(APA, 2020)
Most University of North Alabama students completed the program within 2 years (2018)
(University of North Alabama, 2018)
Ice cream is highly correlated with happiness according to studies by A. Kramer and B. Kramer (2005)
(A. Kramer & B. Kramer, 2005)
Cane later duplicated these results in another study (2013)
(Cane, 2013)
Cane successfully duplicated these results (2012a)
(Cane, 2012a)
(Cane, 2012b)
(Cox, 1989; McGee 2011; Shaffer et al., 2019)
Once again, if grammar isn’t your thing, and you’re looking for help related to specific parts of speech, check out our adjective , pronoun , and determiner pages, among many, many others!
Follow our EasyBib Twitter feed to find more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) https:doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Published May 21, 2019. Updated October 25, 2020.
Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau . Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and one of the in-house EasyBib librarians. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.
APA Formatting
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An in-text citation is a shortened version of the source being referred to in the paper. As the name implies, it appears in the text of the paper. A reference list entry, on the other hand, details the complete information of the source being cited and is listed at the end of the paper after the main text. An example of an in-text citation and the corresponding reference list entry for a journal article with one author is listed below for your understanding:
In-text citation template and example:
Only the author name and the publication year are used in in-text citations to direct the reader to the corresponding reference list entry.
Author Surname (Publication Year)
Elden (2003)
Parenthetical
(Author Surname, Publication Year)
(Elden, 2003)
Reference list entry template and example:
Complete information of the reference is used to guide the reader to locate the source for further reference. In the below template, “F” and “M” are first and middle initials, respectively. #–# denotes the page range.
Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the article: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume (Issue), #–#. DOI
Elden, S. (2003). Plague, panopticon, police. Surveillance & Society, 1 (3), 240–253. https://doi:10.24908/ss.v1i3.3339
When you use APA style, all sources need to have in-text citations. In-text citations direct a reader to the reference entry to get more information on the source being cited in the text. If an in-text citation is not provided, your reader doesn’t know whether there is a source available in the reference list for the idea or topic being discussed in the text. Even if all the basic elements to cite a source are not available, try to provide an in-text citation with the information you do have. For example, if a source does not have an author, use a shortened version of the title in place of the author in your in-text citation. An example is given below for a parenthetical citation.
Author name available:
(Author Surname, Publication Year, p.# for direct quote)
Author name not available:
(“Title of the Work,” Publication Year, p.# for direct quote)
Therefore, in-text citations are essential to guide a reader to locate the corresponding sources in the reference list for the topics discussed in the text.
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Published on 30 April 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 5 May 2022.
An in-text citation should appear wherever you quote or paraphrase a source in your writing, pointing your reader to the full reference .
In Harvard style , citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant.
Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al .
1 author | (Smith, 2014) |
---|---|
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) |
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Including page numbers in citations, where to place harvard in-text citations, citing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard in-text citations.
When you quote directly from a source or paraphrase a specific passage, your in-text citation must include a page number to specify where the relevant passage is located.
Use ‘p.’ for a single page and ‘pp.’ for a page range:
If you are summarising the general argument of a source or paraphrasing ideas that recur throughout the text, no page number is needed.
When incorporating citations into your text, you can either name the author directly in the text or only include the author’s name in brackets.
When you name the author in the sentence itself, the year and (if relevant) page number are typically given in brackets straight after the name:
Naming the author directly in your sentence is the best approach when you want to critique or comment on the source.
When you you haven’t mentioned the author’s name in your sentence, include it inside the brackets. The citation is generally placed after the relevant quote or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence, before the full stop:
Multiple citations can be included in one place, listed in order of publication year and separated by semicolons:
This type of citation is useful when you want to support a claim or summarise the overall findings of sources.
In-text citations in brackets should not appear as the subject of your sentences. Anything that’s essential to the meaning of a sentence should be written outside the brackets:
Similarly, don’t repeat the author’s name in the bracketed citation and in the sentence itself:
Sometimes you won’t have access to all the source information you need for an in-text citation. Here’s what to do if you’re missing the publication date, author’s name, or page numbers for a source.
If a source doesn’t list a clear publication date, as is sometimes the case with online sources or historical documents, replace the date with the words ‘no date’:
When it’s not clear who the author of a source is, you’ll sometimes be able to substitute a corporate author – the group or organisation responsible for the publication:
When there’s no corporate author to cite, you can use the title of the source in place of the author’s name:
If you quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website, you can just omit this information if it’s a short text – it should be easy enough to find the quote without it.
If you quote from a longer source without page numbers, it’s best to find an alternate location marker, such as a paragraph number or subheading, and include that:
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).
You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.
When you want to use a quote but can’t access the original source, you can cite it indirectly. In the in-text citation , first mention the source you want to refer to, and then the source in which you found it. For example:
It’s advisable to avoid indirect citations wherever possible, because they suggest you don’t have full knowledge of the sources you’re citing. Only use an indirect citation if you can’t reasonably gain access to the original source.
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, May 05). Harvard In-Text Citation | A Complete Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 5 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-in-text-citation/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
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What are In-Text Citations?
You must cite (give credit) all information sources used in your essay or research paper whenever and wherever you use them.
When citing sources in the text of your paper, you must list:
● The author’s last name
● The year the information was published.
Types of In-Text Citations: Narrative vs Parenthetical
A narrative citation gives the author's name as part of the sentence .
A parenthetical citation puts the source information in parentheses—first or last—but does not include it in the narrative flow.
Full citation for this source (this belongs on the Reference Page of your research paper or essay):
Edwards, H. (2017). The Revolt of the Black Athlete: 50th Anniversary Edition. University of Illinois Press.
Sample In-text Citations
Studies have shown music and art therapies to be effective in aiding those dealing with mental disorders as well as managing, exploring, and gaining insight into traumatic experiences their patients may have faced. (Stuckey & Nobel, 2010). |
- FIRST INITIAL, ARTICLE TITLE -- |
Hint: (Use an when they appear in parenthetical citations.) e.g.: (Jones & Smith, 2022) |
Stuckey and Nobel (2010) noted, "it has been shown that music can calm neural activity in the brain, which may lead to reductions in anxiety, and that it may help to restore effective functioning in the immune system." |
|
Note: This example is a direct quote. It is an exact quotation directly from the text of the article. All direct quotes should appear in quotation marks: "...."
Try keeping direct quotes to a minimum in your writing. You need to show your understanding of the source material by being able to paraphrase or summarize it.
List the author’s last name only (no initials) and the year the information was published, like this:
(Dodge, 2008 ). ( Author , Date).
IF you use a direct quote, add the page number to your citation, like this:
( Dodge , 2008 , p. 125 ).
( Author , Date , page number )
Credit these sources when you mention their information in any way: direct quotation, paraphrase, or summarize.
What should you credit?
Any information that you learned from another source, including:
● statistics
EXCEPTION: Information that is common knowledge: e.g., The Bronx is a borough of New York City.
Quick help with apa 7 citations.
Download the In-text Citations presentation (above) for an in-depth look at how to correctly cite your sources in the text of your paper.
Paraphrasing activity from the excelsior owl, in-text citation quiz.
Apa quick citation guide.
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers , use a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.
Example paragraph with in-text citation
A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.
Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 23 (4), 245-259.
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.
Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.
For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). For more information on citations for sources with no date or other missing information see the page on missing reference information on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.
Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.
Web page with author:
In-text citation
Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash, 2019).
Reference entry
Asmelash, L. (2019, August 14). Social media use may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive activities, study says . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/13/health/social-media-mental-health-trnd/index.html
Web page with organizational author:
More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health Organization, 2018).
World Health Organization. (2018, March 22). Depression . https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Web page with no date:
Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaste r. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of using in-text citation.
Author's name in parentheses:
One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
Author's name part of narrative:
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
Group as author: First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015) Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)
Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)
Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).
Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)
One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).
Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words , display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)
APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on in-text citation .
Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.
One author: (Field, 2005)
Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Three or more authors: (Tremblay et al., 2010)
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If you're wondering how to write an academic essay with references, look no further. In this article, we'll discuss how to use in-text citations and references, including how to cite a website, how to cite a book, and how to cite a Tweet, according to various style guides.
You might need to cite sources when writing a paper that references other sources. For example, when writing an essay, you may use information from other works, such as books, articles, or websites. You must then inform readers where this information came from. Failure to do so, even accidentally, is plagiarism—passing off another person's work as your own.
You can avoid plagiarism and show readers where to find information by using citations and references.
Citations tell readers where a piece of information came from. They take the form of footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical elements, depending on your style guide. In-text citations are usually placed at the end of a sentence containing the relevant information.
A reference list , bibliography, or works cited list at the end of a text provides additional details about these cited sources. This list includes enough publication information allowing readers to look up these sources themselves.
Referencing is important for more than simply avoiding plagiarism. Referring to a trustworthy source shows that the information is reliable. Referring to reliable information can also support your major points and back up your argument.
Learning how to write an academic essay with references and how to use in-text citations will allow you to cite authors who have made similar arguments. This helps show that your argument is objective and not entirely based on personal biases.
Often, a professor will assign a style guide. The purpose of a style guide is to provide writers with formatting instructions. If your professor has not assigned a style guide, they should still be able to recommend one.
If you are entirely free to choose, pick one that aligns with your field (for example, APA is frequently used for scientific writing).
Some of the most common style guides are as follows:
AP style for journalism
Chicago style for publishing
APA style for scholarly writing (commonly used in scientific fields)
MLA style for scholarly citations (commonly used in English literature fields)
Some journals have their own style guides, so if you plan to publish, check which guide your target journal uses. You can do this by locating your target journal's website and searching for author guidelines.
When learning how to write an academic essay with references, you must identify reliable sources that support your argument.
As you read, think critically and evaluate sources for:
Objectivity
Keep detailed notes on the sources so that you can easily find them again, if needed.
Tip: Record these notes in the format of your style guide—your reference list will then be ready to go.
An in-text citation in MLA includes the author's last name and the relevant page number:
(Author 123)
Here's how to cite a website in MLA:
Author's last name, First name. "Title of page."
Website. Website Publisher, date. Web. Date
retrieved. <URL>
With information from a real website, this looks like:
Morris, Nancy. "How to Cite a Tweet in APA,
Chicago, and MLA." Scribendi. Scribendi
Inc., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2021.
<https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/how_to_cite_a_website.en.html>
MLA uses the full text of a short Tweet (under 140 characters) as its title. Longer Tweets can be shortened using ellipses.
MLA Tweet references should be formatted as follows:
@twitterhandle (Author Name). "Text of Tweet." Twitter, Date Month, Year, time of
publication, URL.
With information from an actual Tweet, this looks like:
@neiltyson (Neil deGrasse Tyson). "You can't use reason to convince anyone out of an
argument that they didn't use reason to get into." Twitter, 29 Sept. 2020, 10:15 p.m.,
https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/1311127369785192449 .
Here's how to cite a book in MLA:
Author's last name, First name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
With publication information from a real book, this looks like:
Montgomery, L.M. Rainbow Valley. Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1919.
Author's last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." Book Title , edited by Editor Name,
Publisher, Year, pp. page range.
With publication information from an actual book, this looks like:
Ezell, Margaret J.M. "The Social Author: Manuscript Culture, Writers, and Readers." The
Broadview Reader in Book History , edited by Michelle Levy and Tom Mole, Broadview
Press, 2015,pp. 375–394.
You can cite a paraphrase in MLA exactly the same way as you would cite a direct quotation.
Make sure to include the author's name (either in the text or in the parenthetical citation) and the relevant page number.
In APA, in-text citations include the author's last name and the year of publication; a page number is included only if a direct quotation is used:
(Author, 2021, p. 123)
Here's how to cite a website in APA:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month. date of publication). Title of page. https://URL
Morris, N. (n.d.). How to cite a Tweet in APA, Chicago, and MLA.
https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/how_to_cite_a_website.en.html
Tip: Learn more about how to write an academic essay with references to websites .
APA refers to Tweets using their first 20 words.
Tweet references should be formatted as follows:
Author, A. A. [@twitterhandle). (Year, Month. date of publication). First 20 words of the
Tweet. [Tweet] Twitter. URL
When we input information from a real Tweet, this looks like:
deGrasse Tyson, N. [@neiltyson]. (2020, Sept. 29). You can't use reason to convince anyone
out of an argument that they didn't use reason to get into. [Tweet] Twitter.
https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/1311127369785192449
Here's how to cite a book in APA:
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title. Publisher.
For a real book, this looks like:
Montgomery, L. M. (1919). Rainbow valley.
Frederick A. Stokes Company.
Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor Name (Ed.), Book Title (pp. page range).
With information from a real book, this looks like:
Ezell, M. J. M. (2014). The social author: Manuscript culture, writers, and readers. In
Michelle Levy and Tom Mole (Eds.), The Broadview Reader in Book History (pp. 375–
394). Broadview Press.
Knowing how to cite a book and how to cite a chapter in a book correctly will take you a long way in creating an effective reference list.
You can cite a paraphrase in APA the same way as you would cite a direct quotation, including the author's name and year of publication.
In APA, you may also choose to pinpoint the page from which the information is taken.
Referencing is an essential part of academic integrity. Learning how to write an academic essay with references and how to use in-text citations shows readers that you did your research and helps them locate your sources.
Learning how to cite a website, how to cite a book, and how to cite a paraphrase can also help you avoid plagiarism —an academic offense with serious consequences for your education or professional reputation.
Scribendi can help format your citations or review your whole paper with our Academic Editing services .
Hire an expert academic editor , or get a free sample, about the author.
Scribendi's in-house editors work with writers from all over the globe to perfect their writing. They know that no piece of writing is complete without a professional edit, and they love to see a good piece of writing transformed into a great one. Scribendi's in-house editors are unrivaled in both experience and education, having collectively edited millions of words and obtained numerous degrees. They love consuming caffeinated beverages, reading books of various genres, and relaxing in quiet, dimly lit spaces.
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Paraphrasing, direct quotes, direct quotes of online material without page numbers, citing ai models and software, in text citations: secondary sources.
24/7 Chat may connect you with a librarian from another institution. |
Type of citation | First parenthetical in-text citation | Subsequent parenthetical in-text citations |
---|---|---|
Basic format | (Author's last name, Year Published) | |
One author | (Courtenay, 2000) | (Courtenay, 2000) |
Two authors | (Burhardt & Nathaniel, 2008) | (Burhardt & Nathaniel, 2008) |
Three or more authors | (Pender et al., 2011) | (Pender et al., 2011) |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
In-text citations paraphrase | |
---|---|
Basic format | (Author’s Last Name, Year Published, Page or Paragraph Number) |
Paraphrase citation at the end of text (parenthetical citation) | Interventions in the community should encourage health and fitness within schools, organizations and churches (Courtenay, 2000, p. 174). |
Paraphrase citation within the text (narrative citation) | Courtenay (2000) stated that community intervention will promote physical activity (p. 174). |
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-00
In-text citations quotations | |
---|---|
Basic format | (Author’s Last Name, Year Published, Paragraph or Page Number). |
Quotation less than 40 words | "Americans are always taking nutrients to fulfill their diets but "food should provide all the nutrients people need to be healthy" (Courtenay, 2000, p. 171). |
Quotation more than 40 words | Premises of the guidelines for Americans are that food should provide all of the nutrients that an individual needs to be healthy. Although dietary supplements and fortified foods may be useful sources for one or two nutrients, they cannot replace a healthy diet. The 2005 guidelines place greater emphasis on decrease calorie consumption. (Courtenay, 2000, p. 171) |
Organizational Author (Narrative) | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2019) notes that "Chicken can be a nutritious choice, but raw chicken is often contaminated with bacteria and sometimes with and bacteria" (para. 1). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.-a.) causes an estimated 1.5 million illnesses each year in the United States" (para. 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.-b.). "estimates bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year" (para.1). |
Organizational Author (Parenthetical) | "Chicken can be a nutritious choice, but raw chicken is often contaminated with bacteria and sometimes with and bacteria" (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019, para. 1). |
Online material without pagination | |
---|---|
Basic format | (Author’s Last Name, Year Published, Paragraph Number) |
Electronic source without page numbers | Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace" (para. 4). |
Electronic source without page or paragraph numbers | Verbunt et al. (2008) found that "the level of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical condition" (Discussion section, para. 1). |
Electronic source with a long title no page or paragraph number | "Overall, the evidence does not seem to support the conclusion that industry is unwilling or unable to supply the types of foods that consumers desire" (Kuchler & Golan, 2004, “Do Markets Supply,” para. 5). |
APA recommends describing how students used AI models like ChatGPT in the paper, followed by the prompt used and any part of the relevant response. ChatGPT results are not retrievable by others; however, since there is not a person communicating, the author of the algorithm should be credited with an in-text citation and reference list entry.
When prompted with “What is the atomic number for Mercury?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated "The atomic number for Mercury is 80” (OpenAI, 2023).
For more examples of citing ChatGPT see the American Psychological Association Style website
Please refer to the Academic Honor Code section (pp. 31-32) of the WCU Student Handbook for appropriate uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the University.
Secondary sources, those sources that refer to content from another source, should be used sparingly. If available, you should always try to find the original (primary) source, i.e. When the author(s) you are reading cite someone else's work, you should always try to find the cited work.
For example, if you read a work by Raphan and Friedman (2014), in which they cite Welch et al. (2011), and you are unable to read the original Welch et al. (2011) work, you will cite Welch et al. followed by Raphan and Friedman with only Raphan and Friedman appearing in the reference list.
"40% of people without any symptoms will show damaged knee cartilage (meniscal tear) with MRI scans; MRI scans will show bulging lumbar discs in more than 50% of people with no back pain" (Welch et al., 2011, p. 36, as cited in Raphan & Friedman, 2014, p. 590).
More information on secondary sources is available on page 258 on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) or at https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/secondary-sources
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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Night — The Significance of Night in “Night” by Elie Wiesel
About this sample
Words: 756 |
Published: Aug 1, 2024
Words: 756 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read
The darkness of night, the death and despair of night, the loss of humanity, bibliography.
"Never shall I forget that night...the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust."
"One day I was able to get up, after gathering all my strength. I wanted to see myself in the mirror hanging on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me."
"The night was long and never-ending. Among the dead, the living struggled to survive. The living envied the dead for their escape from the horrors of the camp. We were no longer human beings; we were only bodies, struggling to hold on to life."
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Discover the best bibliography examples for your research paper. Learn how to format citations correctly in various citation styles.
Creating a bibliography can often seem like a daunting task, but it’s an essential part of academic writing. A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the sources you have referred to in your work, including detailed bibliography entries that provide readers with the information they need to locate these sources themselves. Understanding how to properly format and organize your bibliography is crucial for presenting a polished piece of writing. In this guide, we will delve into various bibliography examples, illustrating the correct way to cite different types of sources, from books and journal articles to websites and online resources.
What is a bibliography.
A bibliography is an organized list of all the sources you have referenced in your research or writing. It typically appears at the end of your document, allowing readers to trace the origins of your information. Each bibliography entry gives detailed information about the source, such as the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication date, and where it was published. This not only lends credibility to your work but also prevents plagiarism by giving proper credit to the original authors. Bibliographies are essential in academic and professional contexts, where accuracy and accountability of information are paramount. Whether you are writing an essay, a research paper, or a book, having a well-organized bibliography will enhance the overall quality and reliability of your work.
The importance of a bibliography cannot be overstated. Firstly, it lends credibility to your work by showing that you have conducted thorough research and consulted a range of reliable sources. This boosts your reader’s confidence in the accuracy and validity of your information. Additionally, an annotated bibliography can provide additional insights and context for the sources listed, helping readers understand the relevance and quality of each source. Secondly, a bibliography helps to avoid plagiarism by giving proper credit to original authors and creators. This is crucial in maintaining academic integrity and ethical standards. Furthermore, a well-structured bibliography allows readers to delve deeper into your topic by providing them with the resources to explore further. Lastly, it showcases your organizational skills and attention to detail, which are highly valued in both academic and professional settings. Overall, a comprehensive bibliography enhances the quality and trustworthiness of your work, making it an indispensable part of any research or writing project.
When creating a bibliography, it is essential to use a consistent format, such as the APA style. The most common bibliography formats include APA, MLA style, and Chicago styles. The Chicago Manual of Style is versatile, used across various disciplines. It has two systems: Notes and Bibliography (for humanities) and Author-Date (for sciences). Each system has specific rules for listing authors, titles, and publication details. Familiarising yourself with these formats is crucial for ensuring that your bibliography meets academic standards and is easy for readers to navigate. Always check the specific guidelines required by your institution or publisher.
Gathering sources effectively.
Effective source gathering is key to creating a comprehensive and accurate bibliography. Start by identifying credible sources relevant to your topic. Academic journals, books, and reputable websites are good starting points. Utilize library databases and online academic repositories to access peer-reviewed articles. When citing an article online, it is important to include URLs to ensure the source can be easily accessed and verified. Take meticulous notes as you read, ensuring you record all necessary citation information such as author names, publication dates, and titles. Use citation management tools like EndNote or Zotero to organize your sources and generate citations automatically. Additionally, be mindful of the relevance and timeliness of your sources; outdated or unrelated references can weaken your work. Lastly, always cross-check your sources to ensure their accuracy and reliability. By gathering sources effectively, you not only create a strong foundation for your bibliography but also enhance the overall quality of your research.
Organizing your bibliography is a crucial step in presenting your research coherently. Begin by deciding on the citation style required for your work, whether it be APA, MLA, or Chicago. For MLA style, organize a works cited page by listing sources alphabetically by the author’s last name. Each style has specific rules for arranging entries, such as alphabetically by the author’s last name. Be consistent in your formatting to maintain a professional appearance. Use hanging indents for each entry to enhance readability. Group similar types of sources together if your citation style allows, such as books, journal articles, and websites. Double-check that all necessary information is included for each source, like author names, titles, publication dates, and publishers. Keeping your bibliography organized not only helps your readers but also ensures that you have not missed any sources. A well-organized bibliography reflects your attention to detail and commitment to academic integrity.
Formatting a bibliography correctly can significantly improve the clarity and professionalism of your work. Firstly, ensure that you use the correct font and size as specified by your citation style, typically Times New Roman, 12-point font. Use double spacing throughout your bibliography to enhance readability. Apply a hanging indent to each entry, where the first line is flush with the left margin, and subsequent lines are indented. This helps distinguish individual entries clearly. Pay attention to punctuation; different styles have specific rules regarding the use of commas, periods, and italics. For instance, book titles are often italicized in MLA and APA styles. Use consistent abbreviation rules for publishers and journal titles. Additionally, employ citation management tools like EndNote or Zotero to automate much of the formatting process, reducing the likelihood of errors. Following these tips and tricks will ensure your bibliography is both accurate and easy to read.
For annotated bibliographies, include a brief summary and evaluation of each source after the citation. This provides context and relevance, helping readers understand the significance of each source.
Single author books.
Citing single-author books in your bibliography is straightforward but requires attention to detail. Begin with the author’s last name, followed by their first name. Next, italicize the book title and capitalize the significant words. Include the edition number if it is not the first edition. Follow this with the place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the year of publication. For example, a proper citation in MLA format would look like this:
Smith, John. Understanding Bibliographies . 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2020.
In APA format, the citation would be:
Smith, J. (2020). Understanding bibliographies (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Each citation style has its own nuances, so it’s crucial to refer to the specific guidelines for the style you are using. Accurately citing single-author books enhances the credibility of your work and makes it easier for readers to find your referenced sources. For instance, an APA reference list entry for a book would look like this: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding bibliographies (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Citing multiple author books in your bibliography requires listing all authors in a specific order. For works with up to three authors, list each author by their last name followed by their first name, separated by commas. Use ‘and’ before the final author’s name. For example, in MLA format, a citation would appear as:
Brown, Lisa, and Mark Johnson. Exploring Bibliographies . Cambridge University Press, 2018.
For books with more than three authors, MLA allows you to list the first author followed by ‘et al.’:
Brown, Lisa, et al. Exploring Bibliographies . Cambridge University Press, 2018.
In APA format, the citation for a book by two authors would be:
Brown, L., & Johnson, M. (2018). Exploring bibliographies . Cambridge University Press.
For more than three authors, list all names up to 20 authors before using ‘et al.’.
Consistently following the correct format ensures that your citations are clear and verifiable, enhancing the reliability of your work. Multiple author books are cited similarly across different citation styles, ensuring consistency and clarity.
When citing edited collections in your bibliography, the format differs slightly from single-author books. Begin with the editor’s name, followed by the abbreviation ‘ed.’ for a single editor or ‘eds.’ for multiple editors. The book title should be italicized and capitalized appropriately. Next, include the place of publication, the publisher’s name, and the year of publication. For instance, in MLA format, an edited collection citation would appear as follows:
Jones, Michael, ed. Perspectives on Bibliographies . Routledge, 2019.
For multiple editors, it would be:
Jones, Michael, and Sarah Lee, eds. Perspectives on Bibliographies . Routledge, 2019.
In APA format, the citation for a single editor would be:
Jones, M. (Ed.). (2019). Perspectives on bibliographies . Routledge.
For multiple editors, use:
Jones, M., & Lee, S. (Eds.). (2019). Perspectives on bibliographies . Routledge.
This accurate citation style ensures that credit is given to the editors and provides clear reference points for your readers. For more detailed guidelines on citing edited collections, refer to the MLA handbook.
Journal articles.
Citing journal articles in your bibliography involves including several key details. Start with the author’s last name, followed by their initials. Next, provide the year of publication in parentheses. The title of the article should be in sentence case, meaning only the first word and any proper nouns are capitalized. Follow this with the title of the journal in italics and title case. Include the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses, and the page range. For example, in APA format, a citation would appear as:
Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding bibliographies: A comprehensive guide. Journal of Academic Writing , 15 (2), 45-67.
In MLA format, the citation would be:
Smith, John A. “Understanding Bibliographies: A Comprehensive Guide.” Journal of Academic Writing , vol. 15, no. 2, 2020, pp. 45-67.
An example of an annotated bibliography entry for a journal article in APA format would be:
Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding bibliographies: A comprehensive guide. Journal of Academic Writing , 15 (2), 45-67. This article provides a detailed overview of the structure and purpose of bibliographies, making it a valuable resource for academic writers.
By accurately citing journal articles, you provide a clear and reliable pathway for readers to locate the original source, enhancing the credibility of your work.
Citing magazine articles requires specific details to ensure accuracy. Start with the author’s last name, followed by their first name. Next, include the title of the article in quotation marks, with major words capitalized. Follow this with the title of the magazine in italics and title case. Include the date of publication, which may be in the format of day, month, and year, and then the page numbers the article spans. In MLA format, a citation would look like:
Doe, Jane. “The Evolution of Bibliographies.” Modern Research Magazine , 15 Mar. 2021, pp. 22-27.
In APA format, the citation is slightly different:
Doe, J. (2021, March 15). The evolution of bibliographies. Modern Research Magazine , 22-27.
An example of a bibliography entry for a magazine article in The Chicago Manual of Style would be:
Doe, Jane. “The Evolution of Bibliographies.” Modern Research Magazine , March 15, 2021.
By following these guidelines, you ensure that your bibliography is precise and allows readers to easily locate the original source, thereby enhancing the credibility and reliability of your work.
Citing newspaper articles in your bibliography requires attention to detail. Start with the author’s last name, followed by their first name. Then, include the title of the article in quotation marks, capitalizing the major words. Next, provide the name of the newspaper in italics and title case. Follow this with the complete date of publication in the format of day, month, and year. If available, include the section and page number. For example, in MLA format, a citation would look like:
Brown, Lisa. “The Future of Bibliographies.” The Times , 12 Apr. 2021, p. A3.
Brown, L. (2021, April 12). The future of bibliographies. The Times , p. A3.
For online newspaper articles, include the URL at the end of the citation. For example, an MLA citation for an article online would be:
Brown, Lisa. “The Future of Bibliographies.” The Times , 12 Apr. 2021, (LINK 1).
Accurate citations help readers locate the original source, ensuring the credibility and traceability of your information. This thoroughness enhances the academic integrity of your work.
Websites and blogs.
Citing websites and blogs requires different details compared to print sources. Start with the author’s name, if available, followed by the title of the page or post in quotation marks. Next, include the name of the website or blog in italics. Follow this with the date of publication in the format of day, month, and year. Finally, provide the full URL. For example, in MLA format, a citation would look like:
Doe, John. “Understanding Bibliographies in the Digital Age.” Research Insights , 15 Mar. 2021, www.researchinsights.com/understanding-bibliographies.
Doe, J. (2021, March 15). Understanding bibliographies in the digital age. Research Insights . https://www.researchinsights.com/understanding-bibliographies
If no author is available, start with the title of the page. Including URLs ensures that readers can directly access the source, maintaining the transparency and reliability of your work. Accurate citations for online sources are essential for a comprehensive and credible bibliography. For example, in APA style, a website citation would look like this: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of web page. Website Name . URL.
When citing online journal articles, it’s essential to include several key details to ensure accuracy and credibility. Start with the author’s last name, followed by their initials. Then, include the year of publication in parentheses. The title of the article should be in sentence case, meaning only the first word and any proper nouns are capitalized. Follow this with the title of the journal in italics and title case. Include the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses, and the page range. Finally, provide the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL. For example, in APA format, a citation would look like:
Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding bibliographies: A comprehensive guide. Journal of Academic Writing , 15 (2), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.1234/jaw.2020.15.2.45
An example of an APA reference list for online journals would include all cited articles formatted as shown above, ensuring consistency and adherence to APA guidelines.
Including DOIs or URLs allows readers to easily locate the original source, ensuring the reliability and traceability of your information.
Citing social media posts in your bibliography requires specific details to ensure clarity and credibility. Start with the author’s real name, if available, followed by their username in square brackets. Include the date of the post in the format of day, month, and year. Next, provide the content of the post in quotation marks, ensuring it captures the essence of the original. Specify the type of post (e.g., Tweet, Facebook post) and include the URL directly linking to the post. For example, in APA format, a citation would look like:
Doe, John [@johndoe]. (2021, April 12). “Understanding bibliographies can enhance your research.” Twitter . https://twitter.com/johndoe/status/1381534321
Doe, John [@johndoe]. “Understanding bibliographies can enhance your research.” Twitter , 12 Apr. 2021, https://twitter.com/johndoe/status/1381534321 .
Accurate citations for social media posts ensure that readers can verify the source, thereby enhancing the transparency and reliability of your research. Social media posts are cited similarly across different citation styles by including URLs or the name of the database if the post was consulted online.
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The number of sources you cite in your paper depends on the purpose of your work. For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. Literature review papers, however, typically include a more exhaustive list of references.
Provide appropriate credit to the source (e.g., by using an in-text citation) whenever you do the following:
Avoid both undercitation and overcitation. Undercitation can lead to plagiarism and/or self-plagiarism . Overcitation can be distracting and is unnecessary.
For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.
Figure 8.1 in Chapter 8 of the Publication Manual provides an example of an appropriate level of citation.
Determining the appropriate level of citation is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 8.1 and the Concise Guide Section 8.1
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Negotiating your salary can be a key step in advancing your career and boosting your financial stability—but it can also be pretty intimidating. The good news is that with the right approach, it doesn’t have to be so scary. That's where a salary increase letter comes in.
Whether you're asking for a raise due to your great performance, increased responsibilities, or changes in the market, a well-crafted letter asking for salary increment can be a powerful (and smooth) way to make your case.
In this article, we'll walk you through everything you need to know about writing a salary increase letter, from understanding its purpose to tips on crafting an effective one. We'll also include sample letters and templates to help you get started. Plus, we’ve interviewed Muse career coach Jenn Smith , who shares her top advice on navigating this critical career move.
Need a higher salary? Check out open jobs on The Muse for your next big move »
A salary increase letter is a formal document that employees use to request a raise from their employer. Unlike a salary review letter—which is typically initiated by the employer to communicate pay adjustments—a salary increase letter is written by the employee seeking a boost in compensation.
Writing a salary increase letter can be necessary for several reasons:
When writing a letter to request a salary increase, it's generally more effective to address it to your direct manager or your department’s director rather than HR. Your manager is more familiar with your work, contributions, and the value you bring to the team. They are also likely involved in budget decisions and have the authority to advocate for your raise.
Yes, writing a salary increase letter can be a formal and respectful way to request a raise. It allows you to clearly articulate your reasons, provide evidence of your achievements , and give your employer time to consider your request. Plus, a letter is a documented record of your request and can be reviewed by decision-makers at different levels of the organization.
On the other hand, having an in-person conversation can be generally more effective. “This allows you to present your case dynamically, outlining your accomplishments, contributions, and the value you bring, and respond to questions or concerns in real-time,” Smith says, adding that a direct conversation also allows for immediate feedback. “Your manager can provide insights into decision-making, share any constraints or considerations, and offer guidance.”
She also believes it’s a good idea to supplement your conversation with a follow-up email to ensure clarity and provide a reference for future discussions.
These tips will prepare you for writing an effective pay raise letter:
Conducting extensive research will strengthen your case and help you present a compelling argument.
“Research industry salary benchmarks for your role, experience level, and geographic location,” Smiths says. “Use reliable sources like industry salary surveys, compensation reports, and online salary databases.”
Additionally, be sure to understand your company's salary ranges, performance evaluation criteria, and typical raise percentages.
Timing is crucial when it comes to writing a letter requesting pay increase. Making your request at the wrong time can significantly reduce your chances of success.
“Typically, organizations have annual or semiannual performance review cycles,” Smiths says. “Discuss this with your manager before the performance review process starts so they can consider it as they begin budget conversations.”
One common mistake she sees is “asking for a raise at an inappropriate time, such as during a company's financial downturn or immediately after a major organizational change or layoffs.” Avoid doing that at all costs.
Begin your letter by setting the context for your request and remind your employer of your role within the company. Clearly state your position, tenure with the company, and the purpose of the letter.
In the main section of your letter, outline your accomplishments and contributions to the company. Highlight specific achievements, projects, or responsibilities that demonstrate your value.
Provide evidence of your impact, such as performance metrics, positive feedback from clients or colleagues, and examples of how your work has benefited the company, explaining how your contributions justify the proposed raise.
Summarize your key points and reiterate your appreciation for the opportunity to discuss your compensation. Express gratitude for the support and experiences you have gained and reiterate your commitment to the company. This positive tone reinforces your professionalism and leaves a lasting impression.
Here’s a sample letter for salary increase request to show you how these tips can be put into practice:
Alex Johnson 123 Elm Street Springfield, IL 62704 [email protected] July 25, 2024
Emma Thompson Director of Sales Innovative Tech Solutions 456 Maple Avenue Springfield, IL 62704
Dear Ms. Thompson,
I hope you are well. I am writing to formally request a review of my current salary. I have thoroughly enjoyed working at Innovative Tech Solutions over the past three years and appreciate the opportunities for growth and development that have been provided to me.
During my time here, I have consistently exceeded expectations and made significant contributions to the Sales team. For example, I spearheaded a new email marketing campaign that increased sales by 15% and successfully launched our new TechY product line, resulting in a 20% revenue boost.
In addition to my core responsibilities, I have taken on new challenges, such as leading the training program for new sales representatives and managing key client accounts, which have significantly contributed to our team's success.
I have also undertaken several professional development activities, including completing a certification in Advanced Sales Strategies and attending workshops on market trends, which have further enhanced my skills and ability to contribute to our team.
Based on my research of industry standards and salary benchmarks for my role and experience level, I believe that an adjustment in my compensation is warranted. Therefore, I respectfully request a salary increase to $85,000. This adjustment would better reflect the value I bring to the team and align my compensation with industry standards.
I am confident this increase will further motivate me to continue delivering high-quality work and contributing to the success of Innovative Tech Solutions. I am more than willing to discuss this request in person and provide any additional information that may be required.
Thank you for considering my request and for your ongoing support.
Sincerely, Alex Johnson
Now, here's a template for a raise request letter to help guide you in drafting your own:
[Your Name] [Your Address] [Email Address] [Date]
[Recipient’s Name] [Recipient’s Title] [Company’s Name] [Company’s Address]
Dear [recipient’s name],
I hope you are well. I am writing to formally request a review of my current salary. I have thoroughly enjoyed working at [Company’s Name] over the past [number] years and appreciate the opportunities for growth and development that have been provided to me.
During my time here, I have consistently exceeded expectations and made significant contributions to the [Department] team. For example, I [List your accomplishments, using quantifiable results whenever possible, such as increased sales by 15% through a new email marketing campaign; successfully launched a new product line, resulting in a 20% revenue increase; etc.].
In addition to my core responsibilities, I have taken on new challenges, such as [List additional responsibilities].
In addition to these accomplishments, I have undertaken several professional development activities, including [certifications, courses, and training programs], which have further enhanced my skills and ability to contribute to our team.
Based on my research of industry standards and salary benchmarks for my role and experience level, I believe that an adjustment in my compensation is warranted. Therefore, I respectfully request a salary increase to [desired salary or salary range]. This adjustment would better reflect the value I bring to the team and align my compensation with industry standards.
I am confident this increase will further motivate me to continue delivering high-quality work and contributing to the success of [Company Name]. I am more than willing to discuss this request in person and provide any additional information that may be required.
Sincerely, [Your name]
Typically, you should ask for a raise once a year, ideally around your annual performance review. If you have taken on significant additional responsibilities or have had exceptional achievements, it might be appropriate to request a salary review sooner. However, be mindful of your company's financial health and the timing of your request.
Waiting for a performance review is often a good strategy, as this is a natural time for salary discussions. However, if you feel that your contributions have significantly outpaced your current compensation, you might consider requesting a meeting outside of the review cycle. Just ensure your request is well-timed and substantiated.
If a salary review is denied, consider asking for specific feedback. “Work with your manager to set clear goals—create a development plan that outlines the steps you need to receive a raise,” Smith says. “Consider discussing alternative forms of compensation, which could include bonuses, additional vacation days, flexible working arrangements, and professional development opportunities.”
Whether you opt for a formal letter via email , a direct conversation, or a combination of both, the key is to present a well-reasoned case for your increased-salary request. When crafting your letter, keep these takeaways in mind:
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Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 7, 2022.
A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing . You always need a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism . How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr’s citation generator can help!
Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.
There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: parenthetical citations , numerical citations, or note citations.
Parenthetical citations
Numerical citations
Note citations
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Types of citation: parenthetical, note, numerical, which citation style should i use, parenthetical citation styles, numerical citation styles, note citation styles, frequently asked questions about citation styles.
The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:
Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.
In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If you’re not sure, it’s best to consult your institution’s guidelines or ask someone. If you’re submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.
Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.
Discipline | Typical citation style(s) |
---|---|
Economics | |
Engineering & IT | |
Humanities | ; ; |
Law | ; |
Medicine | ; ; |
Political science | |
Psychology | |
Sciences | ; ; ; ; |
Social sciences | ; ; ; |
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using Chicago author-date style . AAA style doesn’t have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.
AAA reference entry | Clarke, Kamari M. 2013. “Notes on Cultural Citizenship in the Black Atlantic World.” 28, no. 3 (August): 464–474. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43898483. |
AAA in-text citation | (Clarke 2013) |
APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It was designed for use in psychology, but today it’s widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.
Wagemann, J. & Weger, U. (2021). Perceiving the other self: An experimental first-person account of nonverbal social interaction. , (4), 441–461. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0441 | |
(Wagemann & Weger, 2021) |
The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.
APSA reference entry | Ward, Lee. 2020. “Equity and Political Economy in Thomas Hobbes.” , 64 (4): 823–35. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12507. |
APSA in-text citation | (Ward 2020) |
The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.
ASA reference entry | Kootstra, Anouk. 2016. “Deserving and Undeserving Welfare Claimants in Britain and the Netherlands: Examining the Role of Ethnicity and Migration Status Using a Vignette Experiment.” 32(3): 325–338. doi:10.1093/esr/jcw010. |
ASA in-text citation | (Kootstra 2016) |
Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). It’s used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.
Encarnação, João, and Gonçalo Calado. 2018. “Effects of Recreational Diving on Early Colonization Stages of an Artificial Reef in North-East Atlantic.” 22, no. 6 (December): 1209–1216. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45380397. | |
(Encarnação and Calado 2018) |
The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.
CSE name-year reference entry | Graham JR. 2019. The structure and stratigraphical relations of the Lough Nafooey Group, South Mayo. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 37: 1–18. |
CSE name-year citation | (Graham 2019) |
Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universities—it’s not a style with one definitive style guide.
Hoffmann, M. (2016) ‘How is information valued? Evidence from framed field experiments’, , 126(595), pp. 1884–1911. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12401. | |
(Hoffmann, 2016) |
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MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). It’s widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, it’s author-page rather than author-date.
Davidson, Clare. “Reading in Bed with .” , vol. 55, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 147–170. https://doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.55.2.0147. | |
(Davidson 155) |
The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.
ACS reference entry | 1. Hutchinson, G.; Alamillo-Ferrer, C.; Fernández-Pascual, M.; Burés, J. Organocatalytic Enantioselective α-Bromination of Aldehydes with -Bromosuccinimide. , 87, 7968–7974. |
The American Medical Association ( AMA ) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.
1. Jabro JD. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity from percolation test results in layered silt loam soils. . 2009;72(5):22–27. |
CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.
CSE citation-sequence or citation-name reference entry | 1. Nell CS, Mooney KA. Plant structural complexity mediates trade-off in direct and indirect plant defense by birds. Ecology. 2019;100(10):1–7. |
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) provides guidelines for citing your sources with IEEE in-text citations that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.
IEEE reference entry | 1. J. Ive, A. Max, and F. Yvon, “Reassessing the proper place of man and machine in translation: A pre-translation scenario,” , vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 279–308, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10590-018-9223-9. |
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition).
NLM reference entry | 1. Hage J, Valadez JJ. Institutionalizing and sustaining social change in health systems: the case of Uganda. Health Policy Plan. 2017 Nov;32(9):1248–55. doi:10.1093/heapol/czx066. |
Vancouver style is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouver—it doesn’t have one fixed style guide.
Vancouver reference entry | 1. Bute M. A backstage sociologist: Autoethnography and a populist vision. Am Soc. 2016 Mar 23; 47(4):499–515. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12108-016-9307-z doi:10.1007/s12108-016-9307-z |
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It’s widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.
Bluebook footnote citation | David E. Pozen, , 165, U. P🇦. L. R🇪🇻. 1097, 1115 (2017). |
Chicago notes and bibliography is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). It’s used mainly in the humanities.
Best, Jeremy. “Godly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I.” 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 585–611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938914001654. | |
1. Jeremy Best, “Godly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I,” 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938914001654. |
The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities ( OSCOLA ) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).
OSCOLA footnote citation | 1. Chris Thornhill, ‘The Mutation of International Law in Contemporary Constitutions: Thinking Sociologically about Political Constitutionalism’ [2016] MLR 207. |
There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
MLA Style is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Scribbr. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/
Other students also liked, apa vs. mla | the key differences in format & citation, the basics of in-text citation | apa & mla examples, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, what is your plagiarism score.
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Learn how to cite sources in your text with APA and MLA styles, including examples and tips for different types of sources.
These citations within the essay are called in-text citations. You must cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text citations, you are in danger of plagiarism, even if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay. In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information in ...
This handout provides information on how to do in-text citations in an APA essay, and it provides a sample essay that uses the 7th edition APA manual.
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
In-Text Citation Examples When neither the author nor the page number is mentioned in the body of the sentence, you should include both the author's last name and the page number in the parenthetical citation.
APA in-text citations with multiple authors. If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or "and" in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author's last name followed by "et al.", meaning "and others".
APA in-text citations mark text or an idea that comes from another source. See this guide for in-text citation templates, examples, and explanations.
In-Text Citations In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
In-Text Citations: An Overview. In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited. An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the entry in the ...
Our APA In-text Citation Guide is exactly what you need to create APA in-text citations. With clear explanations & examples throughout, this guide is for you!
An in-text citation should appear wherever you quote or paraphrase a source in your writing, pointing your reader to the full reference. In Harvard style,
When citing sources in the text of your paper, you must list: The author's last name. The year the information was published. Types of In-Text Citations: Narrative vs Parenthetical. A narrative citation gives the author's name as part of the sentence. Example of a Narrative Citation: According to Edwards (2017), although Smith and Carlos's ...
Sample student paper templates by paper type These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual. Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.
In-text citations are necessary any time you quote, paraphrase, or summarize another author's work in your text. The information in the in-text citation must correspond with the relevant entry on your reference page.
Using In-text Citation. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).
If you're wondering how to write an academic essay with references, look no further. Learn how to use in-text citations and references according to various style guides.
In-text citations in MLA style are sometimes called parenthetical citations. An in-text citation is used to let the reader of your work know that an outside source contributed to your writing of a …
Learn how to set up APA format for your paper. From the title page and headings to references and citations.
Created specifically for students at Kent State, this tip sheet provides information on how to format in-text citations and references according to the 7th edition of APA (released October 2019).
Basic In-Text Citation Format. When a reference has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. See section 8.17 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020) for more guidance. If you are citing a work with three or more authors, use (First authors last name et al., Year of Publication) on ...
In Elie Wiesel's memoir, "Night," the word "night" is used several times throughout the text, each instance carrying its own significance. While the literal interpretation of night refers to the darkness that Elie and his fellow prisoners experience during their time in concentration camps, it also symbolizes the deeper themes of death, despair, and the loss of humanity.
Discover the best bibliography examples for your research paper. Learn how to format citations correctly in various citation styles.
To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see examples for common source types.
For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. Literature review papers, however, typically include a more exhaustive list of references. Provide appropriate credit to the source (e.g., by using an in-text citation) whenever you do the following: paraphrase (i.e., state in your own words) the ideas of others
The Author-Date citation system is primarily used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Instead of using notes, sources are cited directly in the text, in parentheses. A full citation for the source will also be included in a references page. Using in-text Citations (Refer to tri-fold for specific examples)
Learn how to write a compelling salary increase letter to your boss. Get tips, examples, and a template to help you request a raise professionally and effectively.
A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing. You always need a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism. How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr's citation generator can help!
Illinois Compiled Statutes Table of Contents. maintain, preserve, restore, and conserve all State Historic Sites and State Memorials, except when supervision and maintenance is otherwise provided by law.