Learn more: Best Volcano Experiments

4. Make elephant toothpaste

This fun project uses yeast and a hydrogen peroxide solution to create overflowing “elephant toothpaste.” Tip: Add an extra fun layer by having kids create toothpaste wrappers for plastic bottles.

Girl making an enormous bubble with string and wire

5. Blow the biggest bubbles you can

Add a few simple ingredients to dish soap solution to create the largest bubbles you’ve ever seen! Kids learn about surface tension as they engineer these bubble-blowing wands.

Learn more: Giant Soap Bubbles

Plastic bag full of water with pencils stuck through it

6. Demonstrate the “magic” leakproof bag

All you need is a zip-top plastic bag, sharp pencils, and water to blow your kids’ minds. Once they’re suitably impressed, teach them how the “trick” works by explaining the chemistry of polymers.

Learn more: Leakproof Bag

Several apple slices are shown on a clear plate. There are cards that label what they have been immersed in (including salt water, sugar water, etc.) (easy science experiments)

7. Use apple slices to learn about oxidation

Have students make predictions about what will happen to apple slices when immersed in different liquids, then put those predictions to the test. Have them record their observations.

Learn more: Apple Oxidation

8. Float a marker man

Their eyes will pop out of their heads when you “levitate” a stick figure right off the table! This experiment works due to the insolubility of dry-erase marker ink in water, combined with the lighter density of the ink.

Learn more: Floating Marker Man

Mason jars stacked with their mouths together, with one color of water on the bottom and another color on top

9. Discover density with hot and cold water

There are a lot of easy science experiments you can do with density. This one is extremely simple, involving only hot and cold water and food coloring, but the visuals make it appealing and fun.

Learn more: Layered Water

Clear cylinder layered with various liquids in different colors

10. Layer more liquids

This density demo is a little more complicated, but the effects are spectacular. Slowly layer liquids like honey, dish soap, water, and rubbing alcohol in a glass. Kids will be amazed when the liquids float one on top of the other like magic (except it is really science).

Learn more: Layered Liquids

Giant carbon snake growing out of a tin pan full of sand

11. Grow a carbon sugar snake

Easy science experiments can still have impressive results! This eye-popping chemical reaction demonstration only requires simple supplies like sugar, baking soda, and sand.

Learn more: Carbon Sugar Snake

12. Mix up some slime

Tell kids you’re going to make slime at home, and watch their eyes light up! There are a variety of ways to make slime, so try a few different recipes to find the one you like best.

Two children are shown (without faces) bouncing balls on a white table

13. Make homemade bouncy balls

These homemade bouncy balls are easy to make since all you need is glue, food coloring, borax powder, cornstarch, and warm water. You’ll want to store them inside a container like a plastic egg because they will flatten out over time.

Learn more: Make Your Own Bouncy Balls

Pink sidewalk chalk stick sitting on a paper towel

14. Create eggshell chalk

Eggshells contain calcium, the same material that makes chalk. Grind them up and mix them with flour, water, and food coloring to make your very own sidewalk chalk.

Learn more: Eggshell Chalk

Science student holding a raw egg without a shell

15. Make naked eggs

This is so cool! Use vinegar to dissolve the calcium carbonate in an eggshell to discover the membrane underneath that holds the egg together. Then, use the “naked” egg for another easy science experiment that demonstrates osmosis .

Learn more: Naked Egg Experiment

16. Turn milk into plastic

This sounds a lot more complicated than it is, but don’t be afraid to give it a try. Use simple kitchen supplies to create plastic polymers from plain old milk. Sculpt them into cool shapes when you’re done!

Student using a series of test tubes filled with pink liquid

17. Test pH using cabbage

Teach kids about acids and bases without needing pH test strips! Simply boil some red cabbage and use the resulting water to test various substances—acids turn red and bases turn green.

Learn more: Cabbage pH

Pennies in small cups of liquid labeled coca cola, vinegar + salt, apple juice, water, catsup, and vinegar. Text reads Cleaning Coins Science Experiment. Step by step procedure and explanation.

18. Clean some old coins

Use common household items to make old oxidized coins clean and shiny again in this simple chemistry experiment. Ask kids to predict (hypothesize) which will work best, then expand the learning by doing some research to explain the results.

Learn more: Cleaning Coins

Glass bottle with bowl holding three eggs, small glass with matches sitting on a box of matches, and a yellow plastic straw, against a blue background

19. Pull an egg into a bottle

This classic easy science experiment never fails to delight. Use the power of air pressure to suck a hard-boiled egg into a jar, no hands required.

Learn more: Egg in a Bottle

20. Blow up a balloon (without blowing)

Chances are good you probably did easy science experiments like this when you were in school. The baking soda and vinegar balloon experiment demonstrates the reactions between acids and bases when you fill a bottle with vinegar and a balloon with baking soda.

21 Assemble a DIY lava lamp

This 1970s trend is back—as an easy science experiment! This activity combines acid-base reactions with density for a totally groovy result.

Four colored cups containing different liquids, with an egg in each

22. Explore how sugary drinks affect teeth

The calcium content of eggshells makes them a great stand-in for teeth. Use eggs to explore how soda and juice can stain teeth and wear down the enamel. Expand your learning by trying different toothpaste-and-toothbrush combinations to see how effective they are.

Learn more: Sugar and Teeth Experiment

23. Mummify a hot dog

If your kids are fascinated by the Egyptians, they’ll love learning to mummify a hot dog! No need for canopic jars , just grab some baking soda and get started.

24. Extinguish flames with carbon dioxide

This is a fiery twist on acid-base experiments. Light a candle and talk about what fire needs in order to survive. Then, create an acid-base reaction and “pour” the carbon dioxide to extinguish the flame. The CO2 gas acts like a liquid, suffocating the fire.

I Love You written in lemon juice on a piece of white paper, with lemon half and cotton swabs

25. Send secret messages with invisible ink

Turn your kids into secret agents! Write messages with a paintbrush dipped in lemon juice, then hold the paper over a heat source and watch the invisible become visible as oxidation goes to work.

Learn more: Invisible Ink

26. Create dancing popcorn

This is a fun version of the classic baking soda and vinegar experiment, perfect for the younger crowd. The bubbly mixture causes popcorn to dance around in the water.

Students looking surprised as foamy liquid shoots up out of diet soda bottles

27. Shoot a soda geyser sky-high

You’ve always wondered if this really works, so it’s time to find out for yourself! Kids will marvel at the chemical reaction that sends diet soda shooting high in the air when Mentos are added.

Learn more: Soda Explosion

28. Send a teabag flying

Hot air rises, and this experiment can prove it! You’ll want to supervise kids with fire, of course. For more safety, try this one outside.

Learn more: Flying Tea Bags

Magic Milk Experiment How to Plus Free Worksheet

29. Create magic milk

This fun and easy science experiment demonstrates principles related to surface tension, molecular interactions, and fluid dynamics.

Learn more: Magic Milk Experiment

Two side-by-side shots of an upside-down glass over a candle in a bowl of water, with water pulled up into the glass in the second picture

30. Watch the water rise

Learn about Charles’s Law with this simple experiment. As the candle burns, using up oxygen and heating the air in the glass, the water rises as if by magic.

Learn more: Rising Water

Glasses filled with colored water, with paper towels running from one to the next

31. Learn about capillary action

Kids will be amazed as they watch the colored water move from glass to glass, and you’ll love the easy and inexpensive setup. Gather some water, paper towels, and food coloring to teach the scientific magic of capillary action.

Learn more: Capillary Action

A pink balloon has a face drawn on it. It is hovering over a plate with salt and pepper on it

32. Give a balloon a beard

Equally educational and fun, this experiment will teach kids about static electricity using everyday materials. Kids will undoubtedly get a kick out of creating beards on their balloon person!

Learn more: Static Electricity

DIY compass made from a needle floating in water

33. Find your way with a DIY compass

Here’s an old classic that never fails to impress. Magnetize a needle, float it on the water’s surface, and it will always point north.

Learn more: DIY Compass

34. Crush a can using air pressure

Sure, it’s easy to crush a soda can with your bare hands, but what if you could do it without touching it at all? That’s the power of air pressure!

A large piece of cardboard has a white circle in the center with a pencil standing upright in the middle of the circle. Rocks are on all four corners holding it down.

35. Tell time using the sun

While people use clocks or even phones to tell time today, there was a time when a sundial was the best means to do that. Kids will certainly get a kick out of creating their own sundials using everyday materials like cardboard and pencils.

Learn more: Make Your Own Sundial

36. Launch a balloon rocket

Grab balloons, string, straws, and tape, and launch rockets to learn about the laws of motion.

Steel wool sitting in an aluminum tray. The steel wool appears to be on fire.

37. Make sparks with steel wool

All you need is steel wool and a 9-volt battery to perform this science demo that’s bound to make their eyes light up! Kids learn about chain reactions, chemical changes, and more.

Learn more: Steel Wool Electricity

38. Levitate a Ping-Pong ball

Kids will get a kick out of this experiment, which is really all about Bernoulli’s principle. You only need plastic bottles, bendy straws, and Ping-Pong balls to make the science magic happen.

Colored water in a vortex in a plastic bottle

39. Whip up a tornado in a bottle

There are plenty of versions of this classic experiment out there, but we love this one because it sparkles! Kids learn about a vortex and what it takes to create one.

Learn more: Tornado in a Bottle

Homemade barometer using a tin can, rubber band, and ruler

40. Monitor air pressure with a DIY barometer

This simple but effective DIY science project teaches kids about air pressure and meteorology. They’ll have fun tracking and predicting the weather with their very own barometer.

Learn more: DIY Barometer

A child holds up a pice of ice to their eye as if it is a magnifying glass. (easy science experiments)

41. Peer through an ice magnifying glass

Students will certainly get a thrill out of seeing how an everyday object like a piece of ice can be used as a magnifying glass. Be sure to use purified or distilled water since tap water will have impurities in it that will cause distortion.

Learn more: Ice Magnifying Glass

42. String up some sticky ice

Can you lift an ice cube using just a piece of string? This quick experiment teaches you how. Use a little salt to melt the ice and then refreeze the ice with the string attached.

Learn more: Sticky Ice

Drawing of a hand with the thumb up and a glass of water

43. “Flip” a drawing with water

Light refraction causes some really cool effects, and there are multiple easy science experiments you can do with it. This one uses refraction to “flip” a drawing; you can also try the famous “disappearing penny” trick .

Learn more: Light Refraction With Water

44. Color some flowers

We love how simple this project is to re-create since all you’ll need are some white carnations, food coloring, glasses, and water. The end result is just so beautiful!

Square dish filled with water and glitter, showing how a drop of dish soap repels the glitter

45. Use glitter to fight germs

Everyone knows that glitter is just like germs—it gets everywhere and is so hard to get rid of! Use that to your advantage and show kids how soap fights glitter and germs.

Learn more: Glitter Germs

Plastic bag with clouds and sun drawn on it, with a small amount of blue liquid at the bottom

46. Re-create the water cycle in a bag

You can do so many easy science experiments with a simple zip-top bag. Fill one partway with water and set it on a sunny windowsill to see how the water evaporates up and eventually “rains” down.

Learn more: Water Cycle

Plastic zipper bag tied around leaves on a tree

47. Learn about plant transpiration

Your backyard is a terrific place for easy science experiments. Grab a plastic bag and rubber band to learn how plants get rid of excess water they don’t need, a process known as transpiration.

Learn more: Plant Transpiration

Students sit around a table that has a tin pan filled with blue liquid wiht a feather floating in it (easy science experiments)

48. Clean up an oil spill

Before conducting this experiment, teach your students about engineers who solve environmental problems like oil spills. Then, have your students use provided materials to clean the oil spill from their oceans.

Learn more: Oil Spill

Sixth grade student holding model lungs and diaphragm made from a plastic bottle, duct tape, and balloons

49. Construct a pair of model lungs

Kids get a better understanding of the respiratory system when they build model lungs using a plastic water bottle and some balloons. You can modify the experiment to demonstrate the effects of smoking too.

Learn more: Model Lungs

Child pouring vinegar over a large rock in a bowl

50. Experiment with limestone rocks

Kids love to collect rocks, and there are plenty of easy science experiments you can do with them. In this one, pour vinegar over a rock to see if it bubbles. If it does, you’ve found limestone!

Learn more: Limestone Experiments

Plastic bottle converted to a homemade rain gauge

51. Turn a bottle into a rain gauge

All you need is a plastic bottle, a ruler, and a permanent marker to make your own rain gauge. Monitor your measurements and see how they stack up against meteorology reports in your area.

Learn more: DIY Rain Gauge

Pile of different colored towels pushed together to create folds like mountains

52. Build up towel mountains

This clever demonstration helps kids understand how some landforms are created. Use layers of towels to represent rock layers and boxes for continents. Then pu-u-u-sh and see what happens!

Learn more: Towel Mountains

Layers of differently colored playdough with straw holes punched throughout all the layers

53. Take a play dough core sample

Learn about the layers of the earth by building them out of Play-Doh, then take a core sample with a straw. ( Love Play-Doh? Get more learning ideas here. )

Learn more: Play Dough Core Sampling

Science student poking holes in the bottom of a paper cup in the shape of a constellation

54. Project the stars on your ceiling

Use the video lesson in the link below to learn why stars are only visible at night. Then create a DIY star projector to explore the concept hands-on.

Learn more: DIY Star Projector

Glass jar of water with shaving cream floating on top, with blue food coloring dripping through, next to a can of shaving cream

55. Make it rain

Use shaving cream and food coloring to simulate clouds and rain. This is an easy science experiment little ones will beg to do over and over.

Learn more: Shaving Cream Rain

56. Blow up your fingerprint

This is such a cool (and easy!) way to look at fingerprint patterns. Inflate a balloon a bit, use some ink to put a fingerprint on it, then blow it up big to see your fingerprint in detail.

Edible DNA model made with Twizzlers, gumdrops, and toothpicks

57. Snack on a DNA model

Twizzlers, gumdrops, and a few toothpicks are all you need to make this super-fun (and yummy!) DNA model.

Learn more: Edible DNA Model

58. Dissect a flower

Take a nature walk and find a flower or two. Then bring them home and take them apart to discover all the different parts of flowers.

DIY smartphone amplifier made from paper cups

59. Craft smartphone speakers

No Bluetooth speaker? No problem! Put together your own from paper cups and toilet paper tubes.

Learn more: Smartphone Speakers

Car made from cardboard with bottlecap wheels and powered by a blue balloon

60. Race a balloon-powered car

Kids will be amazed when they learn they can put together this awesome racer using cardboard and bottle-cap wheels. The balloon-powered “engine” is so much fun too.

Learn more: Balloon-Powered Car

Miniature Ferris Wheel built out of colorful wood craft sticks

61. Build a Ferris wheel

You’ve probably ridden on a Ferris wheel, but can you build one? Stock up on wood craft sticks and find out! Play around with different designs to see which one works best.

Learn more: Craft Stick Ferris Wheel

62. Design a phone stand

There are lots of ways to craft a DIY phone stand, which makes this a perfect creative-thinking STEM challenge.

63. Conduct an egg drop

Put all their engineering skills to the test with an egg drop! Challenge kids to build a container from stuff they find around the house that will protect an egg from a long fall (this is especially fun to do from upper-story windows).

Learn more: Egg Drop Challenge Ideas

Student building a roller coaster of drinking straws for a ping pong ball (Fourth Grade Science)

64. Engineer a drinking-straw roller coaster

STEM challenges are always a hit with kids. We love this one, which only requires basic supplies like drinking straws.

Learn more: Straw Roller Coaster

65. Build a solar oven

Explore the power of the sun when you build your own solar ovens and use them to cook some yummy treats. This experiment takes a little more time and effort, but the results are always impressive. The link below has complete instructions.

Learn more: Solar Oven

Mini Da Vinci bridge made of pencils and rubber bands

66. Build a Da Vinci bridge

There are plenty of bridge-building experiments out there, but this one is unique. It’s inspired by Leonardo da Vinci’s 500-year-old self-supporting wooden bridge. Learn how to build it at the link, and expand your learning by exploring more about Da Vinci himself.

Learn more: Da Vinci Bridge

67. Step through an index card

This is one easy science experiment that never fails to astonish. With carefully placed scissor cuts on an index card, you can make a loop large enough to fit a (small) human body through! Kids will be wowed as they learn about surface area.

Student standing on top of a structure built from cardboard sheets and paper cups

68. Stand on a pile of paper cups

Combine physics and engineering and challenge kids to create a paper cup structure that can support their weight. This is a cool project for aspiring architects.

Learn more: Paper Cup Stack

Child standing on a stepladder dropping a toy attached to a paper parachute

69. Test out parachutes

Gather a variety of materials (try tissues, handkerchiefs, plastic bags, etc.) and see which ones make the best parachutes. You can also find out how they’re affected by windy days or find out which ones work in the rain.

Learn more: Parachute Drop

Students balancing a textbook on top of a pyramid of rolled up newspaper

70. Recycle newspapers into an engineering challenge

It’s amazing how a stack of newspapers can spark such creative engineering. Challenge kids to build a tower, support a book, or even build a chair using only newspaper and tape!

Learn more: Newspaper STEM Challenge

Plastic cup with rubber bands stretched across the opening

71. Use rubber bands to sound out acoustics

Explore the ways that sound waves are affected by what’s around them using a simple rubber band “guitar.” (Kids absolutely love playing with these!)

Learn more: Rubber Band Guitar

Science student pouring water over a cupcake wrapper propped on wood craft sticks

72. Assemble a better umbrella

Challenge students to engineer the best possible umbrella from various household supplies. Encourage them to plan, draw blueprints, and test their creations using the scientific method.

Learn more: Umbrella STEM Challenge

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Experiment Definition in Science – What Is a Science Experiment?

In science, an experiment is simply a test of a hypothesis in the scientific method . It is a controlled examination of cause and effect. Here is a look at what a science experiment is (and is not), the key factors in an experiment, examples, and types of experiments.

Experiment Definition in Science

By definition, an experiment is a procedure that tests a hypothesis. A hypothesis, in turn, is a prediction of cause and effect or the predicted outcome of changing one factor of a situation. Both the hypothesis and experiment are components of the scientific method. The steps of the scientific method are:

Make observations.
Ask a question or identify a problem.
State a hypothesis.
Perform an experiment that tests the hypothesis.
Based on the results of the experiment, either accept or reject the hypothesis.
Draw conclusions and report the outcome of the experiment.

Key Parts of an Experiment

The two key parts of an experiment are the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the one factor that you control or change in an experiment. The dependent variable is the factor that you measure that responds to the independent variable. An experiment often includes other types of variables , but at its heart, it’s all about the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Examples of Experiments

Fertilizer and plant size.

For example, you think a certain fertilizer helps plants grow better. You’ve watched your plants grow and they seem to do better when they have the fertilizer compared to when they don’t. But, observations are only the beginning of science. So, you state a hypothesis: Adding fertilizer increases plant size. Note, you could have stated the hypothesis in different ways. Maybe you think the fertilizer increases plant mass or fruit production, for example. However you state the hypothesis, it includes both the independent and dependent variables. In this case, the independent variable is the presence or absence of fertilizer. The dependent variable is the response to the independent variable, which is the size of the plants.

Now that you have a hypothesis, the next step is designing an experiment that tests it. Experimental design is very important because the way you conduct an experiment influences its outcome. For example, if you use too small of an amount of fertilizer you may see no effect from the treatment. Or, if you dump an entire container of fertilizer on a plant you could kill it! So, recording the steps of the experiment help you judge the outcome of the experiment and aid others who come after you and examine your work. Other factors that might influence your results might include the species of plant and duration of the treatment. Record any conditions that might affect the outcome. Ideally, you want the only difference between your two groups of plants to be whether or not they receive fertilizer. Then, measure the height of the plants and see if there is a difference between the two groups.

Salt and Cookies

You don’t need a lab for an experiment. For example, consider a baking experiment. Let’s say you like the flavor of salt in your cookies, but you’re pretty sure the batch you made using extra salt fell a bit flat. If you double the amount of salt in a recipe, will it affect their size? Here, the independent variable is the amount of salt in the recipe and the dependent variable is cookie size.

Test this hypothesis with an experiment. Bake cookies using the normal recipe (your control group ) and bake some using twice the salt (the experimental group). Make sure it’s the exact same recipe. Bake the cookies at the same temperature and for the same time. Only change the amount of salt in the recipe. Then measure the height or diameter of the cookies and decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis.

Examples of Things That Are Not Experiments

Based on the examples of experiments, you should see what is not an experiment:

Making observations does not constitute an experiment. Initial observations often lead to an experiment, but are not a substitute for one.
Making a model is not an experiment.
Neither is making a poster.
Just trying something to see what happens is not an experiment. You need a hypothesis or prediction about the outcome.
Changing a lot of things at once isn’t an experiment. You only have one independent and one dependent variable. However, in an experiment, you might suspect the independent variable has an effect on a separate. So, you design a new experiment to test this.

Types of Experiments

There are three main types of experiments: controlled experiments, natural experiments, and field experiments,

Controlled experiment : A controlled experiment compares two groups of samples that differ only in independent variable. For example, a drug trial compares the effect of a group taking a placebo (control group) against those getting the drug (the treatment group). Experiments in a lab or home generally are controlled experiments
Natural experiment : Another name for a natural experiment is a quasi-experiment. In this type of experiment, the researcher does not directly control the independent variable, plus there may be other variables at play. Here, the goal is establishing a correlation between the independent and dependent variable. For example, in the formation of new elements a scientist hypothesizes that a certain collision between particles creates a new atom. But, other outcomes may be possible. Or, perhaps only decay products are observed that indicate the element, and not the new atom itself. Many fields of science rely on natural experiments, since controlled experiments aren’t always possible.
Field experiment : While a controlled experiments takes place in a lab or other controlled setting, a field experiment occurs in a natural setting. Some phenomena cannot be readily studied in a lab or else the setting exerts an influence that affects the results. So, a field experiment may have higher validity. However, since the setting is not controlled, it is also subject to external factors and potential contamination. For example, if you study whether a certain plumage color affects bird mate selection, a field experiment in a natural environment eliminates the stressors of an artificial environment. Yet, other factors that could be controlled in a lab may influence results. For example, nutrition and health are controlled in a lab, but not in the field.
Bailey, R.A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521683579.
di Francia, G. Toraldo (1981). The Investigation of the Physical World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29925-X.
Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.
Holland, Paul W. (December 1986). “Statistics and Causal Inference”. Journal of the American Statistical Association . 81 (396): 945–960. doi: 10.2307/2289064
Stohr-Hunt, Patricia (1996). “An Analysis of Frequency of Hands-on Experience and Science Achievement”. Journal of Research in Science Teaching . 33 (1): 101–109. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199601)33:1<101::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-Z

243 Experiment Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best experiment topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on experiment, 📌 interesting topics to write about experiment, ✅ simple & easy experiment essay titles, 📑 good research topics about experiment, ❓ experimental research questions.

The Experiment With Spring Balance The essence of performing this experiment was to verify the relationship between the effects of force on the extension of a coiled spring and as such, verify the principle behind a spring balance.
The Operational Amplifier: A Physical Experiment The main objectives for doing this experiment are: Investigating the use of operational amplifier as an analog comparator Investigating the influence of open-loop characteristics on the circuits in which operational amplifiers are used To measure […]
Quasi-Experiments and True Experiments In most cases, the nature of variables and the need of the investigation play a vital role in influencing the criteria for exploration. The analysis focuses on exploring the variation between quasi and true experiments […]
Seed Germination Experiment: Results and Discussion The results indicated that the number of germinated seeds differed according to the concentration of solutions. 0625M CaCl2 germinated quickly on the second day and attained the mean of about 10 germinated seeds on […]
A Resonance Tube Laboratory Experiment The purpose of the present work was to determine the frequency of the sound wave in the state of resonance. The paper contains calculations of the two frequencies for the two forks and a comparison […]
Optics: The Experiment of Snell’s Law The degree of bending is proportional to the refractive index of the medium. In essence, with an incident ray traversing two media with different refractive indices, the incident ray, the normal to the interface separating […]
Pinacol Rearrangement Laboratory Experiment The first objective of the experiment is to elucidate the formation of a ketone from alcohol through the process of pinacol rearrangement in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, heat, and boiling chips.
Hydrated Copper (II) Sulphate Experiment The objective of this experiment is to determine the amounts of the component parts of hydrated copper Sulfate. The third procedure is the scrutiny of sulfate ion in a sample of copper sulfate.
Experiment: Growing Tomato Plants Under Light The first seedling was planted into a garden under a condition of strong direct sunlight of about six to eight hours daily and was far away from the light source.
Experiment in Cognition: Stroop Effect The method section depicts the specifics of the experimental design, including the characteristics of the participants, the materials used, and the procedure.
Blindfolded Experiment: Personal Experience As we start walking through the predetermined route, I feel lost in a dark abyss and a strong sense of fear for the unknown starts creeping in.the situation is made less threatening as I hear […]
Social Facilitation Experiment with Examples from the Study The study hypothesized that participants’ performances in the audience condition with competition are better than the performances in no audience condition and audience condition of the experiment.
A Criticism of the Asch Conformity Experiment In this critical analysis of the experiment, we shall focus on the various assumptions that surrounded the experiment. This can mostly to the experiment carried out in the 1950s by the famous psychologist Solomon Asch.
Ethics in Social Research: Peculiarities of the Genie Case and the Milgram Experiment The main idea of the experiment consists in the physical and even moral injury of the object. The consent of the experiment was not informed.
Bomb Calorimetry: Theory and Experiment Bomb Calorimetry is one of the methods to calculate the standard heat of the reaction of various chemical processes. One of the ways of its application is the determination of the standard heat of organic […]
Energy Conservation: The Lab Experiment The motion of a pendulum is a good demonstration of mechanical energy conservation. However, gravity is a conservative force, which is why it does not cause any change to the total mechanical energy of the […]
The Solid-Liquid Equilibrium in a Binary System Experiment The cooling curves of the pure compounds and various mixtures were used to construct a solid-liquid phase diagram of the biphenyl and naphthalene systems.
Ethical Issues With the Stanford Prison Experiment – Essay Nowadays, modern psychologists are expected to adhere to a strict and rigid code of ethical principles in order to ensure the validity of their practices and the safety of the patients and participants.
Stanford Prison Experiment: Results Analysis One of the results that were realized from the experiment was the level of rebellion that the prisoners developed after some time within the prison set up.
Aluminum vs. Mild Steel Comparison Experiment In addition, to yield strength, percentage of elongation, and ultimate strength, the tensile test experiment may be used to assess additional mechanical properties of the specimen.
The Experiment of Belt-Drive Pulleys As such, with regards to direction, it is expected that for an open pulley arrangement the directions of both the driven and the driving pulley move in tandem.
KHT Molar Solubility Experiment Thus, the calculated molarity of NaOH is used to compute the molar solubility of KHT, which is the quantity of KHT moles that are liquefied in every liter before saturation level.
The Marshmallow Experiment The marshmallow experiment was done by Mischel, and traces back its roots in Trinidad. Mischel wanted to find out the reactions of children towards some psychological aspects.
Biology: Analysis of Egg Experiment The data obtained from the above experiment supports the hypothesis that if the cell is soaked in corn syrup, a hypertonic solution, then water will move out of the cell by osmosis, and the egg […]
Psychology: Change Blindness Experiment The independent variable was the type of change, and the dependent variable was the response to detecting the changes. Broadly, it was established that change blindness varied with the type of change introduced because incongruent […]
Experiment: Frame Deflections and Reactions This guide describes how to set up and perform experiments related to the deflections and reactions of a rectangular portal. The Frame Deflections and Reactions experiment fits into a Test Frame.
Experiment: Shear Force in a Beam Calculate the theoretical shear force at the cut and complete the Table 2. Calculations: Theoretical Shear Force Sc=w*a/L Where L=0.
Cognitive Dissonance and Stanford Prison Experiment The leader of the team, doctor Zimbardo, was also the person who conducted the analysis of the course and the results of the experiment.
Pendulum Experiment: Pendulum Motion and Factors Affecting Period Following the experiment for the simple pendulum, one can see that the pendulum’s period of motion changes due to the different lengths of the string but not the weight of the washer.
Steel and Young’s Modulus Experiment The stress at the end of the experiment gave the breaking strength and was 504. The stress-strain curve was re-plotted in the range of 0 to 1% strain to calculate Young’s modulus and 0.
Osmosis in Living Organism: Germination Experiment In order to interpret the results of the experiment and explain predicted differences in the studied groups, one should pay attention to the essence of germination.
The Centripetal Force Experiment As force acts on an object in motion, its acceleration and direction of force act towards the center of the circular path.
UV & VIS Spectroscopy Experiment The first was to determine the unknown concentrations of samples A and B using linear dilution while the other employed the serial decimal dilution method.
The C-Fern Plant Laboratory Experiment The fusion of the male and female gametes results in the formation and development of a sporophyte, which shifts to the diploid generation and the devolvement of spores.
Pros and Cons of Food Dyes: Experiments with Food Ramesh and Muthuraman argue that there is a certain association between the increased use of food colorants and the elevated rates of ADHD in children.
Food Dye and Bleach Reaction Experiment The rate law demonstrates how the rate correlates with the concentrations of the components of the reaction. It is possible to note that “the power of the concentration in the rate law expression is called […]
The Experiment on Substitution Reactions of Alcohols The purpose of the experiment is to study substitution reactions of alcohols because they can react as nucleophiles or electrophiles, depending on prevailing conditions of the reaction. This experiment illustrates the reaction of 1-butanol with […]
The DNA Extraction Procedure: Scientific Experiment It touches on plant cell DNA extraction, animal cell DNA extraction, sequence used in DNA extraction and composition of the sample.
Chemical Raising Agent in Bread in Lab Experiment Therefore, the gluten content of flour affects the physical properties of flour and the corresponding baked products. The leavening agent was baking powder, which consists of sodium bicarbonate and potassium bitartrate.
Free and Serial Memory Recalls in Experiments In the study, the experimenters changed the order in which the items were presented to the participants before each trial to test the ability of the subject to recognize these words it was observed that […]
Pinacol Rearrangement: Chemical Lab Experiment Undertake qualitative analysis of the product using IR and NMR techniques, which provide spectra of functional groups and chemical shifts respectively. Carry out qualitative analysis of the product using 2,4-DNP test, which can detect carbonyl […]
Experiment of the Fluid Mechanics The Experiment was going to be carried out in the following manner: Checking the equipment; Charging the hydraulic bench with water; Placing the plastic caps at the end of the shaft; Increasing/decreasing pressure; Observing the […]
Organ Bath Experiments in Pharmacokinetics The aim of an organ bath experiment is to establish a relationship between the changes in the response and the drug stimulant.
Anomalous Expansion of Water: A Home Experiment This investigation proves the hypothesis that water expands anomalously when cooled and increases in volume as it nears its freezing point of zero degree Celsius.
The Asch Conformity Experiment Asch arranged so that the real subject was to be the next to the last person or the last person in every group to announce his/her answer.
Bystander Effect: The Stanford Experiment In the Stanford case, most guards including the initiator of the experiment himself thought about what the rest of the group was doing and they all interpreted the inaction of others as a sign that […]
Mendelian Corn Genetics: An Experiment Seeds are then sorted out on the basis of their color and shape and the obtained data recorded adjacent to the respective phenotypes. Determine the 2 value for each experiment, and use the table of […]
Stroop Experiment: Congruent and Incongruent Words The core aim of the Stroop experiment was to reveal the differences in perception of congruent and incongruent words. First, the paper focused on the research plan involving such aspects as hypotheses and methods where […]
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and Ethical Principles The study started in 1929 when USPHS investigated the high incidence of syphilis in the rural areas of the South of the USA and possibilities for its mass treatment.
Experimental Neurosis: Shenger-Krestovnikova Experiment and Pavlov’s Theory In this context, it is possible to trace the relationship between a person’s nervous system and his type of temperament, which is determined by its essence by the reaction to external stimuli.
The Milgram Experiment and Ethical Issues The experiment was inherently designed in order to force subjects to continue since the goal was to observe the significance and extent of authoritative pressure on human behavior and obedience. Such pressure can be considered […]
The Dipole and Dish Antenna Experiments The transmitter and receiver’s wavelength are in proportion to the antenna height. It indicates that the shorter the antenna, the greater the frequencies, and the larger the transmitter, the lesser the intensity.
Photoelectric Effect: A Lab Experiment The voltage required to stop the current is proportional to the energy emitted; thus, voltage data is obtained and plotted to obtain the stopping voltage allowing the current to reach zero on the meter.
Pinacol Rearrangement Experiment The pinacol rearrangement constitutes the dehydration of pinacol and the stabilization of carbocation by the shift of methyl. The mechanism of the pinacol rearrangement commences with the protonation of one of the two OH groups.
Collisions in One Dimension: A Physical Experiment The objective of this experiment is to ascertain that when bodies are involved in an elastic collision, both the energy and the momentum are conserved unlike in a perfectly inelastic collision where only the momentum […]
Experimental Research: Design and Control To limit the effect of extraneous variables, a researcher may need to control the degree of randomness of the experimental variable.
Sugar Results: Experiment on Chocolate When the concentration of glucose was high, the color and odor of the reaction mixture were darker and more intense, respectively, due to a larger amount of products formed.
Milgram’s Experiment on Obedience: Ethical Issues The subjects were told that the experiment tested the potency of punishment in improving learning capabilities, and were asked to administer electrical shocks to a “learner”.
Water Properties as a Solvent: An Experiment Lab In the second part of the work, a mixture of 10 g of solid calcium hydroxide and 50 mL of drinking water in a beaker was initially created.
PH Titrations & Buffer Solutions Experiment The objective of this experiment was partly to determine the behaviour of PH curve of a triprotic acid and hence determine its pKa value, and on the other part to determine the concentration of an […]
Natural Sciences. The Phenol Red Broth Test Experiment The tube cap was removed with the little finger of the dominant hand, and the tube mouth was incinerated in the flame.
“The Great Climate Experiment” by Ken Caldeira In the article “The Great Climate Experiment: How far can we push the planet?”, the author attempts to describe the problem of environmental pollution resulting from the excessive release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere […]
The Ship of Theseus Thought Experiment and Solution The puzzle is complicated by the later addition of a replica ship being built out of the original parts in the warehouse.
Dictator Game Experiment and Behavioral Economics One of the players selected to be the “dictator” selects the optimal strategy depending on the move of another player and in turn putting pressure on them.
Psychology: The Little Albert Experiment The study began when the participant was in the middle of their first development stage, and as it ended, the child had the unconscious recognition of fear that generalized to multiple objects.
Experiment With Balloons in ”Up” Movie by Pixar The key focus of the mathematical essay is to determine the minimum number of balloons that can lift the building into the air and consider the associated features of this event.
Chemical Composition of Cells: A Lab Experiment This laboratory experiment focuses on the chemical composition of cells, appropriate identification of which contributes to the understanding of distinctions between organic and inorganic chemicals.
Drawing Conclusions from Experience vs. Experiments On the contrary, if one is drawing conclusion from experiments they have to be referred or guided by the results and discussions of the experiment.
Diffusion and Osmosis Experiments The osmolarity of various solutions was also evaluated by noting the changes in weight of potato cylinders in the solutions. The movement of carmine particles in the water was random.
Thermoelectric Cooling Systems Efficiency Experiment One of the sides of the thermoelectric cooler junction absorbs heat energy when the electric current is passed while the other side dissipates energy in form of heat.
Animal Experiments and Inhuman Treatment Although the results of such a laboratory may bring answers to many questions in medicine, genetics, and other vital spheres, it is frequently a case that the treatment of such animals is inhumane and cruel. […]
Probability: Theory and Experiment A probability experiment refers to the analysis that depicts the possibility an event occurring in the future through the performance of a series of examination.
Dr. Milgram’s Experiment Experimenter was the participant who was giving orders to the na ve subjects to follow the requirements of the experiment. In this case, the na ve subjects realized that the experiment was against their conscience […]
The Ideal Gas Law in a Practical Experiment The purpose of this laboratory work was to evaluate the ideal gas law for the case of gas in a syringe when the pressure was increased.
Little Albert Experiment by Watson and Rayner Today, the Little Albert experiment would raise a lot of concerns and would not have a chance to pass the review of the ethical board.
Learning and Behavior-Shaping: Sniffy Experiment It mainly depends on the timing of the conditioned response of the animal to the need given the natural ability of the animal to relate the particular condition to a stimulus or a set of […]
The Word Superiority Effect: Letter Detection Experiment In other words, the percentage of correct detection should be higher for trials in which a word appeared rather than a single letter. The percentage of the correct detections when the target letter was in […]
Real-Life vs. Simulated Prison: Stanford Experiment Zimbardo defended his research, observing that the students had knowingly volunteered for the experiment and were, in fact, being paid well for their participation. Abuse and maltreatment were tolerated in the experiment.
Nazi Medical Experiments During the Holocaust The information is maintained by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. This photograph is maintained and produced by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Jane Elliot’s Experiment: Compare and Contrast Jane Elliot used formal organization according to which she created groups, which had to achieve certain goals and prove their positions and the rights, the members of the groups had.
The Miller-Urey Experiment and Findings The researchers note that their experiment was designed to mimic the primitive earth’s atmosphere and not the ideal conditions required for the development of amino acids. At the experiment’s conclusion, the solution in the flask […]
Chinese Artificial Sun Experiment Given the lack of transparency and the occasional exaggeration of research results in China, it is difficult to evaluate this particular experiment.
The Urine Volume and Composition Experiment Homeostatic mechanisms in the bodies of all animals are constantly monitoring variables such as pH, ionic concentration, and water volume within the body tissues. The central organ systems involved in homeostasis include the kidney, the […]
A Metals Density Virtual Lab Experiment The graduated cylinder was filled with the amount of metal powder, and the outcome was measured as the final volume. The density of the metal was determined using these measurements and the density formula ).
Stanford Prison Experiment vs. Little Albert Experiment The guards eventually devised a system of punishments and rewards to keep the inmates in line. In the Watson experiment, the participant Albert was not informed of the experiment nor his parent but was experimented […]
The Chinese Room Argument: The World-Famous Experiment Such reasoning, based on the inadmissibility of the presence of real intelligence in a computer, proves that even the physical manifestations of the mind cannot prove the existence of a fundamental mind.
A Random Variable and Binomial Experiment On the contrary, it is considered a continuous random variable if it’s quantities or representative array of values are not quantifiable and it accepts any numbers on the reference axis or its interval. Conversely, Y […]
Design Experiment Research in Mathematics Education According to Cobb et al, “design experiments are pragmatic as well as theoretical” in orientation in that the methodology’s core focus is the study of function, both that of the design and the consequent ecology […]
Scientific Integrity: The Stanford Prison Experiment The most important lesson drawn from the experiment is that scientific integrity is essential in the process of collecting evidence. In conclusion, the Stanford prison experiment is not about groupthink, obedience, and compliance but rather […]
Conservation of Number Experiment with Children Young children frequently mistake the physical expanse of a collection of items for the number of items in that set. It confirms that young children cannot differentiate between numbers and space since they have not […]
Louis Pasteur and His Experiments Pasteur found that a diluted solution of this vaccine could kill what he saw as the single-celled micro-organism at the time, the Germ Theory.
Ethics of Experiments: What Went Wrong? Finally, the researcher failed to debrief the participants after the study, which could have helped them understand the study’s psychological effects and how to deal with them.
Non-Replicated Experiments in Commercial Dairy This is because of the practical operation at the dairy farm, the manageability of the day-to-day operation, and the cost involved with them.
Philosophical Significance of Soul Weight Experiment The experiment that Renee and David were going to conduct is of great interest as the search for the soul has been the question that has occupied the minds of great thinkers since ancient times.
The Elasticity Experiment in Physics The difference between the initial and final values of the position of the lower end of the spring corresponds to the vertical displacement, that is, it shows how much the given weight was able to […]
The Delta Max Paper Airplane Performance Experiment This study aims to propose an experiment in which the performance of the Delta Max paper airplane is compared to other paper airplane models in the context of the range and duration of the flight.
Controversial Experiment in Psychology History The essence of the project was to simulate prison life and make the participants learn their roles and follow their obligations within the environment.
D. Hardy & D. Nachman’s “The Human Experiment” I have learned about the connection between corporations’ actions and the presence of dangerous chemicals in the environment. Europe has risen to prominence internationally in limiting environmental dangers and forcing chemical producers to verify the […]
The Human Experiment: Analysis of Documentary Fortunately, as mentioned in The Human Experiment, some campaigns and activists try to increase awareness and stop the growing levels of unsafe chemicals that poison people around the world.
Psychological Experiments on Videogames and Theater Although the experiment has shown no correlation between the sexualization of female characters and women’s perception of their bodies and self-objectification, scientists assume that the effect may appear due to the long-term playing of such […]
Market Research Experiment: Developing and Testing Hypothesis Statements In a nutshell, the hypothesis should contain all variables on the targeted market group to be studied and a recap of the expected results from the experiment.
Torque and Equilibrium Experiment Thus, the direction of the torque with respect to the point is essential and shows the ability of the body to rotate in the direction of the resultant vector.
Nobel Prize for Natural Experiments The two things in the research that impressed me the most is the complexity of the natural experiments and the methods to simplify the research.
Natural Experiments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The researchers enabled the realization of the impact of immigration on the labor market and the impact of language in this matrix.
Experiment on the Bacteriophages Since the basis of the experiment was to measure the number of plaques on previously prepared plates, the only direct measurement was to count the number of such spots on the entire plate, and only […]
The Hawthorne Experiments and Organization Theory Since the beginning of the previous century, employers were interested in finding out more about the efficiency of the employees and how it could be improved.
The Tuskegee Experiment in Public Health However, in reality, they received a lethal injection, resulting in 28 of the 399 participants dying from syphilis, 100 from related medical complications, and 40 of the participants’ wives and 19 children becoming infected during […]
Chemical Experiment of Reduction of Chromium (VI) 000510?-1, and k-1 = 0. 000684?-1, and k-1 = 0.
Physics Laboratory Experiment on Acceleration The conical pendulum moves at a constant spend in a circular horizontal plane and when the bob is attached to a string, it forms a cone and so it is used to illustrate uniform circular […]
A Statistical Experiment: Junco Birds The presence and content of 2-pentadecanone in the male may be related to the saturation of particular odors that excite the reproductive call of female birds.
Natural Science: Mouse Experiment For this, it is necessary to sum up the babies in the litter and divide the obtained number by the number of the litters.
Ethical Issues in “Prison Experiments” Video To resolve the identified ethical issues and prevent them in the future, it is critical to ensure that the subjects are not placed in coercive environments and a vulnerable position as it significantly impacts their […]
“Facebook’s Unethical Experiment”: Brief Description of the Study In such research, it is necessary to ensure the rights of people, the voluntary nature of their participation, the preventive nature of the presentation of the results, and the warning of possible consequences.
The Stanford Prison Experiment: Ethics Principles Examples of the violation of these are deception in how the participants selected to be prisoners were delivered to the facility and the violent treatment they experienced.
Using Animals in Medical Research and Experiments While discussing the use of animals in medical research according to the consequentialist perspective, it is important to state that humans’ preferences cannot be counted higher to cause animals’ suffering; humans and animals’ preferences need […]
DNA Cloning and Sequencing: The Experiment The plasmid vector pTTQ18 and the GFP PCR product will be digested with restriction enzymes and the desired DNA fragments obtained thereof will be purified by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ligated with DNA ligase resulting […]
The Cruel Experiment by Stanley Milgram According to the researchers, the presence of a figure empowered to give orders to other participants in the process had a tremendous impact on the latter.
Research and Experiments: Molecules in Food, Photosynthesis The saliva of humans and some mammals contains amylase: the enzyme that begins the chemical process of food digestion. I took the pollution of the environment with heavy metals and the effect on photosynthesis.
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and African Americans Hesitancy to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines Laurencin states that discrimination of the minority African-Americans in the health sector contributes to the high spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States black population.
Social Media Experiment: The Marketer Tweeter For instance, Twitter is one of the most confusing platforms to participate in because of its wealth of information on the one hand and for being a cesspool of toxic content on the other hand.
The Chromatography Method: Scientific Experiment SDS-PAGE separates isolated protein of which can be visualized by coo massive stain that binds to the experimental proteins and hence, the intensity of this resultant bands is used to give plasminogen estimation in a […]
How SCOBY Changes Its Environment: Lab Experiment The means of SCOBY growth in black tea, green tea, chamomile tea, and distilled water are not significantly different. The means of SCOBY growth in black tea and distilled water are not significantly different.
Micrococcus Luteus Detection Experiment Microbial Physiology, the branch of microbiology responsible for the study of these enzymes, employs a spectrum of tests that detect the known set of enzymes unique to each species of microbe.
Biology Experiment: Hormone and Its Effect It is emphasized by Erickson and Tadaaki, that avocados do not ripen while attached to the branches, and ethylene increases the speed of ripening. This will be tested by placing avocados under the test bell […]
Informed Consent in Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The physicians involved in the experiment failed to inform their participants about the essence of the experiment and its possible outcomes.
Artificial Blood: Dr. Clark’s Experiment Damage was mainly due to the size of the mouse’s airway. Clark found out that the time for survival was related to the temperature of the fluorocarbon solution.
Springs and Oscillations: Scientific Experiment From the analysis, the effective mass of the spring was 0. The effective mass of the spring was 0.
Physical Lab Experiment on Equilibrium of Objects Through considering the measurements of the bodies with regular shapes, it was easy to locate the C.O. As a result, the body cannot balance if the pivot is not put at the center of gravity.
Atlantic Tomcod’s Adaptation Experiment Conversely, those with the gene survived and passed it on to their young, making them immune to the toxins in the water and ultimately creating a generation of PCB resistant tomcod.
“The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment” by Sherman and Berk The experiment conducted by the authors throws light on the three stages of the research circle. This is one of the arguments that can be advanced.
The Analysis of the Seed Removal Experiment Given this, a study carried out with an objective of, first, to determine the impact of seed predation on seed environment, and second, to determine the same on the seed sizes were carried out.
Experiment: Transients in Power Equipment Circuits One of them is by designing a machine that is well adapted to such conditions of overvoltage, while the other method involves the use of protectors such as lightning arresters or power surges.
Stanford Prison Experiment by Philip Zimbardo: Legal Research The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of situational variables on human behavior. What was even worse was that the initiator of the experiment kept watching as these things going on in […]
Practical Experiment of Routine Staining Using Hematoxylin and Eosin in the Histopathology Lab For the sake of this practical, there was focus on the human uterus.”This method uses hematoxylin solutions for nuclear staining and eosin solutions for cytoplasm staining”.
Are Experiments the Only Option? A Look at Dropout Prevention Programs It is, therefore, no wonder that the findings of this study establish propensity-score methods as highly unlikely to replicate the experimental impacts on school dropout programs.
Plastic Bending of Portals Experiment Is to forecast the bending moment diagram, collapse load, the number, and the position at which plastic hinges for the portal are formed To compare the predicted values with the experimental values found from […]
Flagella Protein Isolation: Scientific Experiment Intra-flagella transport revealed in a model of both membrane and non-membrane bound flagellar protein shuttling between the cytoplasm and flagellar compartments. Here interaction between the proteins and intra-flagella transport takes place.
Identifying Isolated Bacteria: Scientific Experiment The steps are as follows: Add slowly drops of crystal violet on the surface of the slide completely and for 1 minute allow it to stand.
Aerial Experiment Association & Wright Brothers Conflict The AEA made up their mind and decided to partake in the rivalry. The truth was that, all this planes being made and flown by the AEA were part of the wrights’ designs.
CP & CV Measurement for an Ideal Gas: Laboratory Experiment Specific heat capacity is the measure of the heat energy In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. The study of the […]
Fiber Optics Laboratory Experiments The aim of this report is to introduce the process and the results of the laboratory experiments on fiber optics. The choice of the fiber cable and the waves will define the theoretical optical loss.
The Science About the Experiments: Colloidal Systems This Debye length depends on the concentration of the colloidal system and charge on the colloidal particles. This works on the principle of scattering of light by the particles in the colloidal system.
Laboratory Experiments on Animals: Argument Against In some cases, the animals are not given any painkillers because their application may alter the effect of the medication which is investigated.
The Claims of Reason: Stanley Cavell’s Experiment In another statement, he made us understand that the owner of the doll and we, humans, know the insight of the doll, gradually landing us in the direction he is taking us to the thought-provoking […]
Hypnosis: Experiments and Non-Experiments The experimental study selected for this research will be one conducted by Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon and Holland which sought to determine whether hypnosis or cognitive retrieval mnemonics was useful for enhancing the memory of eyewitnesses […]
Wine Identification Experiment One of the important processes of evaluation is olfaction, considering that the aroma of the wine is an important part of its flavor. The present report describes the methodology of the experiment and provides a […]
The Stanford Prison Experiment Overview The persons who agreed to participate in the experiment were all volunteers simply because the chief experimenter did not control the warders during the experiment in which they infringed upon the human rights of the […]
Opinion and Clarification of the Stanford Prison Experiment An analysis of the experiment reveals that the fake prison environment managed to evoke emotions and feelings in the prisoners, the prison warden, and even Zimbardo who played the warden.
Stanford Prison Experiment Definition Some played the role of prisoners and others that of prison guards in a situation formed to suggest a sense of the psychology of custody.
The Stanford Prison Experiment and My Perception of Human Behaviour Nevertheless, despite the fact that in his book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding how good people turn evil, Zimbardo strived to undermine the soundness of a dispositional outlook on the subject matter, while providing readers with […]
Parenting Training Classes: A Psychology Experiment The personal involvement into the researched problem is minimal, as the personal experience is a tiny part of the entire research sphere, nevertheless, it should be emphasized, that the research results will be regarded through […]
Blocking Paradigm Experiment: Predictive or Associative Learning The testing which was done in the experiment each were tested using Super Lab Software for analysis and those who participated were presented with images of the food samples they were using on the screen […]
“When You Shouldn’t Do What You Want to Do” by Lagattuta K. H.: Brief Description of the Experiment The emotional consequences of the inability to fulfill the desires because of the prohibition rules may be easily investigated on children, whose age peculiarities are those, that they are unable to control their desires and […]
Endosymbiotic Experiment: Bacteria Inside Cells To confirm the answers for the self-test, click on the organelles to see the name of the organelle and its function.
Ethics and Controlled Experiments The basic pairs of components involved in both natural and socially classical experiments include the independent and dependent variables, pre and post-testing, experimental and control groups.
Rat Behavior and Sucrose Lab Experiment The results of the research may be helpful for the practitioners and researchers interested in applying the findings of behavioral science in medicine, psychology, and biology.
Human Memory: Serial Learning Experiment The background of the current research was stated in Ebbinghaus’ psychological study, and reveals the fact, that if e series of accidental symbols is offered for memorizing, the human memory will be able to memorize […]
Vital Remnants and America as an Experiment The major question stands the point whether America is an experiment; the deep understanding of the American past provides clearer imagination of modern values and the contemporary position of the country.
Bacterial Strains Identification Experiment Further differentiation of the bacterial unknowns was performed through additional colorimetric tests, resulting in the validation of the identity of each bacterial species.
Genetic Analysis: Term Definition and Molecular Genetics Experiments
Experiments in Doctoral Management Research
Sensory Receptors’ Response to Stimuli: Experiment
Bean Beetles and Oviposition Experiment
Chinese Space Program: Innovation and Value of the Proposed Experiments
Breaching Social Norms Experiment and Analysis
X-Ray Fluorescence Experiment with Salt
X-Ray Fluorescence Experiment for Salt Samples
Experiment on Obedience: Milligram’s and Zimbardo’s Study
Coffee Effects on Sleeping Patterns: Experiment
Adaptation: Experiments in the Psychology
Choice Experiment: Individual Financial Decisions
Water Maze Experiment for Hydergine Drugs Testing
Nozick’s Experiment Opposing Hedonism
Global Business: Culture, Corruption, Experiments
Stroop Experiment in Information Processing
Group Conformity in Psychological Experiments
The Stanford Prison Experiment by Philip Zimbardo
Stanford Prison Experiment and Criminal Justice
Toothpaste Controlled Experiment and Hypothesis
False Memory and Emotions Experiment
E-Mail Marketing Response: Design of Experiment
Brain-to-Brain Interface Experiment
Obedience in Milgram’s Experiment
Clinical Statistical Experiments’ Fundamental Variables
Deviant Action: Sociological Experiment
The Tuskegee Experiment on Syphilis
Ethical Reflection of Psychological Experiments
Breaching Social Norms Experiment
Frank Conroy’s Memoir: Life Experiments
Neuroimaging Experiments and Memory Loss Studies
Human Experiments and Radiation Exposure
Concept and Importance of Life Experiments
Obedience to Authority Figures: Replicating Milgram’s Experiment
Tuskegee Experiment: The Infamous Syphilis Study
Social Psychology Issues: The Stanford Prison Experiment
Personality Experiments in Sociology
The Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment
A Lifelong Experiment: What Made E. E. Cummings Creative
The Hawthorne Experiment: Productivity of Employees
A Punitive Environment Fosters Children’s Dishonesty: A Natural Experiment
An Experiment on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
The Experiment to Prove the Fact That Psychological Stress Causes Headache
What Are the Benefits of Choice Experiment Adaptive Design?
How to Conduct a True Experiment?
What Does Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment Tell Us about Human Nature?
Where Is a True Experimental Design Used?
What Is the Conflict of Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment?
How to Improve the Accuracy of an Experiment?
What Are the Top 10 Science Experiments of All Time?
Are Quasi-Experiments Qualitative or Quantitative?
What Are the Two Types of Experiments?
What Is the Difference Between a Survey and an Experiment?
What Is a Quasi-Experiment?
How Many Types of Experiments Are There?
Why Are Experiments Important in Psychology?
Is a Survey a True Experiment?
What Is the Meaning of Quasi-Experimental Design?
How Do You Know When One Is Doing True Experimental or Quasi-Experimental Research?
What Are “True” Experiments in Psychology?
Why Are Hands-on Experiments Important?
How Many Conditions Does an Experiment Have?
What Are Some Unique Science Experiments?
What Is the Main Difference Between Quasi-Experiments and Correlational Studies?
Can an Observational Study Be Quasi-Experimental?
What Are the 7 Parts of an Experiment?
Why Is It Important to Teach Students With Science Experiments?
What Are the 4 Types of Experimental Research?
Archaeology Research Ideas
Bitcoin Research Topics
Auschwitz Research Topics
Dictatorship Topics
Ethical Dilemma Titles
Free Will Paper Topics
Genocide Essay Titles
Neuroscience Research Ideas
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Summer holiday science: turn your home into a lab with these three easy experiments

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Many people think science is difficult and needs special equipment, but that’s not true.

Science can be explored at home using everyday materials. Everyone, especially children, naturally ask questions about the world around them, and science offers a structured way to find answers.

Misconceptions about the difficulty of science often stem from a lack of exposure to its fun and engaging side. Science can be as simple as observing nature, mixing ingredients or exploring the properties of objects. It’s not just for experts in white coats, but for everyone.

Don’t take my word for it. Below are three experiments that can be done at home with children who are primary school age and older.

Extract DNA from bananas

DNA is all the genetic information inside cells. Every living thing has DNA, including bananas.

Did you know you can extract DNA from banana cells?

What you need: ¼ ripe banana, Ziploc bag, salt, water, washing-up liquid, rubbing alcohol (from a pharmacy), coffee filter paper, stirrer.

What you do:

Place a pinch of salt into about 20ml of water in a cup.

Add the salty water to the Ziploc bag with a quarter of a banana and mash the banana up with the salty water inside the bag, using your hands. Mashing the banana separates out the banana cells. The salty water helps clump the DNA together.

Once the banana is mashed up well, pour the banana and salty water into a coffee filter (you can lay the filter in the cup you used to make the salty water). Filtering removes the big clumps of banana cells.

Once a few ml have filtered out, add a drop of washing-up liquid and swirl gently. Washing-up liquid breaks down the fats in the cell membranes which makes the DNA separate from the other parts of the cell.

Slowly add some rubbing alcohol (about 10ml) to the filtered solution. DNA is insoluble in alcohol, therefore the DNA will clump together away from the alcohol and float, making it easy to see.

DNA will start to precipitate out looking slightly cloudy and stringy. What you’re seeing is thousands of DNA strands – the strands are too small to be seen even with a normal microscope. Scientists use powerful equipment to see individual strands.

Learn how plants ‘drink’ water

What you need: celery stalks (with their leaves), glass or clear cup, water, food dye, camera.

Fill the glass ¾ full with water and add 10 drops of food dye.
Place a celery stalk into the glass of coloured water. Take a photograph of the celery.
For two to three days, photograph the celery at the same time every day. Make sure you take a photograph at the very start of the experiment.

What happens and why?

All plants, such as celery, have vertical tubes that act like a transport system. These narrow tubes draw up water using a phenomenon known as capillarity.

Imagine you have a thin straw and you dip it into a glass of water. Have you ever noticed how the water climbs up the straw a little bit, even though you didn’t suck on it? This is because of capillarity.

In plants, capillarity helps move water from the roots to the leaves. Plants have tiny tubes inside them, like thin straws, called capillaries. The water sticks to the sides of these tubes and climbs up. In your experiment, you will see the food dye in the water make its way to the leaves.

Build a balloon-powered racecar

What you need: tape, scissors, two skewers, cardboard, four bottle caps, one straw, one balloon.

Cut the cardboard to about 10cm long and 5cm wide. This will form the base of your car.
Make holes in the centre of four bottle caps. These are your wheels.
To make the axles insert the wooden skewers through the holes in the cap. You will need to cut the skewers to fit the width of the cardboard base, but leave room for the wheels.
Secure the wheels to the skewers with tape.
Attach the axles to the underside of the car base with tape, ensuring the wheels can spin freely.
Insert a straw into the opening of a balloon and secure it with tape, ensuring there are no air leaks.
Attach the other end of the straw to the top of the car base, positioning it so the balloon can inflate and deflate towards the back of the car. Secure the straw with tape.
Inflate the balloon through the straw, pinch the straw to hold the air, place the car on a flat surface, then release the straw.

The inflated balloon stores potential energy when blown up. When the air is released, Newton’s third law of motion kicks into gear: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

As the air rushes out of the balloon (action), it pushes the car in the opposite direction (reaction). The escaping air propels the car forward, making it move across the surface.

Science experiments

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Science Essay Examples

Best Science Essay Examples to Learn From

Published on: May 3, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Are you struggling to write a science essay that stands out?

Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed by scientific jargon and complicated concepts?

You're not alone.

Science essays can be a challenge for even the most dedicated students. It's no wonder that so many students struggle to produce top-notch papers.

But fear not!

In this blog post, we'll provide you with some science essay examples and tips. We will help you write a top-notch paper that impresses your professor and earns you a high grade.

So buckle up and get ready to tackle science essays like a pro!

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Science Essay Examples for Students

Writing a science essay can be a daunting task for students. However, with the right guidance and examples, it can also be a rewarding and enlightening experience.

Here, we'll provide you with examples so you can elevate your own writing.

Science Essay Example SPM

Scientific Essay Example Pdf (Insert

Science Paper Example

Science Project Essay Example

Science Essay Examples for Different Subjects

Science is a vast field that encompasses many different subjects, from biology to physics to chemistry. As a student, you may find yourself tasked with writing a science essay on a subject that you're not particularly familiar with.

We have provided you with science essay examples for different subjects to help you get started.

Social Science Essay Example

Political Science Essay Example

Environmental Science Essay Example

Health Science Essay Example

Computer Science Essay Example

University Science Essay Examples

Science essays are important part of university-level education. However, different universities may have different requirements and expectations when it comes to writing these essays.

That's why we've compiled some science essay examples for different universities. You can see what works and what doesn't, and tailor your own writing accordingly.

Scientific Essay Example University

Mcmaster Health Science Essay Example

Cornell Arts And Science Essay Example

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Structure of a Science Essay

Science essays are a crucial part of many subjects, and learning to structure them effectively is essential for achieving academic success.

Letâs explore scientific essay structure.

Introduction

The introduction of a science essay should introduce the topic and provide some context for the reader.

You should explain the purpose of the essay and provide a thesis statement that outlines the main argument you will make in the essay. A good introduction should also capture the reader's interest and motivate them to read on.

Check out these how to start a science essay examples for better understanding:

The advancement of science and technology has transformed the world we live in. From the discovery of electricity to the invention of the internet, our society has made remarkable progress in understanding and utilizing the forces of nature. Science has not only improved our daily lives but also paved the way for groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that have changed the course of history. In this essay, we will explore the significance of science in our modern world and the impact it has on our daily lives. We will also examine the role of science in shaping our future and the ethical considerations that arise from its use. Through this exploration, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the importance of science and its impact on our world.

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of a science essay should provide evidence to support the thesis statement. You should use scientific evidence, research, and data to support your argument.

Each paragraph should focus on one key point, and the points should be organized logically to create a coherent argument. It is essential to provide citations for all sources you use in your essay.

Here is an example for you:

One of the most significant impacts of science on our world is the development of new technologies. From smartphones to electric cars, science has led to countless innovations that have made our lives easier and more convenient. However, with these advancements also come ethical considerations. For example, the development of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised concerns about the potential loss of jobs and the ethical implications of relying on machines to make important decisions. Similarly, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has sparked debates about the safety and environmental impact of altering the genetic makeup of living organisms. As we continue to make scientific advancements, it is essential to consider the ethical implications and ensure that we are using science to benefit society as a whole.

The conclusion of a science essay should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement in a compelling manner.

You should also provide some final thoughts or recommendations based on the evidence presented in the essay.

The conclusion should be concise and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

In conclusion, science plays a vital role in our modern world. It has led to significant advancements in technology, medicine, and our understanding of the natural world. However, with these advancements come ethical considerations that must be carefully considered. It is essential that we continue to use science to benefit society as a whole and address the challenges facing our world, from climate change to pandemics. Through a greater understanding of science and its impact on our world, we can work towards a brighter future for ourselves and future generations.

Natural Science Essay Topics

There are countless interesting, thought-provoking and problem solving essay topics in science.

Explore some compelling natural science essay topics to inspire your writing.

Science Essay Topics for 5th Graders

The importance of recycling for our environment
The different types of clouds and how they form
How animals hibernate during the winter months
The different types of rocks and how they are formed
The role of bees in pollination and food production
How light travels and how we see objects
The properties of magnets and how they work
The different stages of stem cell research
The human digestive system and how it works
The effects of pollution on our environment and health

Science Essay Topics for 6th Graders

The impact of climate change on the planet
The different types of energy and how they are produced
The importance of water conservation and management
The role of artificial intelligence in human life
The structure and function of the human respiratory system
The properties and uses of acids and bases
The effect of light on plant growth and development
The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
The process of photosynthesis and its importance for life on Earth
The impact of technology on the environment and society

Science Essay Topics for 7th Graders

The structure and function of the human circulatory system
The different types of fossils and how they are formed
The impact of natural disasters on the environment and human life
The pros and cons of bacteria in our bodies and in the environment
The physics of sound and how it travels
The effects of air pollution in United States
The properties and uses of different types of waves (sound, light, etc.)
The process of cell division and its role in growth and repair
The structure and function of the human nervous system
The different types of ecosystems and their unique characteristics

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Tips for Writing a Science Essay

Writing a science essay can be challenging, especially if you don't have much experience in writing academic papers.

However, with the right approach and strategies, you can produce a high-quality science essays.

Here are some tips to help you write a successful science essay:

Understand the assignment requirements: Before you start writing your essay, make sure you understand the assignment requirements. Read the prompt carefully and make note of any specific guidelines or formatting requirements.

Choose a topic that interests you: Writing about a topic that you find interesting and engaging can make the process enjoyable and rewarding. Consider topics that you have studied in class or that you have a personal interest in.

Conduct thorough research: To write a successful science essay, you need to have a deep understanding of the topic you are writing about. Conduct thorough research using reliable sources such as academic journals, textbooks, and reputable websites.

Develop a clear and concise thesis statement: Your thesis statement should clearly state your argument or position on the topic you are writing about. It should be concise and specific, and should be supported by evidence throughout your essay.

Use evidence to support your claims: When writing a science essay, it's important to use evidence to support your claims and arguments. This can include scientific data, research findings, and expert opinions.

Edit and proofread your essay: Before submitting your essay, make sure to edit and proofread it carefully. Check for spelling and grammatical errors. Ensure that your essay is formatted correctly according to the assignment requirements.

In conclusion, this blog has provided a comprehensive guide to writing a successful science essay.

By following the tips, students can produce high-quality essays that showcase their understanding of science.

If you're struggling to write a science essay or need additional assistance, CollegeEssay.org is one of the best online essay services to help you out,

Our expert writers have extensive experience in writing science essays for students of all levels.

So why wait? Contact our science essay writing service today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common mistakes to avoid when writing a science essay.

Some common mistakes to avoid include:

Plagiarizing content
Using incorrect or unreliable sources
Failing to clearly state your thesis
Using overly complex language

How can I make my science essay stand out?

To make your science essay stand out, consider choosing a unique or controversial topic. Using relevant and up-to-date sources, and present your information in a clear and concise manner. You can also consider using visuals such as graphs or charts to enhance your essay.

What should I do if I'm struggling to come up with a topic for my science essay?

If you're struggling to come up with a topic for your science essay, consider discussing potential topics with your instructor or classmates. You can also conduct research online or in academic journals to find inspiration.

How important is research when writing a science essay?

Research is an essential component of writing a science essay. Your essay should be grounded in accurate and reliable scientific information. That is why it's important to conduct thorough research using reputable sources.

Can I use personal anecdotes or experiences in my science essay?

While personal anecdotes or experiences can be engaging, they may not always be relevant to a science essay. It's important to focus on presenting factual information and scientific evidence to support your argument or position.

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Caleb S. has extensive experience in writing and holds a Masters from Oxford University. He takes great satisfaction in helping students exceed their academic goals. Caleb always puts the needs of his clients first and is dedicated to providing quality service.

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Can that be Right?

Essays on Experiment, Evidence, and Science

© 1999
Allan Franklin 0

University of Colorado, USA

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Part of the book series: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science (BSPS, volume 199)

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About this book

Rethinking the Scientific Enterprise: In Defense of Reductionism

A Theorist’s Introduction to Physics at the Large Hadron Collider

The Shaky Game +25, or: on locavoracity

Case studies.

history of literature

Table of contents (10 chapters)

Front matter, introduction: constructivism, postmodernism, and science.

Allan Franklin

How to Avoid the Experimenters’ Regress

The appearance and disappearance of the 17-kev neutrino, instrumental loyalty and the recycling of expertise, the rise of the “fifth force”, the roles of experiment, there are no antirealists in the laboratory, discovery, pursuit, and justification, the resolution of discordant results, calibration, laws and experiment, back matter, authors and affiliations, bibliographic information.

Book Title : Can that be Right?

Book Subtitle : Essays on Experiment, Evidence, and Science

Authors : Allan Franklin

Series Title : Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5334-8

Publisher : Springer Dordrecht

eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive

Hardcover ISBN : 978-0-7923-5464-2 Published: 30 November 1998

Softcover ISBN : 978-94-010-6242-8 Published: 11 October 2012

eBook ISBN : 978-94-011-5334-8 Published: 06 December 2012

Series ISSN : 0068-0346

Series E-ISSN : 2214-7942

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : IX, 318

Topics : Philosophy of Science , History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics , History, general

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August 9, 2024

Experiments Prepare to Test Whether Consciousness Arises from Quantum Weirdness

Researchers wish to probe whether consciousness has a basis in quantum mechanical phenomena

By Hartmut Neven & Christof Koch

Human brain, Neural network, Artificial intelligence and idea concept

nopparit/Getty Images

The brain is a mere piece of furniture in the vastness of the cosmos, subject to the same physical laws as asteroids, electrons or photons. On the surface, its three pounds of neural tissue seem to have little to do with quantum mechanics , the textbook theory that underlies all physical systems, since quantum effects are most pronounced on microscopic scales. Newly proposed experiments, however, promise to bridge this gap between microscopic and macroscopic systems, like the brain, and offer answers to the mystery of consciousness.

Quantum mechanics explains a range of phenomena that cannot be understood using the intuitions formed by everyday experience. Recall the Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment , in which a cat exists in a superposition of states, both dead and alive. In our daily lives there seems to be no such uncertainty—a cat is either dead or alive. But the equations of quantum mechanics tell us that at any moment the world is composed of many such coexisting states, a tension that has long troubled physicists.

Taking the bull by its horns, the cosmologist Roger Penrose in 1989 made the radical suggestion that a conscious moment occurs whenever a superimposed quantum state collapses. The idea that two fundamental scientific mysteries—the origin of consciousness and the collapse of what is called the wave function in quantum mechanics—are related, triggered enormous excitement.

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Penrose’s theory can be grounded in the intricacies of quantum computation . Consider a quantum bit, a qubit, the unit of information in quantum information theory that exists in a superposition of a logical 0 with a logical 1. According to Penrose, when this system collapses into either 0 or 1, a flicker of conscious experience is created, described by a single classical bit.

Penrose, together with anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff, suggested that such collapse takes place in microtubules , tubelike, elongated structural proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton of cells, such as those making up the central nervous system.

These ideas have never been taken up by the scientific community as brains are wet and warm, inimical to the formation of superpositions, at least compared to existing quantum computers that operate at temperatures 10,000 times colder than room temperature to avoid destroying superposition states.

Penrose’s proposal suffers from a flaw when applied to two or more entangled qubits. Measuring one of these entangled qubits instantaneously reveals the state of the other one, no matter how far away. Their states are correlated, but correlation is not causation, and, according to standard quantum mechanics, entanglement cannot be employed to achieve faster-than-light communication. However, per Penrose’s proposal, qubits participating in an entangled state share a conscious experience. When one of them assumes a definite state, we could use this to establish a communication channel capable of transmitting information faster than the speed of light, a violation of special relativity.

In our view, the entanglement of hundreds of qubits, if not thousands or more, is essential to adequately describe the phenomenal richness of any one subjective experience: the colors, motions, textures, smells, sounds, bodily sensations, emotions, thoughts, shards of memories and so on that constitute the feeling of life itself.

In an article published in the open-access journal Entropy , we and our colleagues turned the Penrose hypothesis on its head, suggesting that an experience is created whenever a system goes into a quantum superposition rather than when it collapses. According to our proposal, any system entering a state with one or more entangled superimposed qubits will experience a moment of consciousness.

You, the astute reader, must by now be saying to yourself: But wait a minute here—I don’t ever consciously experience a superposition of states. Any one experience has a definitive quality; it is one thing and not the other. I see a particular shade of red, feel a toothache. I don’t simultaneously experience red and not-red, pain and not-pain.

The definitiveness of any conscious experience naturally arises within the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics . A metaphysical position first put forward by physicist Hugh Everett in 1957, the many-worlds view, posits time’s evolution as an enormously branched tree, with every possible outcome of a quantum event splitting off its own universe. A single qubit entering a superposition gives birth to two universes, in one of which the qubit’s state is 0 while in a twin universe everything is identical except that the qubit’s state is 1.

Entanglement potentially offers something else for brain scientists by providing a natural solution to what is called the binding problem, the subjective unity of every experience that has long posed a key challenge to the study of consciousness. Consider seeing the Statue of Liberty: her face, the crown on her head, the torch in her raised right hand, and so on. All these distinctions and relationships are bound together into a single perception whose substrate might be numerous qubits, all entangled with each other.

To make these esoteric ideas concrete, we propose three experiments that would increasingly shape our thinking on these matters. The first experiment, progressing right now thanks to funding from the Santa Monica–based Tiny Blue Dot Foundation, seeks to provide evidence of the relevance of quantum mechanics to neuroscience in two very accessible test beds: tiny fruit flies and cerebral organoids, the latter lentil-sized assemblies of thousands of neurons grown from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. It is known that the inert noble gas xenon can act as anesthetic in animals and people. Remarkably, an earlier experiment claimed that its anesthetic potency, measured as the concentration of the gas that induces immobility, depends on the specific isotopes of xenon. Two isotopes of an element contain the same number of positively charged protons but different numbers of noncharged neutrons in their nuclei. The chemical properties of isotopes—that is, what they interact with—are similar, by and large, even though their masses and magnetic properties differ slightly.

If fruit flies and organoids can be used to detect different xenon isotopes, the hunt will be on for the exact mechanisms by which a gas that is inert and that remains aloof from binding to proteins or other molecules achieves this. Is it the tiny difference in the mass of these isotopes (131 versus 132 nucleons) that makes the difference? Or is it their nuclear spin, a quantum mechanical property of the nucleus? These xenon isotopes differ substantially in their nuclear spin; some have zero spin and others 1 / 2 or 3 / 2 .

These xenon experiments will inform a second follow-on experiment in which we will attempt to couple qubits to brain organoids in a way that allows entanglement to spread between biological and technical qubits. The final experiment, which at this stage is still a purely conceptual one, aims to enhance consciousness by coupling engineered quantum states to a human brain in an entangled manner. The person may then experience an expanded state of consciousness like those accessed under the influence of ayahuasca or psilocybin.

Both quantum engineering and the design of brain-machine interfaces are progressing rapidly. It may not be beyond human ingenuity to directly probe and expand our conscious mind by making use of quantum science and technology.

This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

Experiment - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

An experiment is a structured investigation where variables are manipulated to observe effects and uncover causal relationships. In an essay, you could discuss the role of experiments in advancing scientific knowledge, comparing various methodologies across different disciplines, such as natural sciences versus social sciences. A vast selection of complimentary essay illustrations pertaining to Experiment you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

The Animal Testing and Experimentation Industry

Companies test their products on animals for the benefits of their own profit. Animals are treated harshly during this process. Most product consumers are unaware of the actions these companies are making. People continue to buy these products, probably unaware of the conditions the animals are under. With the revision and production of new items, animals continue to be used for the benefit of these companies. Animals are often tested for cosmetics, medications, and other daily uses. The animals are […]

The Study on Animal Experimentation

Animal testing has been a severe problem that still has not been resolved. Animal testing should be stopped for the safety of animals and human, but since it cannot be, how can it be improved? Many scientists rely on animal testing to collect data on safety and efficacy from experiments. They use animals to test products like food, drugs, cosmetics, medicines, and chemicals. They use animals because animals serve to protect consumers, workers and the environment from the harmful effects […]

Animal Testing should be Banned

Many organizations are debating whether animal testing ought to be banned in the U. S. Some believe that animal testing ought to be done. At the same time, others believe that animal testing is completely wrong. Some experts believe that other options can be available instead of doing the test on animals. Using animals to test the safety of certain products and for medical research purposes is wrong, and it should be made a point that the pain and suffering […]

We will write an essay sample crafted to your needs.

America’s Experiment in Imperialism

America's experiment in imperialism was territorial expansion by military, the desire that america's economy and trade options grow beyond north america, and the want to influence everyone by power and to be americans. CONTEXTUALIZATION The age of imperialism was a time where the u.s. And other strong world power expanded fairly quickly. During the time of imperialism, industrialization caused American businessmen to find new international markets in which to sell their goods,also the increasing influence of social Darwinism made the […]

Ethical Issues in Animal Experimentation

There is of course the huge ethical consequence that comes from testing on animals. It is also super expensive to actually test on animals and some of the information from the tests don't give accurate results for us. Animals are different from humans everyone knows that. That's money, manpower and time going to waste. It's also very expensive compared to other options that are out or already developed. The cost of animal testing is enormous and doesn't always yield results. […]

Animal Testing: is it Ethical?

Animals being sacred gifts given to us, they are the best part of our lives and provide us with a special way of love. They do nothing but bring joy and happiness to us. My whole life I've grown up with all different kinds of animals. I've had a dog named Shelby, two cats Ruby and Smokey, a bird named Cheeks, two hamsters Bernard and Sandy, and I currently have a dog named Rocky and a rabbit named Daisy. I […]

Holocaust Medical Experiments

The time was 1933 and there was chaos everywhere. Jews were being sent to ghettos, and many were being killed. But if that was not enough, there were deadly medical experiments being performed on the defenseless prisoners of the concentration camps. Different doctors were included in setting up these inhumane experiments. Many experiments were performed, but only certain procedures benefited the Wehrmacht, the German military. The experiments were only conducted on some prisoners, many of whom were children. The Nazi […]

Jules Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment

Jules Tygiel is a professor of history at San Francisco State University. It is not surprising that Tygiel approaches the subject of baseball in his text Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy from an historical standpoint, considering not only the history of the sport itself but also its profound influence upon the history of the United States. Since its publication in 1983, it has received praise for being the most important as well as the most celebrated book […]

Liberal Arts Self-Assessment

As a student at a liberal arts college, there stands a requirement to accumulate a minimum number of course credit hours that expose oneself to the four breadth areas: art/expression, social/civic, science/description, and value/meaning. The four breadth areas are meant to shed light on, demonstrate, and give insight on applying education to varying life experiences. These areas of study, each with a unique focus, create a well-rounded education that prepares the student for real-world involvement. Where Growth Has Occurred It […]

Libet’s Experiment

Although most everyday people believe free will is legitimate, many scientists believe that it is simply an illusion. Most scientist believe that intentions, decisions, and choices are all created in the subconscious mind, and is then delivered to the conscious mind to be panned out. This is an argument that has been circulating since the time of Darwin, Huxley, and Einstein. Many recent scientists also hold these beliefs and have been performing experiments to prove it since the 1980s. The […]

Stanford Prison Experiment and American Prison System Overview

Conrad Black once said, “All emphasis in American prisons is on punishment, retribution, and disparagement, and almost none is on rehabilitation.” Although the United States prison system was established to demonstrate equality and justice, in the last decade it seems to be demonstrating something else (Kilgore, 2015). As in March of 2018, 10.6 million people each year enter the prison systems of the United States (Wagner, & Sawyer, 2018). The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, […]

Animal Testing is Unethical, Unreliable and Unnecessary

Every year, 100 million animals sit in U.S laboratories caged and waiting to be burned, abused, and infected (Madhusree 1). The test subjects have few rights, protective services, or liberties. The pictures of restrained tormented animals are hidden in a veil of secrecy amongst red lipsticks, sweetener packets, and paints. What the world desires carries a secret pain, and comes at a cost that often goes unnoticed. Despite the scientific advancements achieved through animal testing, scientists should resort to alternative […]

The Ultimate Guide to Help you Experiment Scientific Method

What is life? Every day we are surrounded by biology in our lives, what is happening in our bodies, the environment we are surrounded by, and the way we live going on each and every day. By breaking it down mainly, it's the earth which is also known as the biosphere, that is breaking down into the ecosystems that later break down into communities, populations, and organisms. It's important to break things down into smaller sets because you get a […]

The Behavior of Prisoners in the Stanford Experiment

After reading this article, I gained new information about corrections and their development. It was fascinating to learn how psychology and corrections work together, how they affect the human mind and body, and their impact on guards and prisoners. Watching videos and reading about the experiment showed that imprisonment can lead to distinct behaviors and psychological breakdowns. The experiment conducted at Stanford University posed an intriguing question: would placing someone accustomed to a normal lifestyle in prison produce different results? […]

Virtual Reality and Multiple Sclerosis Experiment

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, it is estimated that MS affects more than 2.3 million people worldwide.1 At this time the direct cause of MS is still unknown. However, the immune system attacks and damages the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, a fatty covering that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers. The immune system also attacks oligodendrocytes, which are the myelin-producing cells, as well […]

Pros and Cons of Animal Testing

Aside from what anyone thinks animal testing does has positives, although some might argue that they don't outweigh the negatives. Testing on a living organism could be more accurate than a small percentage of alternatives. It also gave us a much better understanding of our own anatomy considering before we tested on animals we thought our lungs pumped our blood throughout our body(Animal Experimentation). Also animal testing has given us an insight on the effectiveness of medications developed to combat […]

The Controversy of Animal Testing

Imagine a cute white little bunny. You couldn't even fathom harming this creature, could you? However, every day bunnies, like the one you imagined, are used in trials where they are harmed. I'm sure you've heard of companies claiming that they are cruelty free or don't support animal testing , but are you aware of what animal testing really is and what the animals endure during their trials? Companies every day torture animals in tests that don't always prove to […]

Racism and Research: the Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis

Abstract This paper explores the Tuskegee Study article written by Allan M. Brandt, it studies the untreated syphilis progression in selected urban areas. It is known as the longest non-beneficial study on humans in medical history. It lasted a period of forty years (1932 to 1972), where over 400 males died in a scientific experiment based on unethical methods which included not informing the patients of the actual intent of the experiment. It has been nearly 60 years since this […]

Problems with Animal Testing: Inhumane Practices and Neglected Interests

Abstract The Animal Welfare Act (AWA), enacted in August 1966, regulates the treatment and care of animals in research (Murnaghan 4). However, researchers annually exploit approximately 26 million animals for scientific and commercial testing in the United States (The Flaws and Human Harms ). These exploitations occur while developing medical treatments, determining toxicity levels in medicine, and ensuring the safety of cosmetic products prior to human utilization. While conducting a study on animal welfare, the United States Department of Agriculture […]

Photosynthesis Virtual Lab

Hypothesis: all of the colors in the light spectrum are most effective in the growth process of photosynthesis except for green. We tested our hypothesis by plugging in the different colors as well as the different types of plants into the simulation. After running the simulation we gathered the info of the averages in lengths of the plants after 30 days. The variables we controlled in this experiment were the pot, type of soil, location, and amount of water given. […]

The Cruelty in Animal Testing

Every year in the United States, it is estimated that tens of millions of animals are used for research and testing purposes (Animal Experimentation 50). These animals are usually mice, rats, rabbits, fish, guinea pigs, non-human primates, and other farm animals. Test animals undergo testing for cosmetics and household products, trials for new medicines, and scientific experiments. These tests and experiments are uncomfortable and often painful for the animals. The United States has laws to protect animals, but there are […]

Research on Video Games and Violence

The day and age we live in are getting more violent and aggressive. Since 2013 there have been at least 300 school shootings. As of 2018, there have been at least ten school shootings. As a result, parents and others have blamed the increase of such horrific acts on violent video games. Some of these video games may include the widely known "Call of Duty franchise, "Halo, "Grand Theft Auto, and "Destiny. Though video games may be correlational to violence […]

Opposing Views Animal Testing

The United Nations guarantees a Universal Declaration of Human Rights that asserts that everyone has got a right to liberty, life and also security. Despite that, the declaration protects human beings from cruel treatment, slavery and eventually torture. These rights are considered to be inherent according to the law of land. There has been always a debate on whether animals have got moral rights that should be recognized as well as protected by the human society. In the actual sense, […]

New and Safe Treatments for Humanity

Animal testing has long been a means to discover new and safe treatments for humanity. Modern medicines and innovations are constantly being created and updated, creating an ongoing need for ways to test them. There have been many different methods of testing throughout history. By the Roman era, dissection and vivisection (the dissection of live animals) were established scientific practices (Fellenz 72). That was a more official part of animal testing history. Although not technically experimenting, people learned how animal […]

Using Animals for Medical Testing is both Ethical and Essential?

In this Argumentative essay I have chosen to talk about Animal testing and why I think it is needed in today's work of medicines and cures. I will be given you four main facts on why I believe it is still very helpful to us humans and even helpful to the animals themselves. Honestly speaking people have become so sensitive in today's environments about many things like animal feelings, or they think like us humans. They truly forgotten that these […]

What is it that Made Germany and Japan do such a Terrible Act?

It has been a while since World War II, but the atrocities committed against humans in Germany and Japan are still vivid: human trials, massacres, racial discrimination, bacterial weapons, etc. are all unforgivable crimes committed against the world. So what is it that made Germany and Japan do such a terrible act? What horrible things have they done? First, why are they doing such atrocious things? As the leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler was very hated for the Jews. […]

Animal Testing and its Importance

From over-the-counter medicine to the shampoo we use, it's easy to forget how relatively easy our lives have become with the many commodities available to us today. What we do not often consider is how these privileges came to be. What we do not think about is the prevalence of animal testing behind many necessary medicines and products. While controversial, the age-old practice of using animals for scientific and commercial testing has no doubt made many invaluable contributions to our […]

Effectiveness of Animal Testing

For Centuries animals have been tested on for research all across the globe. These animals can range from elephants to mice and can have an age range from new-borne to oldest surviving. The oldest form of animal testing has been dated back to around 199-217 AD. That's before the time of some of the earths early great scientists and researchers like Aristotle and Erasistratus. It is still as important today because of how much information we can actually gain from […]

Animal Research for Human Benefit is Unnecessary

Most people believe animal testing is essential to drug and vaccine research. Which is true, in a sense, because scientist have come up with a lot of vaccines for certain viruses. However, during the process, animals are treated poorly and their cages are in awful conditions. Most of the chemicals being administered into these patients are not safe for them, which sometimes results in death. Not only that, animals cannot comprehend what humans can. They cannot speak for themselves. These […]

The Effects of Video Games

The industry of video games has grown exponentially over the past twenty to thirty years, and the amount of games available to the public has skyrocketed (Green 2). The first video games were being made only 50 years ago. Access was not widely available, and content was limited to very simple games such as Pong, which in itself became popular. However, in a world where computers are becoming ever more essential to everyday life, the video game industry can only […]

Understanding Science

How science REALLY works...

Understanding Science 101
Misconceptions
Testing ideas with evidence from the natural world is at the core of science.
Scientific testing involves figuring out what we would expect to observe if an idea were correct and comparing that expectation to what we actually observe.
Scientific arguments are built from an idea and the evidence relevant to that idea.
Scientific arguments can be built in any order. Sometimes a scientific idea precedes any evidence relevant to it, and other times the evidence helps inspire the idea.

Misconception: Science proves ideas.

Misconception: Science can only disprove ideas.

Correction: Science neither proves nor disproves. It accepts or rejects ideas based on supporting and refuting evidence, but may revise those conclusions if warranted by new evidence or perspectives. Read more about it.

The core of science: Relating evidence and ideas

In this case, the term argument refers not to a disagreement between two people, but to an evidence-based line of reasoning — so scientific arguments are more like the closing argument in a court case (a logical description of what we think and why we think it) than they are like the fights you may have had with siblings. Scientific arguments involve three components: the idea (a hypothesis or theory), the expectations generated by that idea (frequently called predictions), and the actual observations relevant to those expectations (the evidence). These components are always related in the same logical way:

What would we expect to see if this idea were true (i.e., what is our expected observation)?
What do we actually observe?
Do our expectations match our observations?

PREDICTIONS OR EXPECTATIONS?

When scientists describe their arguments, they frequently talk about their expectations in terms of what a hypothesis or theory predicts: “If it were the case that smoking causes lung cancer, then we’d predict that countries with higher rates of smoking would have higher rates of lung cancer.” At first, it might seem confusing to talk about a prediction that doesn’t deal with the future, but that refers to something going on right now or that may have already happened. In fact, this is just another way of discussing the expectations that the hypothesis or theory generates. So when a scientist talks about the predicted rates of lung cancer, he or she really means something like “the rates that we’d expect to see if our hypothesis were correct.”

If the idea generates expectations that hold true (are actually observed), then the idea is more likely to be accurate. If the idea generates expectations that don’t hold true (are not observed), then we are less likely to accept the idea. For example, consider the idea that cells are the building blocks of life. If that idea were true, we’d expect to see cells in all kinds of living tissues observed under a microscope — that’s our expected observation. In fact, we do observe this (our actual observation), so evidence supports the idea that living things are built from cells.

Though the structure of this argument is consistent (hypothesis, then expectation, then actual observation), its pieces may be assembled in different orders. For example, the first observations of cells were made in the 1600s, but cell theory was not postulated until 200 years later — so in this case, the evidence actually helped inspire the idea. Whether the idea comes first or the evidence comes first, the logic relating them remains the same.

Here, we’ll explore scientific arguments and how to build them. You can investigate:

Putting the pieces together: The hard work of building arguments

Predicting the past
Arguments with legs to stand on

Or just click the Next button to dive right in!

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Teaching resources

Scientific arguments rely on testable ideas. To learn what makes an idea testable, review our Science Checklist .

Forming hypotheses — scientific explanations — can be difficult for students. It is often easier for students to generate an expectation (what they think will happen or what they expect to observe) based on prior experience than to formulate a potential explanation for that phenomena. You can help students go beyond expectations to generate real, explanatory hypotheses by providing sentence stems for them to fill in: “I expect to observe A because B.” Once students have filled in this sentence you can explain that B is a hypothesis and A is the expectation generated by that hypothesis.
You can help students learn to distinguish between hypotheses and the expectations generated by them by regularly asking students to analyze lecture material, text, or video. Students should try to figure out which aspects of the content were hypotheses and which were expectations.

Summing up the process

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Scientific Essay Examples

Science is the systematic investigation of the surrounding world through observation and experiments and the process of formulating judgments and hypotheses based on obtained evidence. Given that science can be directed at virtually any question that humans find relevant, so can be an essay on science – starting from questions in natural sciences and ending with social sciences.

Science is always relevant because it is the practice through which virtually any new knowledge is gained and any innovation is achieved. Another reason for its relevance is because nowadays, the scientific consensus is often ignored by many people and even national authorities. Below you can find several scientific essay examples to review – note the topics, structure, information delivery style, language.

Gmo: Balancing Benefits and Drawbacks

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been a topic of intense debate and scrutiny for decades. This argumentative essay aims to shed light on the benefits of GMOs, arguing that their positive impact on agriculture, food security, and sustainability outweigh the drawbacks. While concerns about safety...

Spanish Slang and Its Role in Contemporary Communication

Language is a living, evolving entity, and slang is one of its most dynamic facets. In the Spanish-speaking world, slang, or "jerga" as it's known, adds vibrancy, humor, and cultural context to communication. Spanish slang is a rich tapestry of expressions that reflect the diversity...

Lost Cities and Lost Treasure

The allure of lost cities and lost treasure has captured human imagination for centuries. These mysteries from the past, hidden beneath layers of time and nature, evoke a sense of adventure, curiosity, and the possibility of uncovering untold stories and riches. From the legendary city...

The Rocking-horse Winner: Unveiling Hidden Desires

D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner" delves into the complexities of human desires and the destructive power of materialism. This essay analyzes the themes of luck, greed, and the pursuit of wealth, while also examining the characters' emotional turmoil and the haunting consequences of...

The Practical Role of Math in Everyday Life

Understanding how math is used in everyday life unveils the hidden threads that intricately connect mathematics to our daily experiences. This essay delves into the practical applications of math in various facets of our lives, shedding light on how this fundamental discipline influences our decisions,...

Conserving Energy: a Path to Sustainability

Energy conservation is not merely a concept—it's a responsibility that each individual and society bears to ensure the sustainable future of our planet. With growing concerns about climate change and resource depletion, conserving energy has become a crucial step toward minimizing our ecological footprint. In...

Energy Crisis: Illuminating Perspectives

"Energy is the golden thread that connects economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability." This quote by Ban Ki-moon underscores the pivotal role of energy in shaping the modern world. However, as global demands increase and resources dwindle, an energy crisis looms on the horizon....

Exploring "My Side of the Mountain": a Journey into Wilderness and Self-discovery

"My Side of the Mountain," written by Jean Craighead George, is a captivating novel that takes readers on a unique journey of self-discovery through the eyes of a young protagonist. In this essay, we will delve into the world of "My Side of the Mountain,"...

Earthquakes: Causes, Effects, and Implications

Earthquakes, natural phenomena that shake the very ground we stand on, have captured human fascination and fear for centuries. These sudden and often devastating events are the result of intricate geological processes that have both immediate and far-reaching effects. In this essay, we will delve...

A World Without Mathematics: Imagining the Unthinkable

Mathematics is the language of logic, order, and structure that underpins our world. It is a fundamental tool for understanding the universe, solving problems, and advancing technology. Imagine, for a moment, a world without mathematics — a world devoid of equations, calculations, and mathematical concepts....

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Agriculture
Anthropology
Political Science
Scientific Method
Genetic Engineering
Solar Eclipse
Space Exploration
Photosynthesis
Microbiology
Bilingualism
Albert Einstein
Renewable Energy
Isaac Newton
Thomas Edison
Engineering
Intelligent Machines
Biotechnology
Hermit Crab
Wildlife Conservation
Earth Science
Archaeology
Criminology
Criminology Theories
Ethnography
Kinesiology
Research Methods
Science and Culture
Science Vs. Religion
Social Studies

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1. Taste the Rainbow

2. Crystallize sweet treats

3. Make a volcano erupt

4. Make elephant toothpaste

5. Blow the biggest bubbles you can

6. Demonstrate the “magic” leakproof bag

7. Use apple slices to learn about oxidation

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15. Make naked eggs

16. Turn milk into plastic

17. Test pH using cabbage

18. Clean some old coins

19. Pull an egg into a bottle

20. Blow up a balloon (without blowing)

21 Assemble a DIY lava lamp

22. Explore how sugary drinks affect teeth

23. Mummify a hot dog

24. Extinguish flames with carbon dioxide

25. Send secret messages with invisible ink

26. Create dancing popcorn

27. Shoot a soda geyser sky-high