research about electronics pdf

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Correspondence
• Published: 04 October 2023

The expectations and requirements of research papers in electronics

• Mario Lanza   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-8632 1  

Nature Electronics volume  6 ,  page 718 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

1738 Accesses

Metrics details

• Electronic devices

With micro- and nanoelectronic devices and circuits, the most important technical requirements are related to performance metrics (mobility and subthreshold swing for transistors, and switching energy and endurance for memristors), reproducibility (yield, variability, reliability and stability) and fabrication processes (the use of a competitive device structure and size, the use of industry-compatible materials and the feasibility of scaling to the wafer level) 1 , 2 . But expecting authors of a research manuscript to fulfil all the potential requirements is unfair. The reason being that no other article published in any journal has ever accomplished such a thing. Nevertheless, referees can, on occasion, have unrealistic expectations — and demands — for an individual research paper. Here I highlight key technical issues that are often raised during the peer-review process of such papers.

Industry, which relies on silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, typically avoids the use of materials with high diffusivity (silver, gold and iridium) because they could contaminate adjacent devices. However, this point needs to be considered in the right context because the materials allowed in each fabrication step of a microchip are different. In the front-end-of-line (FEOL), the restrictions are much more stringent because the contaminants could arrive at (and short) the transistors; in the back-end-of-line (BEOL), these restrictions could be much more relaxed because the distance to the transistors is higher and anti-diffusion barriers are often employed at the interface between the field oxide and the metallic interconnections. There are, for example, commercial memories that use iridium electrodes in the BEOL 3 , and gold liners are often used at the last metallization layer 4 . Companies also often employ gold electrodes in their prototypes 5 , 6 . Therefore, from a technical point of view, it all depends on where the device is integrated in the microchip.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles

111,21 € per year

only 9,27 € per issue

Buy this article

• Purchase on SpringerLink
• Instant access to full article PDF

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

International Roadmap for Devices and Systems More Moore (IEEE, 2020); https://irds.ieee.org/editions/2020

International Roadmap for Devices and Systems Beyond CMOS (IEEE, 2020); https://irds.ieee.org/editions/2020

Summerfelt, S. R. et al. Ferroelectric capacitor stack etch cleaning methods. US patent 7,220,600 B2 (2007).

Goodman, P. Gold Bull. 35 , 21–26 (2002).

Article   Google Scholar  

O’Brien, K. P. et al. In IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 7.1.1–7.1.4 (IEEE, 2021); https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM19574.2021.9720651

Lin, Y. et al. In IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 37.2.1–37.2.4 (IEEE, 2021); https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM19574.2021.9720668

Goda, A. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 67 , 1373–1381 (2020).

Automotive Standard Analog: Robustness and Performance (STMicroelectronics, 2022); https://go.nature.com/3rpWeXs

MS/CMOS Platform (Tower Semiconductor, accessed 28 September 2023); https://go.nature.com/3LAhyk3

Saitoh, M. et al. In IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 375–378 (IEEE, 2020); https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM13553.2020.9372106

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Mario Lanza

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mario Lanza .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The author declares no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Lanza, M. The expectations and requirements of research papers in electronics. Nat Electron 6 , 718 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01049-0

Download citation

Published : 04 October 2023

Issue Date : October 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01049-0

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

IEEE Account

• Change Username/Password
• Update Address

Purchase Details

• Payment Options
• Order History
• View Purchased Documents

Profile Information

• Communications Preferences
• Profession and Education
• Technical Interests
• US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
• Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
• Contact & Support
• About IEEE Xplore
• Accessibility
• Terms of Use
• Nondiscrimination Policy
• Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

• USF Research
• USF Libraries

Digital Commons @ USF > College of Engineering > Electrical Engineering > Theses and Dissertations

Electrical Engineering Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Effects of Unobservable Bus States on Detection and Localization of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grids , Moheb Abdelmalak

Modeling the Human Learning Process Using an Industrial Steam Boiler Analogy to Design a Psychophysiological-Based Hypermedia Adaptive Automation System , Liliana María Villavicencio López

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

On the Performance Enhancement of Beamspace MIMO and Non-orthogonal Multiple Access for Future Cellular Networks , Sinasi Cetinkaya

Enhancing Smart Grid Security and Reliability through Graph Signal Processing and Energy Data Analytics , Md Abul Hasnat

Fabric-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor Towards Wearable pH Sensing Electronics , Nestor Osvaldo Marquez Rios

Novel Systems Engineering Framework Analysis of Photovoltaic Models and Equations , Peter R. Michael

Deep Learning Enhancement and Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning: A Data-Centric Approach , Hung S. Nguyen

Cyber-Physical Multi-Robot Systems in a Smart Factory: A Networked AI Agents Approach , Zixiang Nie

Multiple Access Techniques Enabling Diverse Wireless Services , Mehmet Mert Şahin

Remote Medical Diagnosis via Infrared Thermography and Augmented Reality , Frederick M. Selkey

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Optimization Techniques for Energy and Socioeconomic Systems , Salman Sadiq Shuvo

Process Automation and Robotics Engineering for Industrial Processing Systems , Drake Stimpson

Analysis and Model of Sensor-less Modified Direct Torque Control Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Electrical Submersible Pumping Applications , Mulu Woldeyohannes

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Modeling, Control, and Operation of a Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Inverter in Unbalanced Conditions , Abdulhakim Alsaif

Stability and Interaction Analysis of Inverter-Based Resources in Power Grids , Li Bao

Reducing Instrumentation Barriers of Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy for Low-Cost Deep Tissue Blood Flow Monitoring , Arindam Biswas

Healthcare IoT System and Network Design , Halil Ibrahim Deniz

Video Anomaly Detection: Practical Challenges for Learning Algorithms , Keval Doshi

Data-Driven State Estimation for Improved Wide Area Situational Awareness in Smart Grids , Md Jakir Hossain

Explainable and Cooperative Autonomy Across Networks of Distributed Systems , Peter Joseph Jorgensen

Deep Learning and Feature Engineering for Human Activity Recognition: Exploiting Novel Rich Learning Representations and Sub-transfer Learning to Boost Practical Performance , Ria Kanjilal

Assistive Technologies for Independent Navigation for People with Blindness , Howard Kaplan

Fiber-based Electrical Energy Storage and Harvesting Devices for Wearable Electronics , Tareq Kareri

Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Higher Order Statistical Analysis of Electroencephalography Signals , Seyed Alireza Khoshnevis

Data-driven Design and Analysis of Next Generation Mobile Networks for Anomaly Detection and Signal Classification with Fast, Robust and Light Machine Learning , Muhammed Furkan Küçük

Soft Magnetic Composite Substrates for RF/Microwave Applications , Poonam Lathiya

Mm-Wave Reconfigurable Antenna Arrays, Phase Shifters and Beamforming Networks With Reduced Hardware Complexity Using Integrated Microfluidic Actuation , Jonas J. Mendoza Sandoval

Frequency Domain Diffuse Optics Spectroscopies for Quantitative Measurement of Tissue Optical Properties , Sadhu Moka

Accelerating Multiparametric MRI for Adaptive Radiotherapy , Shraddha Pandey

A Model-Based Fault Diagnosis in Dynamic Systems via Asynchronous Motors System Identification or Testing, and Control Engineering Observers , Kenelt Pierre

Improving Wireless Networking from the Learning and Security Perspectives , Zhe Qu

Finding Signal in the Noise: High-Fidelity, Quantitative, Optical Blood Perfusion Imaging with Interference , Abdul Mohaimen Safi

Security and Privacy Enhancing Technologies in the Deep Learning Era , Gamage Dumindu Samaraweera

Recognition of Modern Modulated Waveforms with Applications to ABMS and VDATS Test Program Set Development , Sylwester Sobolewski

Information Dissemination and Perpetual Network , Harshit Srivastava

Dynamic Study of Inverter-based Resources in Weak Grids , Zhengyu Wang

Improving Robustness of Deep Learning Models and Privacy-Preserving Image Denoising , Hadi Zanddizari

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

A Method for Compact Representation of Heterogenous and Multivariate Time Series for Robust Classification and Visualization , Alla Abdella

Dynamical System and Parameter Identification for Power Systems , Abdullah Abdulrahman Alassaf

Phasor Domain Modeling of Type-III Wind Turbines , Mohammed Alqahtani

An Automated Framework for Connected Speech Evaluation of Neurodegenerative Disease: A Case Study in Parkinson's Disease , Sai Bharadwaj Appakaya

Investigation of CoO ATO for Solar Cells and Infrared Sheaths , Manopriya Devisetty Subramanyam

Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Batteries Using Supercapacitors , Sanskruta Dhotre

Effect of Se Composition in CdSe 1-X T eX /CdTe Solar Cells , Sheikh Tawsif Elahi

Microencapsulation of Thermochromic Materials for Thermal Storage and Energy Efficiency of Buildings , Abdullatif Hakami

Piezoelectrically-Transduced ZnO-on-Diamond Resonators with Enhanced Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Power-handling Capability for Sensing and Wireless Communication Applications , Xu Han

Preparation and Characterization of Single Layer Conducting Polymer Electrochromic and Touchchromic Devices , Sharan Kumar Indrakar

Security Attacks and Defenses in Cyber Systems: From an AI Perspective , Zhengping Luo

Power System Optimization Methods: Convex Relaxation and Benders Decomposition , Minyue Ma

Metal Oxide Sensor Array Test Bed Prototype for Diagnostic Breath Analysis , Tiffany C. Miller

Packaging of Active RF Beamforming IC Utilizing Additive Manufacturing , Ryan Murphy

Adaptive Network Slicing in Fog RAN for IoT with Heterogeneous Latency and Computing Requirements: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach , Almuthanna Nassar

Development of a Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation Device for Renal Denervation , Noel Perez

Copper Electrodeposition Assisted by Hydrogen Evolution for Wearable Electronics: Interconnections and Fiber Metallization , Sabrina M. Rosa Ortiz

Theory and Application of Dielectric Rod Antennas and Arrays , Gabriel Saffold

Advanced Organic Polymers for the Nanoscale Fabrication of Fiber-based Electronics Using the Electrospinning Technique , William Serrano Garcia

Transparent Planar Micro-Electrode Array for In-Vitro Electric Field Mediated Gene Delivery , Raj Himatlal Shah

High Speed Switching for Plasma Based Electroporation , Shivangi Sharma

Development of Small-Scale Power Supplies for Wearable Medical Diagnostic Devices , Donny Stiner

Novel Approach to Integrate CAN Based Vehicle Sensors with GPS Using Adaptive Filters to Improve Localization Precision in Connected Vehicles from a Systems Engineering Perspective , Abhijit Vasili

Modeling, Control and Analysis of Inverter-Based Generators in the Power Grids , Yangkun Xu

Fiber-Based Supercapacitor for Wearable Electronics , Rohit Lallansingh Yadav

Modeling, Identification, and Stability Analysis of Inverter-Based Resources Integrated Systems , Miao Zhang

Data-Oriented Approaches towards Mobile, Network and Secure Systems , Shangqing Zhao

Strategies in Botnet Detection and Privacy Preserving Machine Learning , Di Zhuang

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Architecture design and optimization of Edge-enabled Smart Grids , Adetola B. Adeniran

Multimodal Data Fusion and Attack Detection in Recommender Systems , Mehmet Aktukmak

Artificial Intelligence Towards the Wireless Channel Modeling Communications in 5G , Saud Mobark Aldossari

Enhancement of 5G Network Performance Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Faeik Tayseer Al Rabee

Investigation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Intrusion Detection System in Cybersecurity , Mohmmed Alrowaily

Comprehensive Optimization Models for Voltage Regulation in PV-rich Multi-phase Distribution Systems , Ibrahim Alsaleh

Design and Implementation of Solid/Solid Phononic Crystal Structures in Lateral Extensional Thin-film Piezoelectric on Silicon Micromechanical Resonators , Abdulrahman Alsolami

Analysis of Computational Modeling Methods as Applied to Single-Crystal Organohalide Perovskites , Jon M. Bebeau

Development of a Monolithic Implantable Neural Interface from Cubic Silicon Carbide and Evaluation of Its MRI Compatibility , Mohammad Beygi

Performance Enhancement Techniques for Next-Generation Multi-Service Communication and Medical Cyber-Physical Systems , Ali Fatih Demir

Microfluidically Reconfigurable Millimeter-Wave Switches, Antenna Arrays and Filters with Fast-Actuation Using Movable Metallized Plates and Integrated Actuation , Enrique J. Gonzalez Carvajal

Multilayered Transmission Lines, Antennas and Phased Arrays with Structurally Integrated Control Electronics Using Additive Manufacturing , Merve Kacar

Cost Efficient Algorithms and Methods for Spectral Efficiency in Future Radio Access , Murat Karabacak

Design of DeLRo Autonomous Delivery Robot and AI Based Localization , Tolga Karakurt

Theory, Fabrication, and Characterization of Perovskite Phototransistor , Fatemeh Khorramshahi

Modeling and Control of Renewable Energy in Grids and Microgrids , Yin Li

Next-Generation Self-Organizing Communications Networks: Synergistic Application of Machine Learning and User-Centric Technologies , Chetana V. Murudkar

Reliability Analysis of Power Grids and its Interdependent Infrastructures: An Interaction Graph-based Approach , Upama Nakarmi

Algorithms Enabling Communications in the Presence of Adjacent Channel Interference , Berker Peköz

Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane Based Glucose Sensor with Integration of Potentiostat Circuit , Kavyashree Puttananjegowda

Service Provisioning and Security Design in Software Defined Networks , Mohamed Rahouti

Reading and Programming Spintronic Devices for Biomimetic Applications and Fault-tolerant Memory Design , Kawsher Ahmed Roxy

Implementation of SR Flip-Flop Based PUF on FPGA for Hardware Security , Sai Praneeth Sagi

Trauma Detection Personal Locator Beacon System , Sakshi Sharma

Network Function Virtualization In Fog Networks , Nazli Siasi

Socially Aware Network User Mobility Analysis and Novel Approaches on Aerial Mobile Wireless Network Deployment , Ismail Uluturk

Spatial Stereo Sound Source Localization Optimization and CNN Based Source Feature Recognition , Cong Xu

Hybrid RF Acoustic Resonators and Arrays with Integrated Capacitive and Piezoelectric Transducers , Adnan Zaman

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrical Energy Storage and Harvesting Energy Devices Using Gel Electrolytes , Belqasem Aljafari

Phasor Measurement Unit Data-Based Steady State and Dynamic Model Estimation , Anas Almunif

Cross Layer-based Intrusion Detection System Using Machine Learning for MANETs , Amar Amouri

Power Conditioning System on a Micro-Grid System , Tamoghna Banerjee

Thermal Response in a Field Oriented Controlled Three-phase Induction Motor , Niyem Mawenbe Bawana

Design and Development of a Wireless EEG System Integrated into a Football Helmet , Akshay V. Dunakhe

Machine Learning, Game Theory Algorithms, and Medium Access Protocols for 5G and Internet-of-Thing (IoT) Networks , Mohamed Elkourdi

Advanced Search

• Email Notifications and RSS
• All Collections
• USF Faculty Publications
• Open Access Journals
• Conferences and Events
• Theses and Dissertations
• Textbooks Collection

Useful Links

• Rights Information
• SelectedWorks
• Submit Research

Home | About | Help | My Account | Accessibility Statement | Language and Diversity Statements

Privacy Copyright

Electronics for Beginners

• First Online: 24 July 2022

Cite this chapter

• Charles Bell 2  

Part of the book series: Maker Innovations Series ((MIS))

1814 Accesses

If you are new to working with hardware and have little or no experience with electronics, you may be curious as to how you can complete the projects in this book. Fortunately, the projects in this book walk you through how to connect the various electronic parts together with your Pico. That is, you can complete the projects without additional skill or experience.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime
• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Warsaw, VA, USA

Charles Bell

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to APress Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Bell, C. (2022). Electronics for Beginners. In: Beginning MicroPython with the Raspberry Pi Pico. Maker Innovations Series. Apress, Berkeley, CA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8135-2_5

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8135-2_5

Published : 24 July 2022

Publisher Name : Apress, Berkeley, CA

Print ISBN : 978-1-4842-8134-5

Online ISBN : 978-1-4842-8135-2

eBook Packages : Professional and Applied Computing Apress Access Books Professional and Applied Computing (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research