No end to the of flowers" - T.S.Eliot: The Dry Salvages
Rhetorical and literary devices have been used for centuries by some of the world’s greatest writers. They provide a time-proven way to keep readers, or listeners, engaged and give your writing impact, rhythm and style.
There are many literary devices that writers can choose from and each one has a range of possible uses. Knowing which device will get the results you intend provides you with either a good starting place when you're looking for creative inspiration, or a way to add some extra impact to existing copy.
The best writers’ works are rich with rhetorical and literary devices... and that’s no accident. The right words can keep readers turning the pages of a book, convince minds or sell millions of products.
The term ‘rhetoric’ is used to describe language that’s designed to have a persuasive or dramatic effect, especially with regards to public speaking. This is because it’s shaped to appeal to an audience’s sense of logic, emotions, ethics or awareness of the passing of time.
A literary device is a structure used in language to create impact. There are many different literary devices to choose from, and each one can be used to create a different effect. When used properly, literary devices help readers and listeners to appreciate, interpret and remember words.
You might have used literary devices in your writing many times without realising it. We’re so used to reading and hearing them that they sometimes come naturally to talented writers. However, being able to use them purposely means being able to consciously control how your writing is likely to be received.
If you analyse the words of truly great speakers, you'll find that they make use of a plethora of literary devices to create their intended impact. For example, it’s no accident that the words in the ‘I have a dream’ speech by Martin Luther King have been remembered and quoted for decades. His delivery makes use of many literary devices, cleverly designed to deliver a powerful punch.
They can also be found in the books of great writers, who have used them to add impact, colour and beauty to their work. For example, the works of the most famous wordsmith of all time, William Shakespeare, are rich with finely crafted literary devices of all kinds.
The terms literary device and rhetorical device are commonly used interchangeably. However, they aren’t exactly interchangeable terms. By definition, a rhetorical device is a technique used in writing or speech to convince a reader or listener of something, while a literary device is a technique used in writing or speech to express something. It’s easy to confuse the two and there are a lot of crossovers. For example, if writing expresses a concept well it’s usually able to convince a reader too, so it could be called either!
The term stylistic device is used to describe figures of speech that involve non-literal language. For example, metaphor and simile. Therefore, a stylistic device can be used in the role of either a rhetorical device if it’s used to convince, or a literary device if it’s used to express something.
Crafting great writing takes time and it’s easy to make mistakes that can be costly. If you’re translating into other languages, the task becomes even more complex.
Literary devices can be used in every language but it’s often not as straightforward as substituting one word for another. A translator working in their first language can use the source copy’s literary device in translation but might have to change words or structures to achieve the intended effect. Poorly translated literary devices sometimes make no sense at all and can seriously damage the credibility of your material.
Our multilingual copywriters get our clients the best results from their marketing and other writing in more than 200 languages. With access to thousands of translators, we team you with a translator who is not only fluent in your target language, but one who knows your industry.
If you’d like to find out how to boost your business by using our multilingual copywriting services , or if you’d like some advice on which direction is right for your translation needs, contact us today.
Further reading.
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by Fija Callaghan
Fija Callaghan is an author, poet, and writing workshop leader. She has been recognized by a number of awards, including being shortlisting for the H. G. Wells Short Story Prize. She is the author of the short story collection Frail Little Embers , and her writing can be read in places like Seaside Gothic , Gingerbread House , and Howl: New Irish Writing . She is also a developmental editor with Fictive Pursuits. You can read more about her at fijacallaghan.com .
If “literary devices” sounds like a throwback to something you slept through in your English Lit 101 class, you’re not alone. Maybe breaking down the finer points of metaphor, perspective, and juxtaposition sounds like a fast track to sucking all the fun out of actually enjoying creative writing.
On the other hand, it might surprise you to learn that these literary devices are present in all stories, from epic poetry to Saturday morning cartoons to those guilty-pleasure paperbacks you pick up at the airport and then “accidentally” leave behind on the plane.
If you’re reading, watching, or listening to a story and find yourself engaged for even a moment… that’s literary devices at work. They’re tools that the writer uses to engage with the reader on a visceral level, to make them look at the story—and the world around them through the story—in a completely different way.
Here we’ll show you multiple literary devices and rhetorical devices, with examples, that you can use to create powerful stories.
Literary devices are tools and techniques that a writer can use to elevate their story beyond the literal meaning of the words on the page. These techniques work on an unconscious level to enhance characterization, heighten tension, and help your story’s theme create a more powerful impact on the reader.
There are many types of literary devices that writers can use to create different effects in their work. The skilled writer uses them to create a powerful, lasting work of art; without them, a story would be much more basic, less enjoyable, and less memorable.
In other words, literary devices are the techniques that turn a literal, step-by-step retelling of events into a rich, engaging, and memorable piece of literature.
You’ll sometimes hear these terms being used interchangeably, but they’re not quite the same thing. We’ve looked at how literary elements are the structural skeleton of our story ; you can think of them as the blank canvas, the first washes of colour, the rough outlines that help us understand the shapes we’re seeing and what they have the potential to become.
Literary devices are everything that gives these outlines life and form. In a painting, these devices would be the play of light, shadow, and perspective; the use of contrasting and complimentary colour theory; the cool stuff you do with your sparkly gel pens at the very end that makes the finished piece really jump out. They’re tools that the writer uses—sometimes bold, masterful turns and sometimes nothing more than small nudges—to guide and engage the reader.
Or, consider a house. Literary elements are the house’s structure: They’re the foundation, the beams, the drywall, the roof. Without these elements there’s no physical house. Literary devices are what you do to a a building to turn it from a house into a home: the wallpaper you select, the style of furniture, the books on the shelf, the comfy couch, the good smells in the kitchen.
You probably won’t use all of the literary devices we’re going to show you here in your own work. Most writers will come back to the same ones again and again, mastering them as they keep using them. This is what becomes their distinctive storytelling style, or voice.
Having a basic understanding of the ideas on this literary devices list, however, will help you see why other storytellers make the choices they do so that you can begin developing a storytelling voice of your own.
Once you’ve formed the bones of your story, you can use these literary devices to add shape and style to your work. It’s worth exploring all of these literary devices in your practice, though you’ll likely find a handful of them that become your writer’s toolkit—devices that you come back to again and again.
As you grow in your skill, these literary devices will become a part of your storytelling voice.
Allegory is kind of like a cross between metaphor (which we’ll talk about a little further on) and theme. It’s the practice of telling a real, true, relevant story through the filter of fiction.
Often these stories stand in place for something the author can’t say, due to political or cultural barriers; other times it’s simply a way to get the reader or viewer to consider an issue in a different light.
This doesn’t mean that the story is being told as a direct comparison to a central idea; it means the story on the surface is composed of a complex web of metaphors that tell a second story with a deeper meaning underneath.
An classic example of allegory is Dante’s Divine Comedy , where Dante uses his fictional journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven as an allegory for the journey of a person’s soul to God.
Allusion is a common literary device that indirectly references a real life person, place, or event.
It invites the reader to meet you, the author, in the middle, piecing together a cultural clue that you’ve left for them. Sometimes this is done because the idea is too sensitive to lay out overtly. Other times allusions can be used for light, comedic effect.
For example, in Eoin Colfer’s The Wish List, several repeated references are made to “the rockstar with the hair.” For a while the author lets the reader hypothesize as to whom he might be referring to, before dropping in a detail where a character begins humming “Blue Suede Shoes.” We talk about the value of repetition a little farther on.
Anachronism is a conflict of time within a single work —for example, describing a character as “zipping up her dress” if the story is set at a time before the invention of zippers, or causing national outrage by leaving a plastic water bottle on a 1920s film set .
Generally, anachronism is a negative thing that will cause your readers and viewers to delight in calling you out for it. This is why it’s so important, when writing historical pieces, to thoroughly research all the minute details of your story. However, anachronism as a literary device can sometimes be used quite effectively for comedic effect or to create a sense of displacement.
In literature, a character archetype is a standardized pattern that we instantly recognize from generations upon generations of storytelling.
Contrary to stereotypes , which are oversimplifications of an archetype’s most extreme personality traits, archetypes work because they speak to a universal truth. All character archetypes exist and, on some level, exist in us .
Examples of archetypes are the warrior, the mentor, the damsel, the lost child, and, of course, the villain. These archetypes can take on many different faces and sometimes a character can embody more than one archetype at the same time.
In Robert Munsch’s groundbreaking feminist page turner The Paper Bag Princess , the typical damsel-and-dragon story is turned on its head as none of the three central characters fit into the roles they’re expected to. This is an example of using archetypes in an unexpected way, inverting them to delight the reader.
A cliffhanger is a literary device in which the author ends a segment of the story on a dramatic question. This segment might be smaller, like a chapter, or larger, like the first novel in a continuing series. It holds the reader’s attention and makes them wonder what happens next.
You may recognize cliffhangers from your favourite TV series—they’re one of the most common literary devices in TV storytelling because they’re what gets the show pilot picked up by the network and then, once the show is running, they’re what keeps the viewers engaged and coming back again and again.
An example of a cliffhanger in literature is where the literary device got it’s name: In Thomas Hardy’s A Pair of Blue Eyes , a chapter ends with the main character hanging from a cliff by his fingers. The reader has to start the next chapter to discover the protagonist’s fate.
Cliffhangers are one of the many literary devices that are beloved by filmmakers and creative writers alike.
Dialect is a fantastic literary device to use when crafting strong, distinctive, believable characters. It’s essentially the sound of someone’s voice—not an easy feat to achieve when all you have to work with is paper and ink. It’s their regional accent, but also their upbringing, their level of education, their mood, the sort of people they’ve been exposed to.
When done well, and done sparingly, individual dialects can give your characters more life and lend a wonderful richness to their world.
D. H. Lawrence was famous for his use of dialect in his novels, which preserve the unique vocabulary and pronunciation of Victorian-era coal miners in the north of England.
Diction is related to dialect in that it’s a reflection of the sound of the story’s voice—which, again, you as the writer need to accomplish with nothing more than twenty-six letters. The difference between dialect and diction is that while dialect is a part of characterization, diction is the voice of the narrator.
The author makes choices about how to convey their voice in a story based on the mood and the world they’re trying to create. Very formal language creates distance between the author and the story; more colloquial word choices and regional slang make the story more intimate and immediate.
Euphemism is a word or phrase that uses figurative language to reference something that would otherwise be indelicate. “Passed away” is a common euphemism for dying; being “let go” or “made redundant” is a nicer way of saying you’ve been fired. “Cognitively challenged” refers to a stupid person, and “in the family way” is a sensitive way of saying that a woman is pregnant.
These all use informal language to convey something with a different meaning.
Although euphemisms were more commonly used in the eras of banned books, church censorship, and general societal timidity than they are today, they’re still a great way to show characterisation (as an important aspect of dialect, as we discussed above) and the time and place in which your story is happening.
Exposition is the act of working relevant information into the events of your story —whether that’s through dialogue, observation, narrative detail, or flashbacks .
Exposition can be a tricky literary device to master, but it’s important in helping your readers understand your world, your characters, and what drives your characters to make the choices they do. Too much of this can bog down the reader and take them away from the present action, but just enough will give them a fuller understanding of the world you’re trying to create.
Flashbacks are interruptions in the narrative that bring the reader to a past point in time in order to create tension and arm them with important information.
You may recognize flashbacks in TV series like crime shows or sitcoms, accompanied by subtitles like “earlier that day,” “three days ago,” etc. This is a way to communicate with the viewer that they’re being taken out of the present moment and redirected to another time.
Sometimes flashbacks are used as dramatic devices, like when the opening shows something horrible or unexpected, and then the flashback shows us what brought our characters to that moment.
Foreshadowing is a wonderful literary device that gives the reader hints of what is to come later in the story , either through subtle clues based on narrative events or by simply using thematic elements like symbolism and tone. It can help build suspense and keep the reader engaged by making them guess what’s going to happen.
You might foreshadow a turn of events in your story by placing symbolic images and colours through your story. For example, in her fairytale retelling The Bloody Chamber , Angela Carter uses a ruby choker to suggest a cut throat and give hints of what might come later on.
Don’t confuse foreshadowing with the rule of Chekhov’s Gun ; the two are very different concepts! But you can use both literary techniques to give depth to your story.
Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement used for emphatic effect. It’s different than simply overstating something, where the context teeters on the edge of being a lie. Hyperbole isn’t meant to be taken literally.
For example, a child waiting for a parent too long after school might say, “I was waiting for fifty years!” Obviously, no one in this context actually believes they were waiting for fifty years—the child hasn’t even been alive that long. It’s using figurative language to emphatically say, “I’ve been kept waiting for too long and I am less than pleased about it.”
Imagery is the art of making a moment come alive for the reader. We see this literary device in both fiction and poetry. To create an image that’s vivid and engaging, use a range of senses to create your world such as sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste (this is called visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory imagery, respectively).
In addition to making the world more real for the reader, the details that you focus on can influence the mood of the story. Well-placed images can also support foreshadowing in the story , as we saw previously.
In media res is a Latin term you might hear in literary analysis that means “in the midst of things.” This means placing the reader in the middle of an exciting event, without any previous backstory or buildup. In other words, this can mean showing the middle of your story first, and then later revealing the events leading up to that moment.
For example, Sara Gruen’s novel Water for Elephants opens with an action-packed scene that takes place towards the end of the novel; then she doubles back to the beginning and shows the reader the events that took place to arrive there.
Other times it simply means dropping your reader in the middle of things that are happening, rather than starting with a lot of flowery description and exposition. Any information the reader needs can be slowly released throughout the scene, and the following scenes.
This immerses your reader in your story’s world right from the beginning. It makes them ask questions about who the people are in the scene and what’s causing the events to unfold—things they’ll learn as they read on through the entire book to the end.
There are different types of irony in literature , but all of them come down to an inversion of belief. The three types of irony you see most often in stories are dramatic irony, where the audience knows some essential piece of information that the characters don’t; situational irony, where the events of the story contradict what we would normally expect; and verbal irony, the contrast of speech and intention.
Verbal irony might be something like sarcasm, where someone says the opposite of what they mean.
Dramatic irony happens when the story reveals information but keeps it hidden from the characters—for example, the dramatic irony of watching someone open a door in a horror film when you know the monster’s waiting behind it.
Situational irony happens when two elements contradict to create a surprising result: for example, a policeman vowing to uphold the law and then giving in to corruption.
Juxtaposition is a useful literary device that deals in contrast —in other words, putting two characters, images, or ideas side by side to draw attention to their differences.
You see this often in central and supporting characters, such as Batman and Robin—Batman’s dark, silent moodiness contrasts Robin’s bright, youthful energy. You can see this in their personalities as well as their costumes, with Batman all in black and Robin in positive primary colours. It’s this juxtaposition between the two that makes them such an engaging team.
Juxtaposition can also be used in sensory imagery, such as placing a happy event underneath a dark and stormy sky or using a tactile sensation that seems out of place in its environment.
If you’re reading this article, you’re probably intending to write your stories in English. But using language as a literary device by adding in glimmers of other languages can add depth to your characters and your world.
A great example is J. R. R. Tolkien, who creates richness in the world of his English-language work by inventing entirely new languages and referencing them just enough to make them seem real.
Cara Black, in her Parisian mystery series, writes in English but uses the occasional French word or phrase here and there to more fully immerse the reader in her Francophone world.
Language can also be useful literary device for characterisation; for example, an elderly family member who struggles with English might have dialogue almost entirely in another language, or a bilingual character might revert to their native language in times of overwhelming stress.
As a writing technique, metaphor is quite close to simile . Both are common literary devices used to draw comparisons between two seemingly unrelated ideas. But unlike a simile, which draws a comparison between two things, a metaphor goes a step further and uses one image to literally serve in place of another.
One of the most famous metaphors of all time is Shakespeare’s “All the world’s a stage,” which uses a literal theatrical performance as a comparison to illustrate the tragedies and comedies of everyday life.
Also called the “red herring,” misdirection is one of the most satisfying literary devices in storytelling of all kinds. It involves laying out clues as the story progresses, and nudging the reader towards the wrong deductions instead of the right ones.
The very important key to making this literary device work is to ensure the reader doesn’t feel cheated at the end—they should be able to look back at the path you’ve laid out and see that the true answer does make sense after all. This might mean working backwards after your first draft and sneaking in hints of what’s to come amidst other worldbuilding details.
Understanding the principle of Chekhov’s Gun can help avoid unwanted red herrings in your story . The risk of creating an unsatisfying red herring makes misdirection one of the trickiest literary devices to use.
A motif is a literary device in which recurring symbols, story elements, or ideas support the overall theme.
This could be something small and concrete, like apples popping up here and there throughout the story to symbolize a theme of battling temptation, or it could be something broader, like showing characters eating grander or sparser meals depending on the stage of their character arc.
You can use motifs to connect with readers on a subconscious, cultural level and help them immerse themselves even deeper in the story world.
A myth is a story that explains why things are how they are in the world—for instance, the creation myth of the Bible, or the story of how Raven stole the moon and stars in Indigenous mythology. Myths and legends are a fantastic archive of character archetypes and big, thematic ideas.
Unlike myths, legends are stories of something that may or may not have happened at some point in history, like the legends of Robin Hood or King Arthur’s knights. More importantly, both myths and legends are stories that stay with us for the long game because they represent values, needs, and desires that transcend generational divides.
Many stories—if not all stories—have their roots somewhere in this collective library of imagination. When composing your own work, try using old myths and legends to ground your story as you retell them from a new perspective. You could retell of a familiar story, or you could simply use myths and legends as inspiration for the sort of values, strengths, and weaknesses you want to explore in your own characters.
Onomatopoeia is a way of communicating sounds in a way that relates to what they actually sound like. “Buzz” for the sound of a bee, “ruff” for the bark of a dog, and “plop” for the sound of a drop of water are all words that sound like the action they’re describing. “Slam,” “pop,” and “pow” are other common words you see in superhero comics.
Onomatopoeia is a literary device used most often in children’s literature and in the comic book medium, though we find it in just about everything including our everyday dialect. It’s best approached sparingly in literature, but the right word choices can add a lot of depth to your sensory environment: describing a stream as “burbling” or a wind as “shrieking” (notice the harsh “ee” vowel followed by the hard “k”) makes the scene clearer and more vibrant to the reader.
An oxymoron is a literary device closely related to a paradox , in that they both present two seemingly contradictory ideas. Unlike a paradox, an oxymoron is a figure of speech that having to do with two words one after the other: a “deafening silence” is an oxymoron, because it combines two words that contradict each other. A “friendly argument,” “act natural,” and “openly deceptive” are some oxymorons.
Although they would appear to be impossible contradictions, many of us have experienced these ideas in our own lives and know that there is a deeper meaning lying behind them.
As a figure of speech, oxymorons can be used in humour and to convey an aspect of a character’s personality—sometimes at the same time.
A paradox is quite similar to an oxymoron , but it presents two contrasting ideas instead of two contrasting words.
Oscar Wilde’s famous on-brand quote, “I can resist anything except temptation,” is an example of a paradox. By its very nature it can’t be true, and yet one feels that there is some resonant truth hidden somewhere within it.
Others examples are the sayings “the only constant is change” and “the louder you shout, the less they hear.” Both of these examples are composed of ideas that appear to be in conflict with each other, and yet both can be true statements.
The first tells us the only thing that never truly changes is the fact that things are always changing, and the second shows us that causing a scene isn’t always the way to get your voice across.
Paradoxes are useful literary devices that help readers see ideas from a new perspective.
Personification is a literary device that uses figurative language to give recognizable human-like qualities to inanimate or non-human entities.
The most extreme example of this is anthropomorphism, which is giving human traits to an animal or other non-human character. This is a very popular literary device in children’s literature, as it tends to make the ideas and lessons in these stories feel more accessible (this is the same device used to give life to a French candelabra in Beauty and the Beast ).
However, personification can be done on a smaller scale in order to make sensory images more vivid and easier for the reader to understand. A “weeping willow” is an example of attaching a human action to a non-human thing, and to say the weeping willow’s boughs were “lazily sweeping the dust from the road” is another.
Perspective is the view from which the story is being told .
For instance, if you were to set your story in an old country manor house, you could tell a story following the same events in several different ways.
The matriarch of the house would be one perspective; a small, privileged child another. What would the housemaid see that no one else would? What about the cook or the gardener? What secrets, prejudices, or knowledge would they give to the story?
Not only would all of these people contribute different worldviews, cultural upbringings, and dialects, but they might genuinely believe in different series of events.
In fiction writing and story structure, repetition is a literary device used to emphasize central themes and to create a subtle kind of rhythm.
The most famous example of repetition is in the “three wishes” often found in faerie tales, as well as three quests, three trials, three paths to choose from. This is because three is the number in which our brains start to recognize patterns. In your own writing, you can use this kind of repetition to support your story’s theme and character arcs.
You can also use targeted repetition of a word or phrase to emphasise an idea or create rhythm (which we’ll look at next!)
In prose writing, rhythm is all about the pacing of your story . Slow, languid writing can feel like being wrapped up in a snuggly blanket. Too much of this, however, becomes suffocating.
Short sentences are more like quick footsteps against a sidewalk. Readers like them because they make us feel like we’re going somewhere, but too many of them for too long and it starts to get hard to keep up.
It’s your job as a writer to use sentences of varying lengths to keep the reader engaged. Longer sentences will slow down the pace, so they’re best used for quiet, reflective moments. Short sentences will kick up the pace, so lean into them for action scenes.
While all good writers use both longer and shorter sentences to some degree, you’ll find that some tend to rely more on one than the other. This is part of what forms their signature voice . Experimenting with sentences of all rhythms will help you find yours.
Satire has been around since its inception in ancient Greece and shows no sign of slowing down. It’s a literary device that uses irony and humour as a way to draw attention to prevalent cultural and societal flaws .
Sometimes this can be done in a lighthearted way: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was considered a gentle satire of the upper classes of that time period. But sometimes satires are darker and more biting, such as in dystopian fiction like George Orwell’s 1984 .
Much like a metaphor , a simile is a literary device that compares two unrelated concepts to create vivid, sense-driven imagery. While a metaphor is used to stand in place for something else, a simile is used only in description: “he was as brave as a lion,” for instance, is a simile, while “he had a lion’s heart” is a metaphor.
Similes are great in descriptive passages because you have a whole world in which to draw inspiration from. Is the new girl at school like a “cascading waterfall”? A “fire hydrant”? A “broken chair”? She could be reminiscent of any one of those things, and you as the writer are going to tell us why.
A well-placed simile can give the reader a better sense of a character or place than pages and pages of telling us what it looks like.
One of the most marvelous literary devices for engaging your readers is suspense —creating a darkly indulgent sort of tension between the reader and the story that keeps them turning page after page. The writer accomplishes this by posing one dramatic question after another.
Cliffhangers are one great way to make this happen. Putting time constraints on your characters is another, as well as shifting perspectives to reveal more information to the reader.
Symbolism is the act of using a person, place, or object to convey a larger, more abstract idea . When used repeatedly in a story to emphasise this idea, it’s called a motif .
In Shakespeare’s Hamlet , the skull of Yorik is a symbol of death and fate—it serves as a tangible, physical representation of these things in the context of the story.
Symbolism can also be used in setting—for instance, a rising sun to symbolize a new beginning—or in character, like a young child symbolising a parent’s lost innocence.
A writer can also use colours, animals, or icons that have made their way into our cultural consciousness in order to support the mood and theme of the story. Symbols that we see in our everyday lives include things like red roses for love, butterflies for transformation, or the the caduceus for medicine.
Tone is the way your story world feels to the reader. In film this would be a combination of lighting, cinematography, and soundtrack.
“It was a dark and stormy night” is an infamous opening line that immediately sets the tone for the story. In addition to giving us some context as to the setting of the scene, words like “dark,” “stormy,” and “night” naturally resonate with us in a particular way.
When trying to create an atmospheric tone for your story, you can try brainstorming words that you associate with the feeling you want to evoke, and then working them into your story.
In longer works, it’s a good idea to use different tones for different scenes or chapters. This helps each one stand out from the rest, and keeps them fresh and vibrant for the reader.
Now that you have an understanding of the literary devices available to you as a writer, you’re ready for the next part: putting it into practice in your novel, poem, or short story. The literary device examples we’ve looked at are a great starting point for thinking about how to apply them in your own writing.
Plus, we have dedicated lessons on all of these techniques waiting for you in our writing academy !
Every writer is unique, and the literary devices you see other authors using to fantastic effect might not be the ones that bring out the best in your own writing. The sort of imagery, dialect, and characterization we bring into our own work as storytellers is directly related to the way we view the world around us.
Finding your own unique style and voice is an exciting journey that can only be travelled by trying things out, finding what feels right deep in your bones, and practicing them again and again.
To get an idea of what literary devices will work best for you, take a look at the stories that you’ve written so far. Most likely, many of the things on this literary devices list will already be present in some form or another—you’ll be naturally drawn to them because of the powerful stories you’ve absorbed over your life.
Once you see where these literary devices are beginning to take shape, you can work on refining, enriching, and mastering them to create powerful stories of your own.
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What is Theme? Definition & Examples of Theme in Literature
What Is Anachronism? 4 Types of Anachronism, with Examples from Literature
What Is Repetition in a Story: Definition and Examples of Repetition in Literature
What is Foreshadowing? Definition, Types, Examples, and Tips
What Is Allegory? Definition and Examples from Literature
What is a Paradox? Definition, Types, and Examples
Ready, set, rhetoric.
The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables
wild and woolly, threatening throngs
Syntactical inconsistency or incoherence within a sentence especially : a shift in an unfinished sentence from one syntactic construction to another
you really should have—well, what do you expect?
Repetition of a prominent and usually the last word in one phrase or clause at the beginning of the next
rely on his honor—honor such as his?
A literary technique that involves interruption of the chronological sequence of events by interjection of events or scenes of earlier occurrence : flashback
Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect
we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground
The repetition of a word within a phrase or sentence in which the second occurrence utilizes a different and sometimes contrary meaning from the first
we must all hang together or most assuredly we shall all hang separately
The usually ironic or humorous use of words in senses opposite to the generally accepted meanings
this giant of 3 feet 4 inches
The use of a proper name to designate a member of a class (such as a Solomon for a wise ruler) OR the use of an epithet or title in place of a proper name (such as the Bard for Shakespeare)
The raising of an issue by claiming not to mention it
we won't discuss his past crimes
An expression of real or pretended doubt or uncertainty especially for rhetorical effect
to be, or not to be: that is the question
Harshness in the sound of words or phrases
An inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases
working hard, or hardly working?
A disjunctive conclusion inferred from a single premise
gravitation may act without contact; therefore, either some force may act without contact or gravitation is not a force
The substitution of a disagreeable, offensive, or disparaging expression for an agreeable or inoffensive one
greasy spoon is a dysphemism for the word diner
Repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect
of the people, by the people, for the people
Emphatic repetition [ this definition is taken from the 1934 edition of Webster's Unabridged dictionary ]
An interchange of two elements in a phrase or sentence from a more logical to a less logical relationship
you are lost to joy for joy is lost to you
A transposition or inversion of idiomatic word order
judge me by my size, do you?
Extravagant exaggeration
mile-high ice-cream cones
The putting or answering of an objection or argument against the speaker's contention [ this definition is taken from the 1934 edition of Webster's Unabridged dictionary ]
Understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary
not a bad singer
The presentation of a thing with underemphasis especially in order to achieve a greater effect : UNDERSTATEMENT
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them ( Metaphor vs. Simile )
drowning in money
A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with which it is associated
crown as used in lands belonging to the crown
The naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it
A combination of contradictory or incongruous words
cruel kindness
The use of more words than those necessary to denote mere sense : REDUNDANCY
I saw it with my own eyes
A figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by "like" or "as"
cheeks like roses
The use of a word in the same grammatical relation to two adjacent words in the context with one literal and the other metaphorical in sense
she blew my nose and then she blew my mind
A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole (such as fifty sail for fifty ships ), the whole for a part (such as society for high society ), the species for the genus (such as cutthroat for assassin ), the genus for the species (such as a creature for a man ), or the name of the material for the thing made (such as boards for stage )
The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words usually in such a manner that it applies to each in a different sense or makes sense with only one
opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy
MORE TO EXPLORE: Rhetorical Devices Used in Pop Songs
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What is figurative language? Here’s a quick and simple definition:
Figurative language is language that contains or uses figures of speech . When people use the term "figurative language," however, they often do so in a slightly narrower way. In this narrower definition, figurative language refers to language that uses words in ways that deviate from their literal interpretation to achieve a more complex or powerful effect. This view of figurative language focuses on the use of figures of speech that play with the meaning of words, such as metaphor , simile , personification , and hyperbole .
Some additional key details about figurative language:
Here's how to pronounce figurative language: fig -yer-uh-tiv lang -gwij
To fully understand figurative language, it's helpful to have a basic understanding of figures of speech. More specifically, it's helpful to understand the two main types of figures of speech: tropes and schemes .
Put even more simply: tropes play with the meaning of words, while schemes play with the structure of words, phrases, and sentences.
When people say figurative language, they don't always mean the precise same thing. Here are the three different ways people usually talk about figurative language:
What does all that boil down to for you? If you hear someone talking about figurative language, you can usually safely assume they are referring to language that uses figures of speech to play with the meaning of words and, perhaps, with the way that language sounds or feels.
There are many, many types of figures of speech that can be involved in figurative language. Some of the most common are:
Many people (and websites) argue that imagery is a type of figurative language. That is actually incorrect. Imagery refers to a writers use of vivid and descriptive language to appeal to the reader's senses and more deeply evoke places, things, emotions, and more. The following sentence uses imagery to give the reader a sense of how what is being described looks, feels, smells, and sounds:
The night was dark and humid, the scent of rotting vegetation hung in the air, and only the sound of mosquitoes broke the quiet of the swamp.
This sentence uses no figurative language. Every word means exactly what it says, and the sentence is still an example of the use of imagery. That said, imagery can use figurative language, often to powerful effect:
The night was dark and humid, heavy with a scent of rotting vegetation like a great-aunt's heavy and inescapable perfume, and only the whining buzz of mosquitoes broke the silence of the swamp.
In this sentence, the description has been made more powerful through the use of a simile ("like a great-aunt's..."), onomatopoeia ("whining buzz," which not only describes but actually sounds like the noise made by mosquitoes), and even a bit of alliteration in the " s ilence of the s wamp."
To sum up: imagery is not a form of figurative language. But a writer can enhance his or her effort to write imagery through the use of figurative language.
Figurative language is more interesting, lively, beautiful, and memorable than language that's purely literal. Figurative language is found in all sorts of writing, from poetry to prose to speeches to song lyrics, and is also a common part of spoken speech. The examples below show a variety of different types of figures of speech. You can see many more examples of each type at their own specific LitChart entries.
Metaphor in shakespeare's romeo and juliet.
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet , Romeo uses the following metaphor in Act 2 Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet , after sneaking into Juliet's garden and catching a glimpse of her on her balcony:
But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Romeo compares Juliet to the sun not only to describe how radiantly beautiful she is, but also to convey the full extent of her power over him. He's so taken with Juliet that her appearances and disappearances affect him like those of the sun. His life "revolves" around Juliet like the earth orbits the sun.
In this example of a simile from Slaughterhouse-Five , Billy Pilgrim emerges from an underground slaughterhouse where he has been held prisoner by the Germans during the deadly World War II firebombing of Dresden:
It wasn't safe to come out of the shelter until noon the next day. When the Americans and their guards did come out, the sky was black with smoke. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden was like the moon now , nothing but minerals. The stones were hot. Everybody else in the neighborhood was dead.
Vonnegut uses simile to compare the bombed city of Dresden to the moon in order to capture the totality of the devastation—the city is so lifeless that it is like the barren moon.
These lines from Chapter 7 of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls describe an encounter between Robert Jordan, a young American soldier fighting in the Spanish Civil War, and his lover María.
She held herself tight to him and her lips looked for his and then found them and were against them and he felt her, fresh, new and smooth and young and lovely with the warm, scalding coolness and unbelievable to be there in the robe that was as familiar as his clothes, or his shoes, or his duty and then she said, frightenedly, “And now let us do quickly what it is we do so that the other is all gone.”
The couple's relationship becomes a bright spot for both of them in the midst of war, but ultimately also a source of pain and confusion for Jordan, as he struggles to balance his obligation to fight with his desire to live happily by Maria's side. The contradiction contained within the oxymoron "scalding coolness" emphasizes the couple's conflicting emotions and impossible situation.
Elizabeth Bennet, the most free-spirited character in Pride and Prejudice , refuses Mr. Darcy's first marriage proposal with a string of hyperbole :
From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that ground-work of disapprobation, on which succeeding events have built so immoveable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.
Elizabeth's closing statement, that Darcy is the "last man in the world" whom she would ever marry, is an obvious hyperbole. It's hard to believe that Elizabeth would rather marry, say, an axe murderer or a diseased pirate than Mr. Darcy. Even beyond the obvious exaggeration, Austen's use of hyperbole in this exchange hints at the fact that Elizabeth's feelings for Darcy are more complicated than she admits, even to herself. Austen drops various hints throughout the beginning of the novel that Elizabeth feels something beyond mere dislike for Darcy. Taken together with these hints, Elizabeth's hyperbolic statements seem designed to convince not only Darcy, but also herself, that their relationship has no future.
In Chapter 1 of The Scarlet Letter , Nathaniel Hawthorne describes a wild rose bush that grows in front of Salem's gloomy wooden jail:
But, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.
In the context of the novel's setting in 17th century Boston, this rose bush, which grows wild in front of an establishment dedicated to enforcing harsh puritan values, symbolizes those elements of human nature that cannot be repressed, no matter how strict a community's moral code may be: desire, fertility, and a love of beauty. By personifying the rosebush as "offering" its blossoms to reflect Nature's pity (Nature is also personified here as having a "heart"), Hawthorne turns the passive coincidence of the rosebush's location into an image of human nature actively resisting its constraints.
Figurative language example: onomatopoeia.
In Act 3, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's The Tempest , Caliban uses onomatopoeia to convey the noises of the island.
Be not afeard. The isle is full of noises, Sounds, and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not. Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments Will hum about mine ears, and sometime voices...
The use of onomatopoeia makes the audience feel the sounds on the island, rather than just have to take Caliban's word about there being noises.
In Act 4, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's Macbeth , an angry Macbeth kicks out a servant by saying:
Take thy face hence.
Here, "thy face" stands in for "you." Macbeth is simply telling the servant to leave, but his use of synecdoche makes the tone of his command more harsh and insulting because he uses synecdoche to treat the servant not as a person but as an object, a body part.
In his song "Juicy," Notorious B.I.G. raps:
Now I'm in the limelight 'cause I rhyme tight
Here he's using "limelight" as a metonymy for fame (a "limelight" was a kind of spotlight used in old theaters, and so it came to be associated with the fame of being in the spotlight). Biggie's use of metonymy here also sets him up for a sweet rhyme.
In his song "Rap God," Eminem shows his incredible lyrical dexterity by loading up the alliteration :
S o I wanna make sure, s omewhere in this chicken s cratch I S cribble and doodle enough rhymes T o maybe t ry t o help get s ome people through t ough t imes But I gotta k eep a few punchlines Just in c ase, ‘ c ause even you un s igned Rappers are hungry l ooking at me l ike it's l unchtime…
The term figurative language refers to a whole host of different figures of speech, so it's difficult to provide a single definitive answer to why writers use figurative language. That said, writers use figurative language for a wide variety of reasons:
In general, figurative language often makes writing feel at once more accessible and powerful, more colorful, surprising, and deep.
Every Author wants to write a good book . That’s a given.
But you don’t need to know the names and definitions of 30 or 40 literary devices to accomplish that goal.
Knowing the difference between alliteration, onomatopoeia, and hyperbole won’t make or break your book.
Literary devices are especially common in novels, where writers need to use flashbacks, foreshadowing, or figurative language to keep the reader enthralled.
But most nonfiction doesn’t need literary devices to be effective.
As an Author, your goal is to explain how your knowledge can solve a reader’s problems in a clear, concise manner. If you can toss in some good storytelling, so much the better.
Remember, being a good writer isn’t about checking off every writing trick on the list. It’s about expressing your information in an authentic, clear way.
This literary device crash course is a helpful tool, but if you want to publish a great book, devices shouldn’t be your primary focus.
Literary devices, also known as literary elements, are techniques that writers use to convey their message more powerfully or to enhance their writing.
Many Authors use literary devices without even realizing it. For example, if you exaggerate and say, “This method has the potential to revolutionize the world,” that’s hyperbole. Your method may be impactful, but it probably isn’t really going to upend the way every single country does things.
More complicated literary devices are a common feature in fiction, but most nonfiction books don’t need them. A nonfiction Author’s job is to deliver information in an engaging way. “Engaging” doesn’t necessarily mean “literary.”
Still, literary devices can add a lot to a text when they’re used correctly.
For example, in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald uses the following metaphor to describe human struggle: “So we beat on, boats against the current…”
The image of boats fighting against the current is a powerful way to express the simple idea that “life is hard.”
Literary devices are especially effective when they’re used sparingly. Don’t overdo it.
If your entire book is written in metaphors, it’s not only going to be an overkill of flowery language, but it’s probably going to be confusing too.
If you can incorporate literary devices in a way that makes sense and adds something to the readers’ experience, great. But don’t force it.
1. alliteration.
Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds within a group of words. For example, “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
Nonfiction Authors can use alliteration to create catchy chapter or subsection titles. For example, “4 Best Bets for Better Business.”
Alliteration is also particularly effective for highlighting concepts you want your readers to remember. For example, if the takeaway of your chapter is a pithy, one-line sentence, alliteration can really make it stand out. Think, “Clear communication is key.”
Be careful not to overuse alliteration, or your book will start to sound like a nursery rhyme.
An onomatopoeia is a word that imitates, suggests, or resembles the sound it’s describing. Common onomatopoeias include “gurgle,” “hiss,” “boom,” “whir,” and “whizz.”
In storytelling, onomatopoeia is an effective way to draw your reader into the environment. For example, if you’re telling an anecdote about a meeting you had with a client, it’s more vivid to say, “He plopped a sugar cube into his coffee and slurped,” than to say, “He drank his coffee with sugar.”
Foreshadowing is an advance warning about something that’s going to happen in the future.
In fiction, foreshadowing can be subtle. For example, something that happens in the first chapter of a murder mystery can come into play at the end of the book.
But in nonfiction, foreshadowing tends to be more obvious. Authors often use it to tell readers what they can expect to learn. For example, an Author might say, “We’re going to talk more about this example later,” or “I’ll discuss this at length in Chapter Three.”
Hyperbole is an exaggeration that’s not meant to be taken literally. For example, if my friend surprised me by eating a lot of pizza, I might say, “Hey man, remember that time you ate, like, fifteen pizzas in one night?”
Good nonfiction Authors often use hyperbole to emphasize the power of their statements. For example, “We all know how miserable it can be to work 24/7.” Do we really all know that? And it’s impossible to literally work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Nonfiction Authors have to be careful with hyperbole, though. If you’re using data, you want it to seem credible. In nonfiction, readers often want precision, not exaggeration.
An oxymoron is a figure of speech where seemingly contradictory terms appear together. For example, “the dumbest genius I know.”
Oxymorons are useful if you want to create an unexpected contrast. For example, “Your unhappiest customers are often your business’ happiest accident.”
A flashback is a scene set in an earlier time than the main story. They’re often used to provide important context or backstory for an event you’re discussing.
Because most nonfiction books aren’t chronological ( unless it’s a memoir ), you probably won’t have many opportunities to use flashbacks. But in anecdotes, a touch of flashback can be effective.
For example, “My boss congratulated me for landing the largest account our company had ever seen. It was hard to believe that only seven months earlier, I was struggling to keep the few clients I already had.”
Point of view is the perspective you use to tell your story.
A lot of nonfiction is written with a first-person point of view, which means writing from an “I” perspective. For example, “I’ve developed the following ten-point system to improve your finances.”
It’s much rarer, although possible, to write nonfiction from the third-person perspective. For example, “They saw how powerful their methods could be.” Sometimes co-authors choose this method to avoid first-person confusion.
Nonfiction writers occasionally use second person (“you”) to directly address their readers. For example, “You know how hard it can be to fire someone.”
A euphemism is a polite way of describing something indirectly.
Many Authors use euphemisms to vary their language or soften the blow of a difficult concept. For example, “passed away” is a euphemism for “died.”
Some Authors use euphemisms to keep their texts more palatable for a general audience.
For example, if an Author is writing about sexual harassment in the workplace, they may not want to repeat lewd phrases and could use euphemisms instead. Or, an Author who wants to avoid the political controversy around the term “abortion” might opt for “pregnancy termination.”
A colloquialism is a word or phrase that’s not formal or literary. It tends to be used in ordinary or familiar conversation instead. For example, it’s more colloquial to say, “How’s it going?” instead of “How are you doing?”
Slang is also a form of colloquialism. If you say something was “awesome,” unless you literally mean it inspired awe, you’re being colloquial.
No matter how professional your audience is, some colloquialism can make your book feel more relatable. Readers like to feel as if they’re talking with the Author. Colloquialism can help you create that personal, one-on-one feeling.
Anthropomorphism is when you give human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human creatures or things.
If you think of your dog as having a “funny personality,” you’re anthropomorphizing him. The same goes for your “stubborn” toaster or “cranky” computer.
In nonfiction, you generally won’t encounter a lot of opportunities for anthropomorphism, but some Authors may want to humanize their products or services. For example, your software may be “friendly” or “kind” to new users.
Anaphora is a rhetorical device where you repeat a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. This is a great way to draw emphasis to a certain portion of text.
For example, Charles Dickens uses anaphora in the opening of A Tale of Two Cities : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief…”
An anachronism is a chronological inconsistency where you juxtapose people, things, or sayings from different time periods. If you were reading a book about colonial America where characters talk about cars, that would be anachronistic.
In nonfiction, you might want to use anachronism to make it easier for a current audience to relate to people in your stories.
For example, if you’re writing about the history of the banking industry, you might refer to certain individuals as “influencers” or talk about ideas that were “trending.”
A malapropism is the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one. This usually creates some kind of humorous effect. Imagine a person saying, “I know how to dance the flamingo,” instead of, “I know how to dance flamenco.”
There aren’t a lot of good reasons to use malapropism in nonfiction, but you could do this if you’re trying to amuse or delight your reader in an unexpected way. It’s a lot like using a pun.
For example, if you’re writing a book about sports, you might say, “The client and I saw things so eye-to-eye, it was almost like we had ESPN” (instead of “ESP”).
Figurative language is language that dresses up your writing in an attempt to engage your readers. Figurative language is often more colorful, evocative, or dramatic.
For example, “She was chained to her desk for sixty hours a week.” Let’s hope not.
Still, it conjures a vivid image that’s more exciting for readers than, “She worked a lot.”
Figurative language is like taking your everyday language and putting it in a tuxedo.
Irony is a literary technique where what appears to be the case differs radically from what is actually the case.
Dramatic irony is a type of irony that occurs when an audience understands the context more than the character in a story.
Let’s say you’re telling a story about an interaction with a client that didn’t go the way you expected. You might write, “Things seemed to be going well, but little did I know, she had already hired someone else.”
At the moment you were meeting with the client, you didn’t have that information. But now, the reader does. So, they get to follow along with the rest of the story, knowing more than you did at the time.
Verbal irony occurs when a person says one thing but means another. Sarcasm is a good example of verbal irony. For example, you might say, “It was a wonderful dinner,” when, in fact, the food was terrible, and your partner showed up an hour late.
Depending on the tone of your book, verbal irony can help create humor or make you more relatable.
Think of “figure of speech” as a kind of catch-all term for any word or phrase that’s used in a non-literal sense to create a dramatic effect.
For example, it’s a figure of speech to say that it was “raining cats and dogs” or that something stands “an ice cube’s chance in Hell” of happening.
A lot of the devices we’ve already discussed (e.g., alliteration, oxymoron, and metaphors) also fall into the category of figures of speech.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different things in an interesting way. It often highlights the similarities between two different ideas.
Take, for example, “The classroom was a zoo.” It wasn’t literally a zoo, but this metaphor expresses the wild energy of a room full of children.
Or, “the curtain of night fell.” Night doesn’t have a curtain, but we can all imagine darkness falling like one.
Metaphors form direct comparisons by saying something is something else. (Similes, explained below, form comparisons by saying something is like something else.)
Metaphors are a useful tool for “showing” your reader something instead of just “telling.” They help your reader see and feel the scene, and they paint a vivid picture.
If you use a metaphor, though, make sure it’s intelligible. There are a lot of bad ones out there. The point of a metaphor is to make a scene clearer, not to confuse your reader.
A simile is also a figure of speech that compares two different things in an interesting way. But unlike a metaphor, a simile uses comparison words like “like” or “as.”
“She was as bright as a lightbulb.”
“He was stubborn like a mule.”
Using similes can make your writing more interesting. The comparisons can spark your readers’ imagination while still getting your information across clearly.
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
For example, a businessman is sometimes known as “a suit.”
Or, in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar , “lend me your ears,” is a metonymy for “give me your full attention.”
People use metonymy all the time without being conscious of it. For example, if you get in a car wreck, you’re likely to say, “That car hit me,” instead of, “That car hit my car.”
If you’re writing in relatable, colloquial language, your book will probably have metonymy in it.
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something stands in for the whole or vice versa. It’s a subset of metonymy.
For example, if you have “hungry mouths to feed,” you actually need to feed people. Their mouths are just a stand-in for the whole person.
Or, you might say, “All of society was at the gala,” when you really mean, “All of high society was there.”
Typically, synecdoche will come out in your writing naturally. When you force synecdoche, it can sound strange.
For example, what do you think I mean when I say, “I sat on the legs?” I’m guessing a chair didn’t come to mind, even though “legs” is a part of the whole “chair.”
An aphorism is a concise statement of a general truth or principle. For example, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”
Most aphorisms are handed down over time, so chances are, you won’t coin your own. Think of these as the tried-and-true statements people already know.
For example, if you’re describing toxic leadership, you could quickly say, “After all, power corrupts,” and your audience would immediately know what you mean.
Aphorisms are great for emphasis because they’re quick, clear, and to the point. They aren’t flowery, and their simplicity makes them memorable.
A rhetorical question is a question asked for effect, not because you want an answer.
“Do you want to make money? Do you want to sleep better at night? Do you want to run a successful company?”
Who wouldn’t say yes? (See what I did there?)
Be careful not to overuse rhetorical questions because too many can get tedious. But used sparingly, they’re a great way to invite your reader into the conversation and highlight the benefits of your knowledge.
Polysyndeton comes from the Ancient Greek for “many” and “bound together.” As its name implies, it’s a literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession.
Here it is in action: “I wanted an employee who was self-motivated and enterprising and skilled. I needed someone who could write and talk and network like a pro.”
In most cases, you’ll use a regular list instead of polysyndeton (e.g., “I like cats, dogs, and ferrets.”). But when it’s used correctly, polysyndeton is useful for drawing emphasis to different aspects of a sentence.
One common way to use polysyndeton is, “You’ll find everything in this book, from billing and buying to marketing and sales.”
Consonance occurs when you repeat consonant sounds throughout a particular word or phrase. Unlike alliteration, the repeated consonant doesn’t have to come at the beginning of the word.
“Do you like blue?” and “I wish I had a cushion to squash” are examples of consonance.
Consonance can help you build sentences and passages that have a nice rhythm. When a text flows smoothly, it can subconsciously propel readers forward and keep them reading.
Assonance is similar to consonance, except it involves repeating vowel sounds. This is usually a subtler kind of echo. For example, the words “penitence” and “reticence” are assonant.
Like consonance, assonance can help you build compelling, rhythmic language.
Chiasmus is a rhetorical device where grammatical constructions or concepts are repeated in reverse order.
For example, “Never let a kiss fool you or a fool kiss you.” Or, “The happiest and best moments go to the best and happiest employees.”
In nonfiction, chiasmus can be an effective way to make a significant point. It often works because it’s unexpected and punchy.
Litotes is a figure of speech closely related to verbal irony. With litotes, you use understatement to emphasize your point. They often incorporate double negatives for effect.
For example, “You won’t be sorry” is the litotes way of saying, “You will be glad.”
If I say, “He wasn’t a bad singer,” you can probably assume that he was actually a good singer. But the negative construction conveys a different tone.
If hyperbole lends more force to your claims, litotes diminishes your statement. In nonfiction, there are situations where you might want to downplay your judgment.
Take this statement, for example: “He wasn’t the worst lawyer I had ever seen, but he could have been more organized.” You aren’t completely bashing the lawyer, but you’re still showing there’s room for improvement.
Still, I recommend using litotes sparingly if you don’t want people to think you’re constantly damning with faint praise.
An epigraph is a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme.
For example, Mario Puzo’s The Godfather begins with a quotation from the French writer Balzac: “Behind every great fortune, there is a crime.”
An epigraph is a great way to honor a writer or thinker you admire. It also immediately puts your work in conversation with theirs. In nonfiction, an epigraph can be a great way to signal to readers, “Hey, Tim Ferriss’ book has informed mine!”
But don’t rely too heavily on epigraphs. The point of writing a book is to show that you are an expert. You don’t want to constantly defer to other Authors to contextualize your ideas.
Also, epigraphs are only effective when they are truly relevant to your book. Don’t just pick a person that you think readers will recognize. Pick a quotation that really adds something to your book.
Epistrophe is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. It’s sometimes called epiphora or antistrophe.
Epistrophe is the cousin of anaphora, where the repetition happens at the beginning of successive phrases.
Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is a great example of a text that uses epistrophe: “… that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
His repetition of “the people” really drives home the importance of “the people” to American government. They are central, no matter how you slice it.
Epistrophe can be very dramatic, and it’s a great way to draw attention to crucial concepts or words in your book. But because it’s so impactful, it should be used in moderation.
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Let’s learn about literary devices.
Getting familiar with them enables you to interpret what speakers mean more easily. Needless to say, it helps as you work on transcripts.
As you know, one of the key transcription skills is comprehension. You ought to have a strong grasp of the English language.
Each time you transcribe an audio or video recording, you learn new things and encounter new phrases that you might not be familiar with.
While automated transcription continues to improve, your ability to understand the conversation’s context is unique.
Many scenarios require the most accurate transcripts available. For these instances, we rely on experts.
Professional transcribers regularly hone their skills. Get better by demystifying literary devices…
According to Master Class , writers use literary devices to hint at larger themes, ideas, and meaning in a story or piece of writing.
Such tools create a striking effect by heightening the audience’s imagination.
As a transcriber, you regularly encounter these literary devices, so it’s a good practice to get accustomed to them.
While there’s a lengthy list of literary devices, let’s warm up with this hand-picked list. Below, you will find popular literary devices that will help you understand the context of speeches and conversations.
Studiobinder states that irony is fundamental in storytelling. It involves using words that signify the opposite of one’s intended message.
For example, you may hear the audio file dialogue that the speaker is not happy with the situation and say “great!”, but clearly, they are not. You likely know that this is sarcasm, which is a form of verbal irony.
It’s likely that you regularly encounter forms of irony when transcribing, while watching movies, or even in everyday conversations.
Grammarly states that metaphor is poetically calling things something else. In short, it is a direct comparison of two things that are often unrelated to each other.
“The equipment used at the conference was as old as dinosaurs.”
This is a way of saying that the equipment is too old, even if it’s nowhere close to literally being as old as dinosaurs.
Metaphors allow you to understand and imagine multiple descriptions and images in a short sentence.
According to Literary Terms , a simile is comparable to metaphor as it compares two different things, but it shows a shared quality. The comparison relies on the words “as” or “like” .
Don’t be confused with a comparison and simile even if they use the word “like.”
“She is bright like you” is a comparison.
“She is bright like the star” is a simile, as it compares a woman with something of a different kind – the star.
The next time you encounter a simile, you don’t have to be confused when the speaker tries to connect unrelated terminologies in a sentence.
Types of Imagery via LiteraryTerms
LitCharts describes imagery as a language used to create images on the readers’ minds (or listeners) by using words that appeal to all human senses.
Like our basic five senses, there are five types of imagery commonly used as well.
You have most likely encountered imagery through descriptive songs, plays, movies, or your favorite television series.
Literacy Ideas gave a simple definition for this literary device. “Personification is the process of giving objects or animals human-like characteristics.”
Through personification, we add more spice and color to the audience’s imagination.
“The wind sang a beautiful melody under the moonlit sky.”
In that example, we know that the wind doesn’t literally sing, but we appreciate the intended message by imagining the personification.
LiteraryDevices pointed out that we use symbolism in everyday life without even realizing it.
Symbolism can be seen in everyday things, from company logos to names of sports teams using fearless animals like lions, bulls, and bears.
It can also be found in cultural symbols. For instance, a rose can symbolize romance, courtship, and Valentine’s Day.
According to Ethnologue , 15% of the global population speaks English, and it is a common language that connects people from different backgrounds.
It’s said that language is always changing ; it will greatly benefit you to understand how the art of playing with words will define a context.
It’s also a great practice to pick up new slang terms and abbreviations that come up every now and then.
When in doubt, whether you understand the term or word correctly, doing a bit of research will significantly help you with the task at hand.
As a transcription professional, you’d like to continually sharpen relevant skills. It also helps that these abilities will aid you with everyday communication outside of this job.
Ultimately, we hope that this will help you refine transcripts to deliver the quality that we promise to customers.
Our four-step process makes Scribie stand out from the rest of the transcription services in the market. By understanding literary devices and similar concepts, let’s enhance our ability to deliver the most accurate transcripts on a consistent basis.
What literary devices do you mostly hear with the audio files you work on? Share them through the Slack community.
Not yet transcribing with Scribie? Consider applying for a home-based transcription role. Learn more here .
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An allegory uses symbols, characters, or events to represent abstract ideas or themes. It is a narrative that operates on two levels – the surface level and the symbolic level. The surface level tells a story, while the symbolic level conveys a deeper meaning. Allegories are often used to convey complex ideas or moral lessons in a way that is more accessible to the reader. They allow the reader to explore a subject in a more engaging and relatable way, Read More …
Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of multiple words in a sentence or phrase. It is used to create a musical or rhythmic effect, to add emphasis to certain words, or to make a phrase more memorable. Alliteration can be found in poetry, song lyrics, and even in everyday speech. It is often used for its poetic qualities, to create a sense of harmony or to draw attention to certain words or ideas. Read More …
An allusion involves referencing or making a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, event, or thing that is outside the text. It is up to the reader to make a connection to the subject being mentioned. Allusions can be direct or indirect, and are often used to add complexity and depth to a narrative, to create a sense of familiarity or nostalgia, or to establish a connection between the author and the reader. Examples of allusion: “She had a Read More …
Amplification involves expanding upon a word or phrase in order to clarify, emphasize, or add detail. By repeating or elaborating upon a word or phrase, amplification can create a sense of importance, urgency, or emotional impact, and can be a powerful tool for persuasion or argumentation. Amplification can also be used to add richness and depth to a narrative, by providing additional information or detail that can help to create a more vivid and immersive world for the reader. Examples Read More …
An anagram is a literary device that involves rearranging the letters of a word, phrase, or sentence to create a new word or phrase. The resulting words or phrases usually have some connection or relevance to the original word or phrase. An anagram is a form of wordplay that allows the writer to infuse mystery and a little interactive fun in the writing so that the reader can decipher the actual word on their own and discover a depth of Read More …
Analogy involves drawing a comparison between two things in order to clarify or explain something. Analogies are often used to help readers understand complex or abstract ideas by comparing them to something more familiar. Examples of analogy: Life is like a rollercoaster, with its ups and downs. Love is like a rose, delicate and beautiful but with thorns that can hurt. The human brain is like a computer, processing and storing information. Writing is like painting a picture, using words Read More …
Anastrophe is a form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. In standard parlance and writing the adjective comes before the noun but when one is employing an anastrophe the noun is followed by the adjective. This reversed order creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective. Examples of anastrophe: “Excited, the children were” – In this sentence, the usual subject-verb-object order is inverted, Read More …
Anecdote is a literary device that involves a short and often personal story or account that is used to illustrate a particular point or theme. Anecdotes can be humorous, serious, or poignant, and can be found in various forms of literature, from memoirs and essays to speeches and advertising. They are often used to create a sense of connection or empathy with the audience, and can be a powerful tool for conveying complex ideas and emotions in a simple and Read More …
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that involves attributing human characteristics, emotions, or behaviors to non-human entities, such as animals, objects, or natural phenomena. It is used to create a sense of familiarity or empathy with the audience, and can make non-human entities more relatable and understandable. It can also be used to make a particular point or to convey a certain message, such as the idea that animals have personalities or that objects can have a life of their own. Read More …
Antithesis involves the writer employing two sentences of contrasting meanings in close proximity to one another. Whether they are words or phrases of the same sentence, an antithesis is used to create a stark contrast using two divergent elements that come together to create one uniform whole. An antithesis plays on the complementary property of opposites to create one vivid picture. The purpose of using an antithesis in literature is to create a balance between opposite qualities and lend a Read More …
Aphorism is a literary device that refers to a concise and memorable statement that expresses a universal truth or a wise observation about life. Aphorisms are often used to convey complex ideas in a simple and direct way, and can be found in various forms of literature, from poetry and prose to speeches and advertising. They are often used as a form of advice or guidance, and can offer insights into human nature, morality, and the human condition. Aphorisms are Read More …
Archetype refers to a universal symbol or pattern that recurs in myths, stories, and other forms of literature across different cultures and time periods. Archetypes can be characters, motifs, themes, or symbols that represent a particular idea, trait, or experience that is shared by humans. They are often used to create a sense of familiarity or resonance with the audience, and can convey complex meanings and emotions in a simple and direct way. Examples of archetype: The Hero – This Read More …
Assonance refers to repetition of sounds produced by vowels within a sentence or phrase. In this regard assonance can be understood to be a kind of alliteration. What sets it apart from alliteration is that it is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Assonance is the opposite of consonance, which implies repetitive usage of consonant sounds. Examples of assonance: “The light of the fire is a sight” – In this sentence, the repetition of the long “i” sound in “light,” Read More …
Asyndeton involves the deliberate omission of conjunctions (such as “and”, “or”, and “but”) between words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. It is often used to create a sense of speed, urgency, or emphasis, by creating a rapid and staccato rhythm in the language. Asyndeton can also be used to create a sense of fragmentation or disconnection between ideas or clauses, emphasizing their independence or contrasting nature. Examples of asyndeton: “I came, I saw, I conquered” – This famous phrase Read More …
Authorial intrusion is a literary device in which the author directly addresses the reader, interrupting the narrative flow of the text. It involves breaking the fourth wall and momentarily stepping out of the story to offer commentary, explanation, or personal opinion. This technique is often used to provide additional context or clarification, to create a sense of intimacy or connection with the reader, or to convey the author’s worldview. Authorial intrusion can be found in various forms of literature, from Read More …
Bibliomancy involves using books or texts as a means of divination or seeking guidance. It is a form of fortune-telling that involves opening a book at random and interpreting the words or passage that one’s finger lands on. Bibliomancy has a long history, and has been used by various cultures and religions throughout the centuries. It is often associated with spiritual or mystical practices, and is used as a means of seeking guidance or insight from a higher power or Read More …
Bildungsroman refers to a novel or story that tells the coming-of-age or development of a young protagonist. This genre typically follows the protagonist’s journey from youth to adulthood and the various challenges and experiences that shape their personal growth and development. The term “Bildungsroman” is a German word that translates to “novel of education” or “novel of formation,” emphasizing the educational and developmental aspects of the genre. Examples of bildungsroman: “The Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini – The story follows Read More …
Cacophony is a literary device that refers to the use of harsh, discordant, or jarring sounds in language, often for artistic effect. It involves intentionally using words or phrases that create a harsh or grating sound when spoken, such as words with harsh consonants, repeated syllables, or unusual combinations of sounds. Cacophony can create a sense of chaos, conflict, or discomfort in the language, and is often used to evoke a particular emotion or tone in a literary work. Examples Read More …
Caesura is a pause or break in a line of poetry or prose, usually marked by a punctuation mark or a natural rhythm of speech. This pause can be used to create emphasis, contrast, or a sense of division or separation between different parts of a sentence or verse. In poetry, caesura is often used to create a sense of rhythm and structure, and can be found in various forms of verse, such as haiku, sonnets, and blank verse. Caesura Read More …
Characterization refers to the process by which a writer reveals the personality, traits, and motivations of a character in a story. This can be accomplished through various means, including direct description, dialogue, actions, and interactions with other characters. Characterization is a fundamental element of storytelling, as it allows readers to understand and relate to the characters in a narrative. It also helps to drive the plot, as character traits and motivations often shape the decisions and actions taken by characters. Read More …
Chiasmus involves the repetition of words or grammatical structures in reverse order to create a parallel and balanced phrase or sentence. This device creates a symmetrical and memorable effect in the language, often used for emphasis or to add a poetic or rhetorical quality to the writing. Chiasmus can involve a range of linguistic elements, such as words, phrases, clauses, or even entire sentences. Examples of chiasmus: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can Read More …
Circumlocution is a literary device that involves the use of indirect or roundabout language to express an idea, often with the intention of being more polite, tactful, or evasive. Rather than stating something directly, circumlocution involves using a series of words or phrases to hint at or imply the intended meaning. This device can be used to convey a variety of emotions, from diplomacy and politeness to sarcasm and criticism. Circumlocution is often used in literature, particularly in dialogue and Read More …
Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story, such as characters, ideas, or emotions. Conflict is a fundamental element of plot, and it drives the narrative forward by creating tension and drama. There are several types of conflict in literature, including internal conflict (a struggle within a character’s own mind or emotions), external conflict (a struggle between a character and an outside force), and interpersonal conflict (a struggle between two or more characters). Conflict can be used to Read More …
Connotation refers to the emotional, cultural, and social associations that are attached to a word, beyond its literal definition. Unlike denotation, which is the objective, dictionary definition of a word, connotation includes the subjective and often implicit meanings that words can carry based on the context in which they are used. Connotations can be positive, negative, or neutral, and can be influenced by factors such as culture, history, and personal experience. Examples of connotation: “The smell of fresh-cut grass reminded Read More …
Consonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words or stressed syllables within words. Unlike alliteration, which repeats the initial sounds of words, consonance emphasizes the similarity of consonant sounds throughout a phrase or sentence, creating a rhythmic and musical effect. This device is often used in poetry and prose to add emphasis to certain words, create a specific mood or tone, or to simply make the language more memorable and Read More …
Denotation refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word, without any additional connotation or associated meanings. It is the objective and factual meaning of a word, rather than its emotional, cultural, or symbolic significance. Denotation can be used deliberately by authors to create precision and clarity in their writing, or to convey a specific message or tone. Examples of denotation: “They built a house.” In the above sentence, house is meant literally as in a building where a Read More …
Deus ex machina is a plot device in which a seemingly unsolvable problem or conflict is resolved suddenly and unexpectedly by the introduction of a new character, event, or object. This resolution is often contrived, improbable, or artificial and does not arise organically from the story. The term originates from ancient Greek theater, where a god would be lowered onto the stage by a machine to resolve the conflicts of the play. Deus ex machina is often considered a flawed Read More …
Diction is the author’s choice and use of words in a literary work. It encompasses the author’s style of writing and their selection of words, phrases, and expressions that convey a particular tone or mood. Diction can be formal or informal, abstract or concrete, technical or colloquial, and it can have a significant impact on the reader’s interpretation of the work. An author’s diction can reflect their purpose, audience, and the message they are trying to convey. Examples of diction: Read More …
Doppelganger refers to the appearance of a character that is a double or counterpart to another character in the same story. The doppelganger is usually similar in appearance and sometimes also in personality, but with a significant difference that highlights the contrasting traits of the two characters. This literary device is often used to create tension or suspense in a story, as the doppelganger may be a harbinger of danger or foreshadow a character’s downfall. The doppelganger is a powerful Read More …
Ekphrastic involves the description or interpretation of a visual work of art in a written form, such as a poem, a story, or an essay. The aim of ekphrastic writing is to convey the meaning or significance of the artwork to the reader, often by exploring themes or ideas that are suggested by the work. Ekphrastic writing can help to create a deeper appreciation of the visual arts by providing an alternative perspective or interpretation of the artwork. Examples of Read More …
An epilogue appears at the end of a book, play, or other written work. It is a section that provides additional information, reflection, or commentary on the events that have unfolded throughout the work. Epilogues can take many forms, including letters, diary entries, or prose. They are often used to tie up loose ends in the narrative, provide closure for the reader, or offer final thoughts on the themes or messages of the work. Epilogues are a useful device for Read More …
Epithet involves the use of a descriptive word or phrase that highlights a particular characteristic of a person, place, or thing. Epithets are often used to create a more vivid and memorable image in the reader’s mind, and to emphasize a certain aspect of the subject. They can be either positive or negative, depending on the intended effect. Epithets are remarkable in that they can become a part of common parlance over time. Examples of epithet: “Swift-footed Achilles” – Homer, Read More …
Euphemism uses mild or indirect words or expressions to replace ones that are considered too harsh, blunt, or offensive. Euphemisms are often used to convey delicate or sensitive topics, such as death, sex, bodily functions, or social taboos, in a more polite or socially acceptable manner. They can also be used to avoid causing offense or discomfort to the listener or reader. Examples of euphemism: “He passed away” instead of “He died” – a common euphemism for death. “She’s expecting” Read More …
Euphony is refers to the use of words and phrases that are pleasing to the ear and create a harmonious, melodious effect in language. Euphony can be achieved through a variety of techniques, including the use of alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia. It is often used in poetry and other forms of creative writing to create a sense of musicality and beauty in language. Euphony can also be used to convey a sense of calmness, peace, and tranquility, and to Read More …
Faulty parallelism is a literary device that involves an incorrect or inconsistent use of parallel structure in a sentence or passage. Parallel structure is the repetition of similar grammatical forms or patterns within a sentence or passage, which creates a sense of balance and symmetry. Faulty parallelism occurs when the structures being repeated are not truly parallel, leading to confusion or awkwardness in the writing. This can include errors in verb tense, subject-verb agreement, or use of conjunctions. Faulty parallelism Read More …
Flashback involves a shift in the narrative to a scene from an earlier time. It is a technique used to provide background information or to reveal important details about the plot or characters. Flashbacks can take many forms, including memories, dreams, or even historical events. Examples of flashback: In Toni Morrison’s novel “Beloved,” the character Sethe has several flashbacks to her time as a slave and the traumatic events that led to her escape. In Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre,” the Read More …
Foil is a literary device that involves the use of a character who contrasts with another character in order to highlight certain qualities or traits of the other character. The foil character is often portrayed as a contrast to the protagonist or another important character in the story. This contrast can be used to emphasize the differences between the two characters, highlight certain themes or motifs, or provide a better understanding of the protagonist’s qualities. Foil characters can be similar Read More …
Foreshadowing refers to the use of clues or hints to suggest what will happen later in the story. It is a way for authors to create anticipation and build suspense by hinting at future events or outcomes. Foreshadowing can take many forms, including symbolic objects or actions, dialogue, or descriptions of setting or characters. It is often used in literature, particularly in mystery, suspense, and horror genres, but can be found in all types of writing. By providing subtle hints Read More …
Hubris is a literary device that refers to excessive pride or arrogance that leads to a character’s downfall. It is a common theme in literature, particularly in tragic plays and epic poetry. Characters with hubris often have an inflated sense of their own abilities or importance, and they disregard the warnings of others or the consequences of their actions. They may believe that they are invincible or above the laws of the gods or society. Hubris is often used to Read More …
Hyperbaton involves the deliberate rearrangement of words in a sentence to create a different meaning or emphasis. This can include changing the order of adjectives, adverbs, or verbs, and can involve splitting a word or phrase between two parts of a sentence. Examples of hyperbaton: “To die, to sleep— To sleep, perchance to dream—” – This line from Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” uses hyperbaton to emphasize the repetition of “to sleep”. “Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree Read More …
Hyperbole is a literary device that involves using exaggerated statements or claims to emphasize a point or create a dramatic effect. It is an intentional exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally, but rather used to make a point or create a vivid image in the reader’s mind. Hyperbole can be used to express strong emotions, create humor, or to emphasize a particular point in a text. Examples of hyperbole: In “The Odyssey” by Homer, the protagonist Odysseus Read More …
An idiom is a figure of speech that has a different meaning from the literal definition of the words used. Idioms are commonly used in language and are often specific to a particular culture or region. They can be used to express a wide range of emotions, ideas, and concepts, from humor and sarcasm to affection and respect. Idioms can take many forms, including similes, metaphors, and hyperbole. Examples of idioms: “Break a leg” – This idiom is used to Read More …
Internal rhyme is a literary device in which two or more words within the same line of poetry rhyme with each other. This is different from end rhyme, which occurs at the end of a line of poetry. Internal rhyme is often used to create a musical or rhythmic effect in poetry, and can also serve to connect ideas or reinforce themes. Internal rhyme can be subtle or pronounced, and can occur with different types of rhyme, such as identical Read More …
Inversion involves reversing the usual word order of a sentence to create a different effect or emphasis. This can involve placing the verb before the subject or using a different word order to create a more dramatic or poetic effect. Inversion can be used to create emphasis, suspense, or to draw attention to a particular word or phrase. Examples of inversion: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” – This Read More …
Imagery uses sensory details to create a vivid and concrete description of a scene, object, person, or idea. It appeals to the reader’s senses of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell, and is used to create a specific mood or atmosphere in a literary work. By using descriptive language, similes, metaphors, and other literary techniques, imagery helps the reader to visualize and experience the story in a more immersive way Examples of imagery: “She walks in beauty, like the night Read More …
Irony is contradiction between what is said or done and what is actually meant or expected. It is often used to create a humorous, dramatic, or sarcastic effect, or to highlight a discrepancy between appearance and reality. Irony can take many forms, including verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony. Verbal irony involves saying something that is the opposite of what is meant, while situational irony occurs when events turn out differently than expected. Examples of irony: “Oedipus Rex” by Read More …
Juxtaposition involves placing two contrasting things or ideas side by side to highlight their differences or similarities. Juxtaposition can be used to create irony, tension, or humor, or to highlight social or political commentary. It can be used to compare and contrast characters, settings, themes, or ideas. Examples of juxtaposition: In “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger, the main character Holden Caulfield is described as both cynical and idealistic, which creates a juxtaposition of conflicting personality traits. In Read More …
The use of kennings in literature is characteristically related to works in Old English poetry where the author would use a twist of words, figure of speech or magic poetic phrase or a newly created compound sentence or phrase to refer to a person, object, place, action or idea. The use of imagery and indicative, direct and indirect references to substitute the proper, formal name of the subject is known as kennings. The use of kennings was also prevalent in Read More …
litotes is a rhetorical device that is used to make an understatement by negating the opposite of what is being said. It is a form of understatement that can be used to create a subtle or ironic effect. By using a double negative or negating the opposite of what is being said, litotes can add nuance, complexity, or irony to a statement. It is often used in literature to express modesty, soften criticism, or create a sense of humor or Read More …
Malapropism is a figure of speech in which a word is used incorrectly in place of a word that sounds similar but has a different meaning. It is often used for humorous effect, as the resulting phrase or sentence can be nonsensical or absurd. The term “malapropism” comes from the character Mrs. Malaprop in Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s play The Rivals, who frequently used incorrect words to humorous effect. Malapropisms can be intentional or unintentional, and they can occur in both Read More …
A metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, even though the two things are not literally the same. Unlike simile, which uses “like” or “as” to make a comparison, a metaphor creates a direct relationship between the two things being compared. Examples of metaphor: “The world is a stage, and we are all merely players.” – William Shakespeare “The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor.” – Alfred Noyes “My life is a desert, barren and Read More …
Metonymy is a literary device that involves using a word or phrase to represent something else that is closely associated with it, often based on context or cultural significance. For example, using the phrase “the White House” to refer to the U.S. government or “the crown” to refer to the monarchy. Metonymy is often used in literature to create vivid and concise descriptions. Examples of metonymy: “The Oval Office was in turmoil.” This example from a news article uses the Read More …
Mood is the emotional atmosphere or feeling that a work of literature creates for the reader. It is often created through the use of descriptive language, setting, tone, and imagery, and can be used to convey a wide range of emotions, from joy and excitement to fear and despair. The mood of a work of literature can be crucial in creating a sense of engagement and immersion for the reader, and can help to establish the tone and theme of Read More …
A motif is a recurring element, image, or idea in a work of literature that has symbolic significance and contributes to the overall meaning of the work. A motif can be a word, phrase, object, or concept that appears repeatedly throughout the text, and can help to develop themes, characters, and plot. Motifs can add depth, complexity, and unity to a work of literature, and can create a sense of continuity and coherence. Examples of motif: In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Read More …
Negative capability is a literary concept introduced by poet John Keats, which refers to the ability of a writer to embrace uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity in their work. It involves the willingness to accept and tolerate contradictions and paradoxes without seeking a definitive resolution. Negative capability is a way of thinking that emphasizes the value of imagination and intuition, and allows for multiple interpretations and meanings in a work of literature. Examples of negative capability: The best references of the Read More …
Nemesis refers to a character or force that is an opponent or enemy of the protagonist in a work of literature. This character or force represents the main obstacle or challenge that the protagonist must overcome in order to achieve their goals. Nemesis is often used to create tension and conflict in a story, and to challenge the protagonist’s beliefs, values, or abilities. Nemesis can take many forms, from a rival character to a natural disaster or societal structure. Examples Read More …
Onomatopoeia is a literary device that involves the use of words that imitate the sound of the object or action they refer to. These words are intended to evoke the sound that they describe and create a sensory experience for the reader. For example, words such as “buzz,” “hiss,” and “boom” are examples of onomatopoeia. This literary device is often used in poetry, where it can create vivid images and sensory experiences, but it can also be used in prose Read More …
An oxymoron uses the combination of two contradictory terms to create a new meaning or effect. This device is often used to create a sense of irony or humor, and to emphasize the contrast between two seemingly opposite concepts. An oxymoron can also be used to convey a deeper meaning or message, and to challenge the reader’s assumptions about the world. Examples of oxymoron: “Jumbo shrimp” “Living dead” “Deafening silence” “Open secret” “Act naturally”
A paradox involves a statement or situation that contradicts itself or seems to go against common sense. It is often used to create an element of surprise or confusion in a work of literature, and to challenge the reader’s assumptions about the world. A paradox can also be used to highlight an underlying truth or irony in a situation, and to convey a deeper meaning or message. This device is commonly used in poetry, prose, and drama, and can add Read More …
Pathetic fallacy is a literary device in which human emotions, traits, or intentions are attributed to inanimate objects or natural phenomena. This device is often used to create a sense of mood or atmosphere in a work of literature, and to reflect the emotional state of the characters or events. Pathetic fallacy can also be used to create symbolism and allegory in a work, and to enhance the overall meaning and impact of the writing. This device is commonly used Read More …
Periodic structure involves structuring a sentence or paragraph so that the main point or idea is not revealed until the end. This creates a sense of suspense and anticipation for the reader, as they are kept in suspense until the end of the sentence or paragraph. Periodic structure is often used in persuasive writing, speeches, and other forms of rhetoric to create a sense of drama and emphasize key points. By delaying the reveal of the main idea, writers can Read More …
Periphrasis uses a roundabout or indirect way of expressing something, rather than stating it directly. It involves using more words than necessary to describe a simple concept, often to create a more elaborate or poetic effect. Periphrasis is commonly used in poetry, but can be found in other forms of writing as well. By using periphrasis, writers can create a more complex and nuanced meaning, or convey a sense of richness or depth in their writing. Examples of periphrasis: “The Read More …
Personification gives human qualities, characteristics, and emotions to non-human objects, animals, or concepts. It is a form of figurative language that uses metaphorical language to convey meaning and create vivid imagery. By personifying non-human entities, writers can help readers relate to them on a more personal level and make abstract concepts more concrete. Personification is often used in poetry and fiction, but can be found in many forms of writing Examples of personification: “The wind howled through the night, rattling Read More …
Plot is the sequence of events that make up a story. It includes the main events, conflicts, and resolutions that move the story forward and create tension and drama for the reader. The plot is typically structured around a central conflict or problem that the characters must confront and overcome, and is often divided into distinct acts or chapters. A well-crafted plot can engage the reader and create a sense of emotional investment in the story, while also conveying important Read More …
Point of view refers to the perspective from which a story is told. It determines the narrator’s relationship with the characters, events, and themes of the story. There are several types of point of view in literature, including first-person, second-person, and third-person, which can be further divided into limited or omniscient perspectives. Each point of view has its own advantages and disadvantages, and authors may choose a particular point of view based on the needs of their story. Examples of Read More …
Polysyndeton involves the repeated use of conjunctions (such as “and,” “or,” or “but”) to create a sense of emphasis, rhythm, or continuity in a sentence or passage. Unlike asyndeton, which omits conjunctions for effect, polysyndeton adds extra conjunctions to create a deliberate effect. This can give a sense of accumulation, amplification, or urgency to the words being connected. Polysyndeton is a common device in both prose and poetry, and can be used to create a range of effects, from the Read More …
A portmanteau combines two or more words or parts of words to create a new word with a blended meaning. The term “portmanteau” itself is a combination of the French words “porter” (to carry) and “manteau” (cloak), and was coined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass. Portmanteaus are often used in literature and popular culture to create new words that express a concept more succinctly than existing words can. They can also add humor or playfulness to language and Read More …
A prologue is used to introduce a story or play, often providing background information and setting the stage for the events to come. It is typically found at the beginning of a piece of literature and is often written in a different style or tone than the rest of the work. Prologues can be used to establish the themes and tone of the work, introduce the main characters or conflicts, or provide historical or cultural context for the story. They Read More …
Puns play with words in a humorous or clever way by using a word or phrase that has multiple meanings, or by using words that sound similar but have different meanings. Puns are often used to create wordplay and humor in literature, jokes, and advertisements. They can be used to create double entendres, where a phrase can have both a literal and a figurative meaning. Puns are a common form of wordplay that can add wit and humor to writing Read More …
Rhyme scheme refers to the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is often represented by a series of letters, where each letter corresponds to a particular rhyme. For example, the rhyme scheme of a poem might be ABAB, meaning that the first and third lines rhyme with each other, as do the second and fourth lines. Rhyme scheme can be used to create a sense of structure and order in a Read More …
Rhythm and rhyme are two closely related literary devices that are often used in poetry and song lyrics. Rhythm refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse, which can create a musical or metrical effect. Rhyme, on the other hand, refers to the repetition of sounds at the end of words, which can create a pleasing or memorable effect. Together, rhythm and rhyme can enhance the musicality of language and add emphasis and structure Read More …
The use of satire in literature refers to the practice of making fun of a human weakness or character flaw. The use of satire is often inclusive of a need or decision of correcting or bettering the character that is on the receiving end of the satire. In general, even though satire might be humorous and may “make fun”, its purpose is not to entertain and amuse but actually to derive a reaction of contempt from the reader. Examples of Read More …
Setting refers to the time, place, and environment in which a story takes place. It includes physical and geographical details, historical context, and cultural background, all of which can shape the characters and events in the story. The setting can affect the mood and atmosphere of a story and help to create a sense of authenticity and realism. By using specific details and descriptions, writers can transport readers to different places and times and immerse them in the world of Read More …
Simile is a literary device that involves comparing two things using “like” or “as” to create a vivid and imaginative picture in the reader’s mind. By likening one thing to another, similes can enhance a description, add depth to a character, or convey a specific mood or tone. Similes are often used in poetry, but they can also be found in prose and everyday speech. Examples of simile: “Her smile was like sunshine on a rainy day.” – This simile Read More …
Spoonerism is a literary device in which the initial sounds or letters of two or more words are switched to create a new and often humorous meaning. It is named after the Reverend William Archibald Spooner, who was known for accidentally mixing up the sounds of words while speaking. Spoonerisms can occur intentionally or unintentionally and are often used for comedic effect. They can also be used to draw attention to a particular word or phrase, or to create a Read More …
A stanza is used in poetry to create a division within a poem. It is a group of lines that are separated from other groups of lines by spacing, indentation, or other visual cues. Stanzas are often used to structure a poem, to create a sense of rhythm, to emphasize certain words or ideas, or to indicate a change in tone or subject matter. The number of lines in a stanza can vary, and different types of stanzas have different Read More …
Stream of consciousness is used to depict the continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations in a character’s mind. It is often used in modernist literature and is characterized by a lack of linear structure, punctuation, or grammar rules. The technique seeks to replicate the disjointed, fragmented, and often chaotic nature of the human mind. It can be used to convey a character’s innermost thoughts and emotions, providing the reader with insight into their psyche. By immersing the reader in Read More …
Suspense creates a feeling of tension or anticipation in the reader. It is often used in literature, film, and other storytelling mediums to engage the audience and keep them invested in the story. Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next. This can be achieved through various techniques such as foreshadowing, cliffhangers, and dramatic irony. By using suspense, writers can heighten the emotional impact of their Read More …
Symbol is a literary device where an object, action, or event represents a larger concept, idea or emotion. A symbol can be a concrete object, like a rose, or an abstract concept, like freedom, and it carries a deeper meaning beyond its literal interpretation. Symbols are used in literature to create layers of meaning and to convey themes, ideas, or messages to the reader in a more subtle way. Through the use of symbols, writers can give their greater emotional Read More …
Synecdoche uses a part of something to represent the whole, or vice versa. It is a type of figurative language that can create a more specific or impactful image, and is often used to highlight a particular aspect of the thing being described. For example, referring to a car as “wheels” or a worker as “hands” are both examples of synecdoche. Synecdoche can also be used to refer to a category of things using a specific example, such as saying Read More …
Synesthesia involves the blending or crossing of two or more sensory experiences or perceptions, such as sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell. It is often used to create vivid and evocative descriptions that appeal to multiple senses and create a more immersive reading experience for the audience. Synesthesia can be achieved through the use of metaphors, similes, and other forms of figurative language that compare or combine sensory experiences, such as “the sound of her voice was like velvet” or Read More …
Syntax refers a to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. It is concerned with the structure of language, including the rules and principles that govern how words are combined to create meaning. Syntax can be used to create a range of effects, such as emphasizing certain words or ideas, creating rhythm and flow, and conveying tone and mood. The use of syntax in literature can help to establish a particular style or voice, Read More …
Theme refers to the underlying message or meaning of a work of literature. It is the central idea or insight that the author is attempting to convey to the reader through the characters, plot, and other elements of the text. Themes can be expressed in a variety of ways, such as through symbolism, imagery, and metaphor, and can explore complex issues such as love, death, power, identity, and morality. The use of themes in literature can serve to provide a Read More …
Tone refers to the author’s or narrator’s attitude towards the subject matter or audience. It is conveyed through the use of language, word choice, syntax, and other stylistic elements, and can create a specific emotional response in the reader. Tone can be used to convey a wide range of emotions, such as humor, irony, sadness, anger, or nostalgia, and can shape the reader’s interpretation of the text. The use of tone in literature can serve to emphasize themes and ideas, Read More …
Tragedy depicts a character’s downfall or destruction, usually as a result of their own actions or flaws. Tragic narratives often involve a central character who possesses admirable qualities but is ultimately undone by their own hubris, ignorance, or circumstance. Tragedies typically evoke feelings of pity, sorrow, and even fear in the reader or audience, as the character’s fate is often seen as inevitable or unavoidable. The use of tragedy in literature can serve to explore universal themes such as morality, Read More …
Understatement is used to convey a situation or description that is less significant, intense, or extreme than it really is. It involves deliberately downplaying or minimizing the importance or impact of something, often for comedic or ironic effect. Understatement is achieved through the use of language that is less expressive or emotional than what is expected, and it can create a sense of understated humor, sarcasm, or satire. This technique is often used to subvert expectations and to highlight the Read More …
Verisimilitude is used to create the appearance of truth or reality in a work of fiction or nonfiction. It involves presenting characters, events, and settings in a way that is believable and authentic, even if they are fictional or imaginary. Verisimilitude can be achieved through the use of descriptive detail, realistic dialogue, and accurate depictions of social and historical contexts. This technique helps to immerse readers in a story, allowing them to suspend their disbelief and fully engage with the Read More …
Verse refers to a single line or stanza of poetry. It is used to create rhythm, meter, and structure in a poem. Verses are often characterized by their rhyme scheme, syllable count, and the arrangement of stresses and accents. Poets use verses to convey meaning, evoke emotions, and create a musical quality in their writing. A poem may contain multiple verses, each with its own unique structure and purpose. Verses can be used in a variety of poetic forms, from Read More …
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For additional literary techniques, check out these links: Stylistic Devices (Rhetorical Devices, Figures of Speech) BBC Literary Techniques; Spend time planning which of these language techniques you will use in your speech. You can add these in after your first draft of the speech has been written. Two great speeches analyzed 1.
Literary Devices & Terms. Literary devices and terms are the techniques and elements—from figures of speech to narrative devices to poetic meters—that writers use to create narrative literature, poetry, speeches, or any other form of writing. All.
Example: One of the most famous literary examples of juxtaposition is the opening passage from Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope ...
Portmanteau. Portmanteau is the literary device of joining two words together to form a new word with a hybrid meaning. Example: Words like "blog" (web + log), "paratrooper" (parachute + trooper), "motel" (motor + hotel), and "telethon" (telephone + marathon) are all portmanteaus in common English.
1. Metaphor. Metaphors, also known as direct comparisons, are one of the most common literary devices. A metaphor is a statement in which two objects, often unrelated, are compared to each other. Example of metaphor: This tree is the god of the forest. Obviously, the tree is not a god—it is, in fact, a tree.
100 common literary devices, with examples. 1. Alliteration. Alliteration describes a series of words in quick succession that all start with the same letter or sound. It lends a pleasing cadence to prose and Hamlet and the dollar as currency in Macbeth.
Literary devices and figures of speech are both techniques used in writing and speaking; however, they serve different purposes and are used in different ways. Literary devices are techniques or tools that a writer uses to create a specific effect or convey a certain meaning. These devices include elements of language, structure, style, and ...
The terms literary device and rhetorical device are commonly used interchangeably. However, they aren't exactly interchangeable terms. By definition, a rhetorical device is a technique used in writing or speech to convince a reader or listener of something, while a literary device is a technique used in writing or speech to express something.
Literary devices with examples and definitions to better understand how each literary device can be used to shape the reader's experience. ... As a figure of speech, oxymorons can be used in humour and to convey an aspect of a character's personality—sometimes at the same time. 24. Paradox
The Definitive Guide to Literary Devices. Welcome to the wondrous world of literary devices! Here, we will dive deep into the realm of language and explore the many weapons in a writer's arsenal. From metaphor to alliteration, personification to hyperbole, we've got it all. If you're an aspiring writer, you'll want to bookmark this page ...
Example 1. Hyperbole is a word- or sentence-level rhetorical device in which the author exaggerates a particular point for dramatic effect. For example: Berlin was flattened during the bombing. Because the city was not literally left flat, this is an exaggeration, and therefore hyperbole. But it still helps express the author's main point ...
See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. Literary devices are specific techniques that allow a writer to convey a deeper meaning that goes beyond what's on the page. Literary devices work alongside plot and characters to elevate a story and prompt reflection on life, society, and what it means to be human.
The term rhetorical device has almost exactly the same meaning, but it's a little broader: whereas literary devices occur in literature, rhetorical devices can occur in any kind of speech or writing. So all literary devices are rhetorical devices, but not all rhetorical devices are literary devices. The specific devices used are almost all ...
An expression of real or pretended doubt or uncertainty especially for rhetorical effect. to be, or not to be: that is the question. cacophony | see definition ». Harshness in the sound of words or phrases. chiasmus | see definition ». An inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases.
A figure of speech is a literary device in which language is used in an unusual—or "figured"—way in order to produce a stylistic effect. Figures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole), and figures of speech that play with the ...
literary devices refers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to convey his or her messages in a simple manner to the readers. When employed properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work. Below is a list of literary devices with detailed definition and examples.
Dictionary definition of figurative language: According to the dictionary, figurative language is simply any language that contains or uses figures of speech. This definition would mean that figurative language includes the use of both tropes and schemes. Much more common real world use of figurative language: However, when people (including ...
30 Common Literary Devices. 1. Alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds within a group of words. For example, "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.". Nonfiction Authors can use alliteration to create catchy chapter or subsection titles. For example, "4 Best Bets for Better Business.".
According to Master Class, writers use literary devices to hint at larger themes, ideas, and meaning in a story or piece of writing. Such tools create a striking effect by heightening the audience's imagination. As a transcriber, you regularly encounter these literary devices, so it's a good practice to get accustomed to them.
Explore Literary Devices: Definitions & Examples. Learn techniques writers use to convey messages, create effects, and evoke emotions in readers. ... Malapropism is a figure of speech in which a word is used incorrectly in place of a word that sounds similar but has a different meaning. It is often used for humorous effect, as the resulting ...
SuperSummary offers a library of articles on literary terms and devices, ranging from allusion to metaphor, alliteration to hyperbole, irony to symbolism. We also cover figures of speech, poetic and rhetorical devices, and literary techniques and eras. Each article provides in-depth information, including the term's definitions and uses, as well as examples from literature.
Figure of Speech Definition. Figures of speech (FIG-yurs of SPEEchuh) are words or phrases used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical effect. They are often constructed using literary devices such as metaphor, simile, alliteration, metonymy, synecdoche, and personification.Figures of speech allow writers to apply familiar ideas and imagery to less familiar concepts, and they are widespread in ...