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Physical Education and Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2021 2021.

Warming Up and Cooling Down: Perceptions and Behaviors Associated with Aerobic Exercise , Balea J. Schumacher

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

An Examination of Changes in Muscle Thickness, Isometric Strength, and Body Water Throughout the Menstrual Cycle , Tayla E. Kuehne

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Psychological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise: A Comparison of Ungraded Running and Graded Walking , Abby Fleming

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Effects of Music Choice on Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Treadmill Exercise , Taylor A. Shimshock

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Effect of Exercise Order on Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training , Tonya Lee Davis-Miller

Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes , Laurie Schrider

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

The Effect of Music Cadence on Step Frequency in the Recreational Runner , Micaela A. Galosky

The Hypertrophic Effects of Practical Vascular Blood Flow Restriction Training , John Francis O'halloran

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Effects of Exercise Modality on State Body Image , Elizabeth Anne Hubbard

Perceptual Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Overweight and Sedentary Individuals , Nicholas Martinez

Comparisons of acute neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after maximal effort strength training using powerlifts , Nicholas Todd Theilen

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

The Impact of Continuous and Discontinuous Cycle Exercise on Affect: An Examination of the Dual-Mode Model , Sam Greeley

Systematic review of core muscle electromyographic activity during physical fitness exercises , Jason Martuscello

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The Effect of Unexpected Exercise Duration on Rating of Perceived Exertion in an Untrained, Sedentary Population , Lisa M. Giblin

The Effect of Various Carbohydrate Supplements on Postprandial Blood Glucose Response in Female Soccer Players , Nina Pannoni

Middle School Physical Education Programs: A Comparison of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Sports Game Play , Marcia Ann Patience

The Effects of Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Resistance Training Performance During an Acute Resistance Training Session , Kelly Raposo

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Effects of Fat-Free and 2% Chocolate Milk on Strength and Body Composition Following Resistance Training , Ashley T. Forsyth

Relationship Between Muscular Strength Testing to Dynamic Muscular Performance in Division One American Football Players , Johnathan Fuentes

Effects of Ingesting Fat Free and Low Fat Chocolate Milk After Resistance Training on Exercise Performance , Breanna Myers

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Effects of a Commercially Available Energy Drink on Anaerobic Performance , Jason J. Downing

The Impact of Wearable Weights on the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Treadmill Walking , Kristine M. Fallon

Six Fifth Grade Students Experiences Participating in Active Gaming during Physical Eduction Classes , Lisa Witherspoon Hansen

The impact of wearable weights on perceptual responses to treadmill walking , Ashley T. Kuczynski

The Preference of Protein Powders Among Adult Males and Females: A Protein Powder Taste Study , Joshua Manter

Caloric Expenditure and Substrate Utilization in Underwater Treadmill Running Versus Land-Based Treadmill Running , Courtney Schaal

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

A Survey of NCAA Division 1 Strength and Conditioning Coaches- Characteristics and Opinions , Jeremy Powers

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Perceptions of group exercise participants based on body type, appearance and attractiveness of the instructor , Jennifer Mears

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Be active! An examination of social support's role in individual vs. team competition in worksite health promotion , Lauren Kriz

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Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Published by Grace Graffin at January 5th, 2023 , Revised On July 9, 2024

Due to the growing importance of physical education, a majority of educational institutions have introduced it as a subject that students can choose as their major for their graduation. However, what comes with it is submitting a dissertation to complete your degree.

As a student of physical education, you might be in limbo as to which topic you should choose for your dissertation that is unique and relevant. After all, your future is dependent on it. Choosing the right dissertation topic is the first step toward writing a powerful dissertation that is accepted by your professors.

When choosing a physical education dissertation topic, you need to keep in mind that the topic is current, unique and adds value to what you have learned. To help you with the process of choosing the right topic, this blog contains a list of physical education dissertation topics.

You may also want to start your dissertation by requesting a brief research proposal from our writers on any of these topics, which includes an introduction to the problem, research question, aim and objectives, literature review, and the proposed methodology of research to be conducted. Let us know if you need any help in getting started.

Check our example dissertation to get an idea of how to structure your dissertation .

You can review step by step guide on how to write your dissertation here .

Also read: Education dissertation topics , healthcare dissertation topics , and nursing dissertation topics .

Latest Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: investigating the impacts of improving physical education in schools on the development of children’s confidence, endurance and quick integration capability..

Research Aim: The present study aims to investigate the impacts of improving physical education in schools for developing children’s confidence, endurance, and quick integration capability.

Objectives:

To analyse the importance of physical education in schools for proper growth of children.
To examine how advanced physical education in schools helps children to develop their confidence, endurance, and quick integration capacity.
To recommend what can be involved in physical education for improvement that may help develop confidence, endurance, and quick integration capacity of children.

Topic 2: Analysing different types of fine motor activities to help myriad health issues – a study on autistic children in the UK.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explain different types of fine motor activities that help address various health issues, as this study will specifically focus on autistic children in the UK.

To share comprehensive knowledge about different types of fine motor activities.
To explain the benefits of practising fine motor activities in addressing different health issues referring to the problem of autism in children in the UK.
To provide a set of recommendations for the advancement of fine motor activities to address the health problem of autistic children in the UK.

Topic 3: Examining the significance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explicate the significance of integrating physical education into the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

To explain the benefits of physical education in school for the growth of students.
To comprehend the importance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.
To share ideas about how physical education can be integrated and practised in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Topic 4: A study on the use of health rate monitors and health tracking to support the practices of advanced physical education.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explicate the usefulness of heath rate monitors and health tracking that support the practices of advanced physical education.

To describe the usefulness of health rate monitors and health tracking equipment.
To interpret the role of health monitors and health tracking to support improved practices in physical education.
To recommend strategies for how health rate monitors and health tracking can be used to get the best possible results in physical education.

Topic 5: Exploring the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK – a study on people’s changing behaviour during lockdown.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explore the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK and will focus on people’s changing behaviour during the lockdown.

To explain the effectiveness of computer-based fitness programs and their health benefits.
To examine how computer-based fitness programs are becoming an increasing trend and popular during the lockdown.
To suggest strategies for advanced computer-based fitness programs that can help address the changing behaviour of people during the lockdown.

Topic 2: Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Mental Health

Research Aim: This research will aim to explore the impact of physical education on mental health. There is a lot of evidence that physical education has a positive impact on the mental health of individuals, and this research will aim to assess the impact of the same. Existing research will be analysed in order to do an in-depth study into the impact of physical education on mental health.

Topic 3: Analysing Student Behavior and Engagement in Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: Physical Education classes have been a part of the academic system for years now; however, the understanding and concept of this education are changing. More and more institutions are now emphasising these classes and promoting physical education among students. This research will explore student behaviour and engagement in physical education classes and will suggest effective ways to enhance and increase engagement.

Topic 4: Planning Physical Education Programs to Produce Effective Results

Research Aim: The main aim of this research will be to understand how physical education programs should be planned in order to produce results that are effective for students. The study will assess currently planned programs in order to evaluate how these should be changed for the better and how they can help produce effective results.

Topic 5: Role of Teachers in Enhancing Students’ Engagement in Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim : Teachers always play an important role in academics. This research will explore how important teachers are in physical education in enhancing students’ engagement towards exercise. Given the benefits of physical education, it is essential for teachers to make sure that the right strategies are devised to drive students’ engagement, and the same will be assessed and analysed in this research. The study will also provide effective strategies that teachers should implement in order to produce effective results from student engagement.

Topic 6: Should Physical Education Lessons Differ for Males and Females?

Research Aim: A lot is argued about the physical education curriculum and that lessons should differ for males and females. This research will deep dive into the different lessons that are offered, and based on the analysis, the research will conclude if lessons should differ for males and females. The study will be based on secondary data.

Topic 7: Do Physical Education Classes Promote the Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle?

Research Aim: It is believed that physical education classes promote a healthy lifestyle; however, there is no authentic evidence. This research will aim to prove whether physical education promotes a healthy lifestyle or not. In either case, the research will analyse the impact of physical education on individuals’ lifestyles and how it helps them improve their way of living.

Topic 8: Physical Education and Technology – How Well do the Two Integrate?

Research Aim: Just like other forms of education, physical education and technology integrate well together. With the help of technology, physical education is offered using various aids, for example, visual aids, online classes, examples videos available online and much more. This research will assess how well physical education is offered with the help of technology and how it helps individuals gain access to effective lessons.

Topic 9: Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: Online physical education classes have emerged popular in the past year. With the pandemic’s major reason, virtual classes have opened a new avenue for physical education classes. This research will aim to assess how effective virtual physical education classes have been and how they have helped in enhancing students’ engagement and interest in these classes.

Topic 10: Accountability in Physical Education Lessons – How do Students Respond?

Research Aim: Just like all other classes hold students responsible and accountable for their learning, physical education should also follow the same pattern. While a lot of people argue against this, this research will weigh both sides. It will discuss and assess the pros and cons of holding students accountable for their physical education and will also talk about how students respond to accountability in these classes.

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Topic 11: Devising Strategies for Different Levels of Physical Education

Research Aim: This research will discuss the various strategies that are needed for devising physical education lessons for different classes. The study will talk about how different grades require a different level of physical education and will then present useful strategies that teachers can devise according to the grade and students’ age.

Topic 12: Should Universities Include Physical Education Lessons in their Curriculum?

Research Aim: Usually, physical education is not a part of universities’ curriculum. It is found in schools’ curricula or colleges, at best. This research will argue whether physical education should be introduced in all universities or not. It will present arguments for both sides, and based on the debate, the study will conclude as to whether introducing physical education in all universities’ curriculum is feasible or not.

Topic 13: Assessing Different Physical Education Teaching Styles and their Impact on Students

Research Aim: Just like the regular subject teachers, physical education teachers also have their own style, and each teacher is different from the other. This research will talk about the set of characteristics and traits that a physical education teacher should possess in order to produce results. The study will also assess the impact of different teaching styles on students to give an in-depth idea as to which style is effective and should be adopted.

Topic 14: Exploring the Challenges in Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim: Physical education comes with its own set of challenges. Not all students are interested in taking these classes; some of them are irregular, some do not respond well, and others do not take instructions seriously. On the flip side, there are challenges related to the instructors as well. This research will discuss challenges on both sides of the coin and will suggest how these challenges can be handled effectively.

Topic 15: Understanding the association between Counseling and Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim: Physical education is often linked to mental health. A lot of people argue that physical education is essential for people seeking help for their mental health. Thus, this research will go a step ahead and will aim to understand the relationship between counselling and physical education. It will aim to conduct interviews with people who are attending counselling sessions as well as physical education lessons to improve their mental health.

Topic 16: Diet, Physical Education, and Health – How are the three interlinked?

Research Aim: A common misconception is that physical education is all about exercise and sports. This research will aim to bust this myth and show how diet and overall health (mental and physical) are linked to physical education. The study will discuss how the three go hand-in-hand and how one leads to another.

Topic 17: Does Physical Education Enhance Students’ Academic Career?

Research Aim: While physical education does improve an individual’s well-being, does it enhance a student’s academic career as well? This research will aim to understand the same. This thesis will explore how physical education can or cannot help a student achieve his/her academic goals.

Topic 18: Impact of Physical Education on Personality Development – An Analysis

Research Aim: Physical education builds character and develops an individual’s personality, as well. This research will analyse the same and understand how physical education helps in personality development and why educational institutions emphasise and include physical education in their curriculum. The study will assess students who are a part of physical education lessons versus students who are only involved in academics and will then compare the results.

Topic 19: Studying the Impact of Introducing Physical Education in Students’ Early Years

Research Aim: Physical education should be introduced early in a student’s academic life. This is argued by a lot of physical education proponents. This research will study this claim and find out how effective it is for students to be introduced to physical education early in their academic life.

Topic 20: Comparing the Benefits and Challenges of Physical Education

Research Aim: Not many people favour physical education as a subject in schools and colleges. This research will aim to compare the benefits and challenges of physical education lessons by discussing the pros and cons. It will then conclude whether physical education is beneficial for students or not.

Topic 21: The Role of Gender in Employing Physical Education

Research Aim: This research investigates the influence of gender on employment patterns, opportunities, and challenges within the field of physical education. The study focuses on understanding disparities and potential strategies for achieving greater gender equity in employment.

Topic 22: The Impact of Physical Education in Reducing Obesity in Students

Research Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of physical education programs in reducing obesity among students. The research also explores the various components of these programs, such as curriculum design, duration, intensity, and extracurricular support. It aims to identify the key factors that contribute to successful obesity reduction outcomes and to provide evidence-based recommendations for optimising physical education interventions to combat obesity effectively in school-aged children.

Topic 23: Exploring the Impact of Visual Aids in PE Teaching

Research Aim: This study investigates the impact of incorporating visual aids in physical education (PE) teaching practices. It seeks to explore how visual aids, like videos influence student engagement and the overall effectiveness of PE instruction. Additionally, the research aims to identify best practices for integrating visual aids into PE curriculum and pedagogy. It offers insights to enhance teaching methods and improve the learning experience for students in physical education settings.

Topic 24: Investigating the Impact of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: This research investigates the impact of virtual physical education (PE) classes on student engagement and physical activity levels. It seeks to explore how virtual PE instruction affects achieving learning outcomes comparable to traditional in-person classes. The study further examines virtual PE’s potential benefits and challenges, including accessibility, technology integration, and instructor-student interactions.

Topic 25: An Analysis of the Physical and Mental Health of Students After PE

Research Aim: This study aims to conduct an analysis of the physical and mental health outcomes of students following participation in physical education (PE) classes. It explores the immediate and long-term effects of PE on physical fitness, cardiovascular health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Additionally, it explores factors influencing these outcomes, such as the intensity and duration of PE sessions and instructor effectiveness.

Topic 26: Exploring the Need for Physical Education at the College Level to Improve the Mental Health of Students

Research Aim: This research explores the importance of physical education (PE) programs at the college level in enhancing the mental health of students. It investigates the benefits of incorporating physical activity into college curricula, including its impact on stress reduction, mood regulation, and overall psychological well-being. The research also identifies barriers and facilitators to implementing PE initiatives in higher education settings and assesses student attitudes and perceptions towards such programs.

Topic 27: Investigating How Physical Activity Can Improve the Immune System in Adults

Research Aim: This study investigates the relationship between physical activity and immune system function in adults. It explores the impact of regular exercise on various aspects of immune function, including immune cell activity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Additionally, the research examines mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of physical activity, such as changes in inflammation levels and metabolic health.

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Physical Education, Health and Recreation Masters Thesis Collection

The Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PEHR) was renamed the Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences (WAMS) in fall 2019. See Wellness and Movement Sciences Theses for materials created from fall 2019 to the present.

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Turnover of outdoor adventure education field staff , Justin M. Hall

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Relationships between throwing velocity and selected kinematics in youth baseball players , Nick Hedgecock

Comparing acute bouts of exercise on total mood disturbance and affect in females with substance use disorder , Victoria Ashley Torok

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

THE ACUTE EFFECT VIBRATING FOAM ROLLERS HAVE ON THE LOWER EXTREMITIES’ ABILITY TO PRODUCE POWER , Jared L. Klingenberg

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Comparing energy expenditures between a circuit weight training protocol and a steady state aerobic activity , Breann M. Booher

Investigating the relationship between personality traits and athletic performance among elite hockey players , Brittney H. Conway

Effects of a 10-week mental skills training intervention infused into a pre-existing English composition course , Courtney A. Flynn

Online learning and the effects on functional health: a pilot study , Jessica Mangis

Determining the relationship between waist circumference, BIA, and ultrasound , Austin Nelson

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVANT LEADER COACH BEHAVIORS AND ACHIEVEMENT GOALS IN COLLEGIATE TENNIS PLAYERS: THE MEDIATINGEFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE , Leah Broker-Newell Parton

Upper extremity strength and power field tests as predictors of pole vault performance in female collegiate athletes , Carmen Schluter

Identifying risk factors for metabolic syndrome in Division I FCS football players , Julie Woolf

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Acute effects of dynamic stretching on flexibility and agonist-antagonist muscle activity , Lance T. Beisley

Effects of a nutritional intervention on dietary intake in female collegiate athletes , Megan Chavez

Effects of upper body HIIT training on recreationally trained wheelchair athletes , Tayler Elizondo

Different warm up protocols on immediate golf drive performance in recreational golfers , Emily Travis

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Effect of Vibration Foam Rolling and Non-Vibration Foam Rolling in the Lower Extremities on Jump Height , Undray Bailey

Comparing the acute effects of elastic resistance bands on kinetics and kinematics during the bench press exercise , Blake Baxter

The Relationship between Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Knee Kinematics in a Land-and-Jump Task , Nate Brookreson

Effectiveness of Spinal Unloading Positions in Recovering From Spinal Shrinkage Incurred While Running , Jennifer Kumanchik

Comparing Calorie Expenditure and Rating of Perceived Exertion between the Curve and a Motorized Treadmill , Nicholas Robertson

COMPARISON OF SHOD VS NONSHOD ON BALANCE AND POSTURAL SWAY IN OLDER ADULTS , Annika Vyakhk

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

A study on the role of sports in international peace and development using the Delphi method , Ahmed Abdirizak

Mechanical ankle instability: relationship with active joint position sense , Kristin K. Barnett

Comparison of energy expenditure in Your Shape [trademark] Fitness Evolved 2012 calorie counter and indirect calorimetry , Robert D. Cimball

Determining the relationship between C-reactive protein, visceral fat, and the metabolic syndrome risk factors , Evan Hilberg

Credibility of female sportscasters: college students' perceptions of women in the field , Leslie L. Jones

The Trail Map©: a goal organizational tool for first generation college students , Caitlyn A. Jordan

Examining administrative attitudes regarding the determinants for the expansion and eliminations of intercollegiate athletic programs , Matthew A. Martin

Recreation specialization and the effects on leave no trace attitudes among the climbers of Mount St. Helens , Luke W. Parsons

Extracurricular adventure programming in higher education: student motivations at a university climbing wall , Lance A. Plank

Comparing aerobic adaptations with a running based high intensity interval training (HIIT) and a continuous endurance training (CET) protocol in relatively healthy adults , Efrain James Sanchez

Assessing servant leadership in athletic training clinical education , Cheree N. Sauer

The association between the Framingham CVD risk profile, SCAT, VAT, and physical activity in older adults , Kristine B. Siler

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

An investigation of the relationship between symmetry index in isometric strength and vertical ground reaction forces in drop-landings , Lemuel A. Brown

Effect of game activities on manual dexterity in older adults , Jael J. Hagerott

Mental toughness, servant leadership, and the collegiate distance runner , Christopher S. Hammer

Comparison of RPE between ATM and SWW at 50%, 60%, and 70% HRR , Natalie J. Hughs

Recreational specialization: motives and constraints to engage in fishing in Spokane County , Roy W. Scott

Effects of acute fatigue on bilateral symmetry of muscle activation onset during a landing task , Jessica Stimmel

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Graduation rates of academic non-qualifier, junior college transfers within NCAA division I men's basketball , Michael W. Score

Theses/Dissertations from 1997 1997

An historical review of the experiences of Eastern Washington University African-American male athletes from the 1960's to the 1970's , T. J. Ewing

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Physical education (PE) is an educational discipline that focuses on physical activities, mental growth and the overall well-being of the students. Western schools offer physical education from an early age to make students' minds and bodies fit. Students may need understandable and informative physical education dissertation topics for their assignments.

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Physical Education and Sport / HPAS: Dissertation Examples, Past Exam Papers, Inter-Library Loans

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Physical Education Research Paper Topics

In this guide on physical education research paper topics , we explore a wide range of subjects that delve into the field of physical education. Whether you’re a student studying education or a researcher in the field, this comprehensive list of topics is designed to inspire and guide you in your research endeavors. From examining the impact of physical activity on academic performance to analyzing the effectiveness of different teaching methods in physical education, these research paper topics offer a diverse range of areas to explore.

100 Physical Education Research Paper Topics

Exploring the diverse facets of physical education through research papers offers a unique opportunity to delve deeper into the field and contribute to the growing body of knowledge. To assist you in this endeavor, we have compiled a comprehensive list of physical education research paper topics. These topics span various areas of interest, from the impact of physical education on mental health to the integration of technology in physical education curricula. Each category contains 10 stimulating and thought-provoking physical education research paper topics, providing you with a wide range of options to explore and develop your research.

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Physical Education Curriculum and Instruction

The integration of technology in physical education curricula.
The impact of standardized testing on physical education programs.
Strategies for promoting inclusivity and diversity in physical education classes.
The role of assessment and feedback in enhancing student learning in physical education.
The effectiveness of different teaching methods in physical education.
Examining the relationship between physical education and academic performance.
Addressing gender disparities in physical education participation and achievement.
Incorporating cultural competency in physical education curricula.
The influence of teacher-student relationships on student engagement in physical education.
Exploring the role of outdoor education in physical education programs.

Physical Activity and Health

Investigating the effects of physical activity on mental health and well-being.
The relationship between physical activity and obesity rates among children and adolescents.
Analyzing the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular health.
Exploring the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Investigating the psychological benefits of regular physical activity.
The impact of physical activity interventions on sedentary behavior.
Examining the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function.
Analyzing the influence of physical activity on sleep patterns.
Exploring the role of physical activity in promoting healthy aging.
Investigating the socio-economic factors influencing physical activity participation.

Sports Psychology and Performance

Understanding the psychological factors influencing sports performance.
Examining the role of motivation in sports participation and performance.
Analyzing the impact of imagery and visualization techniques on athletic performance.
Investigating the effects of stress and anxiety on sports performance.
Exploring the psychological benefits of team sports participation.
The influence of leadership styles on team cohesion and performance.
Analyzing the role of self-confidence in sports performance.
Understanding the psychological challenges faced by athletes with disabilities.
Investigating the relationship between personality traits and sports performance.
Exploring the effects of psychological interventions on sports performance enhancement.

Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

Investigating the physiological adaptations to different types of exercise.
Analyzing the biomechanics of specific movements in sports and exercise.
Exploring the effects of different training modalities on muscle strength and endurance.
The role of nutrition in exercise performance and recovery.
Investigating the effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular fitness.
Analyzing the biomechanical factors influencing running gait and performance.
Exploring the physiological responses to altitude training.
Investigating the effects of aging on exercise capacity and performance.
Analyzing the impact of environmental factors on exercise performance.
Understanding the role of genetics in exercise physiology and performance.

Adapted Physical Education

Examining the benefits and challenges of inclusive physical education programs.
The role of assistive technology in facilitating physical education for individuals with disabilities.
Investigating the effectiveness of adapted physical education interventions.
Exploring strategies for promoting social inclusion in adapted physical education.
Analyzing the impact of inclusive physical education on self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Understanding the experiences and perceptions of individuals with disabilities in physical education.
Investigating the role of community partnerships in supporting adapted physical education.
Examining the professional development needs of physical education teachers in inclusive settings.
Analyzing the influence of policy and legislation on the provision of adapted physical education.
Exploring the role of peer support in enhancing the participation of individuals with disabilities in physical education.

Physical Education Pedagogy and Teacher Training

Investigating the impact of professional development programs on physical education teacher effectiveness.
Exploring the use of technology in enhancing physical education pedagogy.
Analyzing the role of reflection and self-assessment in physical education teacher development.
Investigating the factors influencing physical education teacher job satisfaction.
Understanding the challenges faced by physical education teachers in multicultural classrooms.
Examining the relationship between teacher-student interaction and student engagement in physical education.
Exploring effective strategies for managing behavior in physical education classes.
Analyzing the impact of mentoring and coaching on physical education teacher development.
Investigating the influence of school climate on physical education teacher motivation and performance.
Exploring the integration of social-emotional learning in physical education curricula.

Physical Education Policy and Advocacy

Analyzing the impact of policy on the provision of physical education in schools.
Investigating the role of advocacy organizations in promoting quality physical education programs.
Understanding the factors influencing physical education policy adoption and implementation.
Examining the relationship between physical education policies and student health outcomes.
Analyzing the impact of budgetary constraints on the quality of physical education programs.
Investigating the role of community partnerships in supporting physical education initiatives.
Exploring strategies for promoting physical education policy reform.
Understanding the influence of parental involvement on physical education policy and practice.
Analyzing the effects of policy changes on physical education teacher preparation programs.
Investigating the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards physical education policies.

Assessment and Evaluation in Physical Education

Analyzing the effectiveness of different assessment methods in physical education.
Investigating the use of technology in assessing physical education outcomes.
Exploring the role of self-assessment and peer assessment in physical education.
Understanding the challenges and opportunities of authentic assessment in physical education.
Analyzing the impact of assessment practices on student motivation and engagement in physical education.
Investigating the alignment between physical education curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
Exploring the role of formative assessment in enhancing student learning in physical education.
Understanding the influence of standardized testing on physical education assessment practices.
Investigating the relationship between assessment practices and equity in physical education.
Analyzing the use of data-driven decision-making in improving physical education programs.

Physical Education and Technology

Investigating the use of wearable devices in monitoring physical activity and fitness levels.
Exploring the impact of virtual reality and augmented reality in physical education.
Analyzing the role of mobile applications in promoting physical activity and health.
Understanding the benefits and challenges of online physical education courses.
Investigating the use of gamification in enhancing student engagement in physical education.
Exploring the influence of exergaming on physical activity participation.
Analyzing the effectiveness of technology-mediated feedback in physical education.
Investigating the role of social media in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles.
Understanding the integration of technology in physical education teacher preparation programs.
Exploring the ethical considerations of using technology in physical education.

Physical Education and Social Justice

Analyzing the relationship between physical education and social inequality.
Investigating the experiences and perceptions of marginalized groups in physical education.
Exploring strategies for promoting social justice in physical education curricula.
Understanding the role of physical education in fostering cultural competence and inclusion.
Investigating the impact of gender norms on physical education experiences.
Analyzing the influence of socioeconomic status on access to quality physical education.
Exploring the intersectionality of race, gender, and physical education experiences.
Investigating the role of physical education in promoting social-emotional well-being and resilience.
Analyzing the impact of inclusive policies and practices on social justice in physical education.
Understanding the challenges and opportunities of integrating social justice in physical education pedagogy.

The comprehensive list of physical education research paper topics presented here is just the beginning of your research journey. Delve into the categories, choose a topic that resonates with your interests, and embark on a fascinating exploration of the subject matter. Remember to consider the relevance, significance, and feasibility of your chosen topic, and conduct thorough research to develop a well-informed and insightful research paper. Whether you seek to uncover the benefits of physical activity or analyze the effectiveness of different teaching methods, these topics will inspire you to expand your understanding of physical education and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

Physical Education Research Guide

Welcome to the world of physical education research! This page serves as a valuable resource for students and researchers in the field of education who are eager to explore the realm of physical education through the lens of research papers. Physical education plays a vital role in promoting health, wellness, and overall development among individuals of all ages. It encompasses a wide range of physical education research paper topics, from the impact of physical activity on academic performance to the effectiveness of various teaching approaches in physical education.

The primary objective of this page is to provide you with a comprehensive overview of physical education research paper topics. By delving into these topics, you will gain a deeper understanding of the key issues, theories, and practices within the field. The list of topics is categorized into 10 distinct categories, each offering 10 diverse and thought-provoking research paper ideas. Whether you’re interested in exploring the role of technology in physical education or investigating the social and cultural aspects of sports, you’ll find a wealth of ideas to spark your curiosity and fuel your research journey.

In addition to the extensive list of research paper topics, this page also offers expert advice on how to choose the most appropriate topic for your research project. Selecting a compelling and relevant research topic is essential to ensure the success of your study. Our expert guidance will provide you with valuable insights and practical tips to help you navigate through the multitude of options and select a topic that aligns with your interests, research goals, and academic requirements.

Furthermore, we understand that crafting a research paper can be a challenging task. To support your academic journey, we offer custom writing services that allow you to order a personalized research paper on any physical education topic of your choice. Our team of expert degree-holding writers possesses the knowledge and expertise to deliver high-quality, well-researched papers that meet your specific needs. With our commitment to in-depth research, customized solutions, and adherence to formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard, we strive to provide you with a seamless and professional writing experience.

So, whether you’re a student embarking on a research project or a researcher seeking new avenues of exploration, this page is designed to inspire, inform, and empower you in your quest for knowledge in the field of physical education. Let us embark on this exciting journey together as we delve into the fascinating world of physical education research paper topics.

Choosing a Physical Education Topic

When it comes to choosing a research paper topic in the field of physical education, it is crucial to select a subject that aligns with your interests, addresses a relevant issue, and allows for meaningful exploration. To help you make an informed decision, here are ten expert tips on selecting the right physical education research paper topic:

Identify your passion : Consider the aspects of physical education that you find most fascinating and meaningful. Are you interested in exploring the impact of technology on physical education, the role of physical education in promoting mental health, or the relationship between physical activity and academic performance? By selecting a topic that aligns with your passion, you will be more motivated to dive deep into the research and produce an exceptional paper.
Stay updated with current literature : Regularly review the latest research articles, books, and journals in the field of physical education. This will help you identify emerging trends, controversial topics, and gaps in existing knowledge, enabling you to choose a research topic that is current and relevant.
Consider the target population : Physical education encompasses various age groups and populations, including children, adolescents, adults, and individuals with special needs. Reflect on which population interests you the most and tailor your research topic accordingly. For example, you may explore the effectiveness of physical education programs for children with disabilities or the impact of physical activity interventions on older adults’ well-being.
Delve into emerging areas : Explore emerging areas within physical education that are gaining attention, such as inclusive education, adaptive physical education, or the integration of technology in teaching and learning. By choosing a topic in these emerging areas, you can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
Address local or global issues : Consider researching topics that address local or global issues in physical education. For instance, you may examine the impact of socio-cultural factors on physical education participation rates in a specific community or analyze the effects of globalization on physical education curriculum development.
Consult with experts : Seek guidance from professors, academic advisors, or professionals in the field of physical education. They can provide valuable insights, suggest potential research topics, and help you narrow down your focus based on their expertise and experience.
Conduct a literature review : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify existing studies, theories, and gaps in knowledge. This will help you refine your research question and ensure that your topic contributes to the existing body of literature.
Consider research feasibility : Assess the availability of data sources, research methods, and potential challenges associated with your chosen topic. Ensure that you have access to relevant data, research participants (if applicable), and the necessary resources to carry out your study successfully.
Balance novelty and significance : Strive to find a balance between selecting a novel and unique topic while ensuring its significance within the field of physical education. Aim to choose a topic that adds value to the existing knowledge and has the potential to influence practice or policy in a meaningful way.
Reflect on personal and professional goals : Consider how your chosen research topic aligns with your personal and professional goals. Will it contribute to your academic and career development? Does it align with your long-term aspirations within the field of physical education? Selecting a topic that resonates with your goals will enhance your motivation and dedication throughout the research process.

Remember, the process of choosing a research paper topic in physical education is iterative. Be open to exploring different ideas, seeking feedback from experts, and refining your topic based on the available resources and research feasibility. By selecting a topic that aligns with your passion, addresses a relevant issue, and has the potential for significant impact, you will be well-equipped to embark on a successful research journey in the field of physical education.

How to Write a Physical Education Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of physical education requires careful planning, thorough research, and effective organization of ideas. Here are some essential steps to guide you through the process of writing a compelling and well-structured physical education research paper:

Understand the assignment : Familiarize yourself with the requirements and guidelines provided by your instructor or educational institution. Pay attention to the research question, formatting style, word count, and any specific instructions or expectations.
Conduct thorough research : Begin by conducting extensive research on your chosen topic. Utilize various sources such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, and databases to gather relevant and reliable information. Take detailed notes and ensure that you cite your sources accurately.
Develop a strong thesis statement : Formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that captures the main objective or argument of your research paper. The thesis statement should guide your research and provide a roadmap for the rest of your paper.
Outline your paper : Create a well-organized outline to structure your research paper. Divide it into sections such as introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, analysis, and conclusion. Outline the main points and supporting evidence you will include in each section.
Write a compelling introduction : Begin your paper with an engaging introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and provides background information on the topic. Clearly state the purpose of your research, introduce the key concepts, and present your thesis statement.
Conduct a comprehensive literature review : Dedicate a section of your paper to reviewing relevant literature on the topic. Summarize and analyze existing studies, theories, and perspectives related to your research question. Identify gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
Describe your research methodology : Explain the research design, methods, and procedures you used to collect and analyze data. Provide a clear description of the participants, materials, and instruments used. Justify the appropriateness of your chosen methods for addressing your research question.
Present your findings : Share the results of your research in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, graphs, or charts to present quantitative data and provide detailed descriptions for qualitative data. Analyze and interpret the findings in relation to your research question.
Discuss the implications and significance : Analyze the implications of your findings and their significance in the field of physical education. Discuss how your research contributes to the existing knowledge, addresses the research question, and impacts practice or policy.
Conclude your paper effectively : Summarize the main points of your research paper in the conclusion section. Restate your thesis statement and highlight the key findings and implications. Discuss the limitations of your study and suggest areas for further research.
Revise and edit : Review your research paper thoroughly for clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Check for grammatical and spelling errors, and ensure proper citation of sources using the required formatting style.
Seek feedback : Before submitting your final paper, seek feedback from peers, professors, or mentors. Incorporate their suggestions and revisions to improve the overall quality of your research paper.

By following these steps and dedicating sufficient time to each stage of the writing process, you can produce a well-researched and well-structured physical education research paper that effectively contributes to the field.

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Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Info: 2973 words (12 pages) Dissertation Topic Published: 16th Aug 2021 in Dissertation Topic

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Tagged: Physical Education

We have provided a selection of example physical education dissertation topics below to help and inspire you.

History of Sport

If you are interested in how physical education has changed over the years, these examples will give you some ideas and would be an interesting route to take:

Example history of sport dissertation topic 1:

A review of the facilities offered in the gymnasiums of England’s public schools 1970-2012

Noting the comments of an Old Etonian in the Sunday Telegraph of 10th February 2013, this dissertation charts the development of gymnasiums in the leading public boys’ schools of England from the 1970s to the present day. Charting the decline of unheated rooms possessing little more than a couple of ropes and a horse, in preference to the development of state of the art multi-gyms and sports halls, this dissertation interviews past masters and pupils of Charterhouse, Harrow and Bedales. Through so doing it seeks not only to comment on the changing nature and expectations regarding facilities but also to show a link between the improvement of facilities and boys’ readiness to engage in PE.

Sports for development and peace

You may think that sports development is the best option as it promotes social inclusion and a healthy balanced lifestyle. Have a look at the below options for further details:

Example sports for development and peace dissertation topic 1:

An evaluation of the staffing profiles of male gym teachers within both the maintained and independent sectors: Is greater professionalism emerging?

This dissertation seeks to debunk myth from fact with regards to the anecdotal evidence that has plagued male gym masters for generations. Focusing on those presently undertaking the Post Graduate Certificate in Education and those within their first five years of teaching, this dissertation seeks to banish the suggestion that ‘if you can’t teach, you teach PE’ and that the only academic subject that PE staff are capable of teaching is Geography. Rather, this dissertation hopes to show through both qualitative and quantitative primary research and analysis that today’s guardians of the physical health of school-aged boys are professionals pursuing a career in a discipline as rigorous as that of traditional subjects such as Maths and History. This is a dissertation that could also benefit from the conducting of focus group interviews with existing parents of pupils as to their experiences of PE whilst at school as well as their perceptions of how the lessons (and staff) have changed with regard to the experiences of their offspring.

Capel, S. and Katene, W. (2000). Secondary PGCE PE students: Perceptions of their subject knowledge. European Physical Education Review, 6(1), pp. 46-70.
Capel, S. and Whitehead, M. (2010). Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school: A companion to school experience. London: Routledge.
Penney, D. and Chandler, T. (2000). Physical education: what future(s)?. Sport, Education and Society, 5(1), pp. 71-87.

Teaching and Learning

This is a very relevant topic as some children really struggle with sports participation from a young age and this may affect their mental health. Take a look at some suitable suggestions listed below:

Example teaching and learning dissertation topic 1:

PE for an hour a day: A suggested legacy policy from London 2012

Commenting on the success of the London 2012 Olympics both the London Mayor Boris Johnson, and the Prime Minister David Cameron, recalled aspects of their own sporting experiences at Eton. Thereafter, the Mayor of London backed campaigns that sought to ensure that there was at least one hour of PE per day provided within the nation’s schools. Such campaigns, along with those spearheaded by Duke William of Cambridge and Prince Harry of Wales to save school playing fields, have once more brought the question of sport and fitness within the nation’s schools centre-stage. Arguing that physical fitness is a necessary pre-requisite to mental well-being, this dissertation posits, through using interviews with leading commentators and existing secondary literature, that PE should be seen as being as important as the core curriculum subjects of Maths and English. Accordingly, in order to keep children healthy and prepare them for adulthood, a minimum of one-hour of PE should be timetabled into each school day.

Griggs, G. and Ward, G. (2012). Physical education in the UK: disconnections and reconnections. Curriculum Journal, 23(2), pp. 207-229.
Mallam, K. M., Metcalf, B. S., Kirkby, J., Voss, L. D. and Wilkin, T. J. (2003). Contribution of timetabled physical education to total physical activity in primary school children: cross sectional study. BMJ, 327(7415), pp. 592-593.
Ovens, A., Hopper, T. and Butler, J. (eds). (2012). Complexity thinking in physical education: Reframing curriculum, pedagogy and research. London: Routledge.

Example teaching and learning dissertation topic 2:

An assessment of the difficulties encompassed in completing risk assessment forms for sports teams at university level

As the needs of teams involved in BUCS tournaments continues to grow, this dissertation looks at the implications that the burgeoning of competitive sports at university level has had on the compiling of risk assessment forms and codes of compliance. In seeking to evaluate present perceptions as to both the importance of such forms being completed and the way in which risk assessment is viewed by the students themselves, this qualitative study hopes, through the responses it receives to be able to make recommendations for the creation of agreed risk assessment protocols to cover all core sports within universities. This process, it argues, would save valuable time and money and enable more sport to be enjoyed.

Baker, T. and Simon, J. (eds.). (2002). Embracing risk: The changing culture of insurance and responsibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fuller, C. and Drawer, S. (2004). The application of risk management in sport. Sports Medicine, 34(6), pp. 349-356.
Osborne, B. (2001). Principles of liability for athletic trainers: Managing sport-related concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), pp. 316-321.

Example teaching and learning dissertation topic 3:

From ‘PE’ to ‘Dance’ – an assessment of their relative strengths and a call for a return to traditional exercise within schools

Focusing upon the work of those presently ‘on practice’ as part of their PGCE in schools within Birmingham, this dissertation firstly notes how, within the arena of girls’ PE, traditional exercises have given way to the use of dance as a form of timetabled physical education. In the second part of the dissertation qualitative study is carried out on the perceptions of using dance over trampolining and gymnastics. This will involve both the views of staff and pupils in Key Stage Three. In the third part of the dissertation, an experiment is undertaken with two classes of Year 9 girls in which one set continue with dance for a month, whilst the others are introduced to the joys of netball, tennis and rounders. One month on, all pupils will be interviewed as to their enjoyment of the PE they have participated in over the month long study – it is hoped that the results will show that traditional sport can provide just as much enjoyment within the PE classroom than modern day trends such as dance and yoga.

Connolly, M. K., Quin, E. and Redding, E. (2011). Dance 4 your life: Exploring the health and well-being implications of a contemporary dance intervention for female adolescents. Research in Dance Education, 12(1), pp. 53-66.
Mersh, R. and Fairclough, S. J. (2010). Physical activity, lesson context and teacher behaviours within the revised English National Curriculum for Physical Education: A case study of one school. European Physical Education Review, 16(1), pp. 29-45.
O’Neill, J. R., Pate, R. R. and Hooker, S. P. (2011). The contribution of dance to daily physical activity among adolescent girls. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), pp. 87-92.

Excercise Referral and Rehabilitation

Have you had a career threatening sport injury and wanted to focus on solutions to this via a dissertation? The below topics may be of use to you:

Example referral and rehabilitation dissertation topic 1:

An assessment of the sporting facilities available for prisoners and proposals as to how make inmates ‘fit for release’

This dissertation contains two distinct aspects. The first is a critique and evaluation of existing gym facilities available to prisoners at HMP Wormwood Scrubs. This part of the dissertation will consist of an audit of facilities as well as the evaluating of data received from prisoners upon two wings who have volunteered to give their opinions of the facilities presently open to them. The second part of the dissertation relates to the concern that many inmates are, whilst inside, either denied access to keep fit facilities ort choose to vegetate rather than keeping their minds and bodies active. Noting that educational sessions are mandatory for inmates, this dissertation proposes that, based on the opinions of staff, inmates, and professional health workers, physical exercise should become a mandatory element of daily prison life. In so doing, it seeks to assess the potential health and safety and security risks of implementing a daily ‘yard workout’ in lower category prisons throughout England and Wales.

Bayliss, P. (2003). Learning behind bars: time to liberate prison education. Studies in the Education of Adults, 35(2), pp. 157-172.
Caraher, M., Dixon, P., Carr-Hill, R., Hayton, P., McGough, H. and Bird, L. (2002). Are health-promoting prisons an impossibility? Lessons from England and Wales. Health Education, 102(5), pp. 219-229.
Meek, R. and Lewis, G. (2012). The role of sport in promoting prisoner health. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 8(3/4), pp. 117-130.

Physical Education and Wellbeing

Want to promote a healthy balanced lifestyle to your class of students? This is a very important area of development for young people and they will carry this throughout their adult life. Take a look at some suggestions listed below:

Example physical education and wellbeing dissertation topic 1:

Counting the costs of austerity: the longer term societal consequences of the closing of council leisure facilities and its effects upon those referred to sport for therapy

Looking at physical health in its widest sense (so as to encompass aspects of healthy living and mental well-being), this dissertation first notes, with concern, the decline in council funded leisure facilities across the nation as a consequence of the present depression. Thereafter focusing upon the counties of East Anglia, this dissertation evaluates the concerns of health care professionals and professional gym staff as to the longer-term health complications that may arise as a consequence of doctors no longer being able to refer patients to sports centres for exercise classes as part of their treatment. This is a dissertation that would also benefit from the undertaking of primary research with former users of treatment referral programmes who are now having to cope without access to the sporting facilities that were deemed necessary to aid their recoveries.

Audrey, S., Wheeler, B. W., Mills, J. and Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2012). Health promotion and the social gradient: The free swimming initiative for children and young people in Bristol. Public Health, 126(11), pp. 976-981.
Charlton, T. (2010). ‘Grow and sustain’: The role of community sports provision in promoting a participation legacy for the 2012 Olympic Games. International Journal of Sport Policy, 2(3), pp. 347-366.
Liu, Y. D., Taylor, P. and Shibli, S. (2009). Sport equity: Benchmarking the performance of English public sport facilities. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), pp. 3-21.

Example physical education and wellbeing dissertation topic 2:

Splash! An unexpected viewer hit – creating a wave of excitement within pools

As a cardiovascular exercise the benefits of swimming are well known. Nevertheless, as with all forms of physical exercise, it can be difficult to get members of the public, who are presently predominantly sedentary, interested in improving their physical fitness. Though acknowledging that this is a dissertation on the margins of mainstream physical education, this study argues that any medium that actively encourages people to ‘get moving’ and educates them as to the fun and enjoyment (as well as the health benefits) that leading a more active life brings – is good news. Accordingly, this dissertation, in noting the upsurge of interest amongst members of the public to undertaking swimming and diving lessons since the screening of the TV series Splash! – seeks both to evaluate what it was about the programme that attracted viewers to it, whilst also providing quantitative data as to the actual positive impact that it has had upon the uptake of swimming and diving amongst the general public; with especial reference to those living in the north-west of England.

Boardley, I.D. (2012). Can viewing London 2012 influence sport participation? Viewpoint based on relevant theory. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics (ahead of print).
Lines, G. (2007). The impact of media sport events on the active participation of young people and some implications for PE pedagogy. Sport, Education and Society, 12(4), pp. 349-366.
Payne, W., Reynolds, M., Brown, S. and Fleming, A. (2003). Sports role models and their impact on participation in physical activity: A literature review. Melbourne, Vic.: VicHealth.

Accredited Physical Education

Do you feel that a specific sport doesn’t get the recognition it deserves? Think about writing a dissertation on this topic to make your thoughts known. Have a look at some of the ideas listed below to help you with this:

Example accredited physical education dissertation topic 1:

Boxing as part of the PE curriculum – a personal rejoinder

Fifty years ago, boxing was a mainstream component of boys’ physical education within secondary modern schools as well as the independent sector. In addition, national organisations such as the Lads’ Club (branches of which still exist) had boxing as a central element of their programmes to keep young minds and bodies fit and active. Arguing that boxing is a game of skill that requires substantial mental as well as physical agility, this dissertation evaluates attitudes amongst pupils in Salford to its reintroduction as part of mainstream PE in Key stages 3 and 4. This is a dissertation for which there exists a sizeable amount of existing secondary data and is additionally a subject area that would benefit from historic contextualisation.

Purcell, L. K. and Leblanc, C. M. (2012). Boxing participation by children and adolescents: A joint statement with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Paediatrics & Child Health, 17(1), pp. 39-42..
Shear, S. B., Korfiatis, C. and Diekema, D. S. (2011). When institutional, professional, and public health obligations conflict: the controversial case of youth boxing. In, Diekema, D.S., Mercurio, M.R. and Adam, M.B., Clinical Ethics in Pediatrics: A Case-Based Textbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211-214.
Wright, W. (2006). Keep it in the ring: Using boxing in social group work with high-risk and offender youth to reduce violence. Social Work with Groups, 29(2-3), pp. 149-174.

If these example dissertation topics have given you some inspiration and you now feel ready to choose a topic, see our guide to choosing a dissertation topic for further guidance.

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Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Physical Education (PE) can provide many areas to investigate whether this is related to teaching styles, communication methods, the application of theory or how to encourage students to remain physically active. This guide will provide you with some of the latest trends that are occurring in PE literature as well as noting some key practice related focuses. Whether you are studying as an undergraduate, PGCE or postgraduate student, here are some key research topics for you to consider:

Teaching Practice

Lesson planning.

Do male PE staff focus more on skill development to support student physical development?
How does teaching style influence engagement and achievement in students?
What challenges arise in low-level PE lessons?
How can PE teachers help to reduce obesity in teenage students?
How can PE teachers increase knowledge and understanding of the importance of leading a healthy and active lifestyle?
How do cultural differences impact active participation in PE lessons?
Is there a place for exer-gaming in the UK PE curriculum?
The impact of visual aids in communicating in PE teaching practice.
What is the role of student voice in the PE classroom?

Lesson planning is a key element of all teaching; however, PE teachers need to consider additional factors such as risk assessments, weather conditions or injuries which can influence students’ participation in their lessons. Therefore, ensuring additional elements are in lesson planning – such as the role of non-doers as officials or coaches – and ensuring to have a plan B should lesson plans not be able to be implanted. Here are some potential topics you might like to consider:

How do online resources support improvements in creative lesson planning in secondary PE lessons?
How does the use of ‘Joe Wicks’ style lessons support improvements in primary school students engagement in PE lessons?
How do trainee teachers in England use and evaluate lesson plans?
Do PE teachers see the value in reflective practice to improve future lesson planning?
How do PE teachers enhance motivations in lessons?
Do game-based activities increase engagement and enjoyment in secondary school students?
Is there still a place in the UK PE curriculum for traditional teaching methods?

Motivation is one of the most hotly debated and investigated areas in teaching, especially in PE where students engagement can differ greatly. While many studies have focused on girls’ motivation and engagement factors, there remains further motivations and the role of school provisions such as after school clubs and providing additional sources of motivation. Here are some potential topics for you to consider:

The impact of competitiveness in PE lessons on student’s motivation.
Factors influencing male KS4 motivation in core PE lessons.
Understanding the association between engagement, motivation and achievement in PE lessons.
Understanding the association between theoretical and practical engagement in PE lessons.
Key differences in male and female PE lesson motivation.
Are student motivation levels impacted by teaching style?
How does student choice impact motivation?
Does the inclusion of external teachers (local sport club coaches) support improvements to in and out-of-school sports participation?
How can PE teachers enhance students engagement in sport and exercise?

Similar to motivation, engagement is a key focus for PE teachers as without engagement, we are unable to meet the goals of the PE curriculum. By focusing on engagement, it is possible to understand how we can communicate with students and ensure that they are fully participating in lessons. Additionally, engagement can relate to the teachers’ engagement in practice and other areas. Below are some considerations for research regarding student engagement in PE lessons:

Effective differentiation in supporting student engagement in PE lessons.
The role of assessment for learning in supporting PE teachers’ engagement practice.
How can teachers adapt their practice to deliver fully inclusive lessons to enhance engagement?
Teacher and student perceptions of engagement in PE lessons.
How teacher personality and approach influence engagement in PE lessons.
PE Teachers’ engagement in theoretical-based practices to develop and deliver PE lessons.
How do PE teachers prepare for theoretical vs. practical lessons: Engagement with resources, planning time and additional factors.
How do creative lessons influence engagement in PE lessons?
Individual, Instructional and Department determinants of student engagement in PE lessons.
Students behaviours and engagement in PE lessons.
How to engage the unengaged in PE lessons?

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Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine; Kohl HW III, Cook HD, editors. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Oct 30.

Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School.

Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

4 Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance

Key messages.

Evidence suggests that increasing physical activity and physical fitness may improve academic performance and that time in the school day dedicated to recess, physical education class, and physical activity in the classroom may also facilitate academic performance.
Available evidence suggests that mathematics and reading are the academic topics that are most influenced by physical activity. These topics depend on efficient and effective executive function, which has been linked to physical activity and physical fitness.
Executive function and brain health underlie academic performance. Basic cognitive functions related to attention and memory facilitate learning, and these functions are enhanced by physical activity and higher aerobic fitness.
Single sessions of and long-term participation in physical activity improve cognitive performance and brain health. Children who participate in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity benefit the most.
Given the importance of time on task to learning, students should be provided with frequent physical activity breaks that are developmentally appropriate.
Although presently understudied, physically active lessons offered in the classroom may increase time on task and attention to task in the classroom setting.

Although academic performance stems from a complex interaction between intellect and contextual variables, health is a vital moderating factor in a child's ability to learn. The idea that healthy children learn better is empirically supported and well accepted ( Basch, 2010 ), and multiple studies have confirmed that health benefits are associated with physical activity, including cardiovascular and muscular fitness, bone health, psychosocial outcomes, and cognitive and brain health ( Strong et al., 2005 ; see Chapter 3 ). The relationship of physical activity and physical fitness to cognitive and brain health and to academic performance is the subject of this chapter.

Given that the brain is responsible for both mental processes and physical actions of the human body, brain health is important across the life span. In adults, brain health, representing absence of disease and optimal structure and function, is measured in terms of quality of life and effective functioning in activities of daily living. In children, brain health can be measured in terms of successful development of attention, on-task behavior, memory, and academic performance in an educational setting. This chapter reviews the findings of recent research regarding the contribution of engagement in physical activity and the attainment of a health-enhancing level of physical fitness to cognitive and brain health in children. Correlational research examining the relationship among academic performance, physical fitness, and physical activity also is described. Because research in older adults has served as a model for understanding the effects of physical activity and fitness on the developing brain during childhood, the adult research is briefly discussed. The short- and long-term cognitive benefits of both a single session of and regular participation in physical activity are summarized.

Before outlining the health benefits of physical activity and fitness, it is important to note that many factors influence academic performance. Among these are socioeconomic status ( Sirin, 2005 ), parental involvement ( Fan and Chen, 2001 ), and a host of other demographic factors. A valuable predictor of student academic performance is a parent having clear expectations for the child's academic success. Attendance is another factor confirmed as having a significant impact on academic performance ( Stanca, 2006 ; Baxter et al., 2011 ). Because children must be present to learn the desired content, attendance should be measured in considering factors related to academic performance.

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

State-mandated academic achievement testing has had the unintended consequence of reducing opportunities for children to be physically active during the school day and beyond. In addition to a general shifting of time in school away from physical education to allow for more time on academic subjects, some children are withheld from physical education classes or recess to participate in remedial or enriched learning experiences designed to increase academic performance ( Pellegrini and Bohn, 2005 ; see Chapter 5 ). Yet little evidence supports the notion that more time allocated to subject matter will translate into better test scores. Indeed, 11 of 14 correlational studies of physical activity during the school day demonstrate a positive relationship to academic performance ( Rasberry et al., 2011 ). Overall, a rapidly growing body of work suggests that time spent engaged in physical activity is related not only to a healthier body but also to a healthier mind ( Hillman et al., 2008 ).

Children respond faster and with greater accuracy to a variety of cognitive tasks after participating in a session of physical activity ( Tomporowski, 2003 ; Budde et al., 2008 ; Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pesce et al., 2009 ; Ellemberg and St-Louis-Deschênes, 2010 ). A single bout of moderate-intensity physical activity has been found to increase neural and behavioral concomitants associated with the allocation of attention to a specific cognitive task ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2012 ). And when children who participated in 30 minutes of aerobic physical activity were compared with children who watched television for the same amount of time, the former children cognitively outperformed the latter ( Ellemberg and St-Louis-Desêhenes, 2010 ). Visual task switching data among 69 overweight and inactive children did not show differences between cognitive performance after treadmill walking and sitting ( Tomporowski et al., 2008b ).

When physical activity is used as a break from academic learning time, postengagement effects include better attention ( Grieco et al., 2009 ; Bartholomew and Jowers, 2011 ), increased on-task behaviors ( Mahar et al., 2006 ), and improved academic performance ( Donnelly and Lambourne, 2011 ). Comparisons between 1st-grade students housed in a classroom with stand-sit desks where the child could stand at his/her discretion and in classrooms containing traditional furniture showed that the former children were highly likely to stand, thus expending significantly more energy than those who were seated ( Benden et al., 2011 ). More important, teachers can offer physical activity breaks as part of a supplemental curriculum or simply as a way to reset student attention during a lesson ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ; see Chapter 6 ) and when provided with minimal training can efficaciously produce vigorous or moderate energy expenditure in students ( Stewart et al., 2004 ). Further, after-school physical activity programs have demonstrated the ability to improve cardiovascular endurance, and this increase in aerobic fitness has been shown to mediate improvements in academic performance ( Fredericks et al., 2006 ), as well as the allocation of neural resources underlying performance on a working memory task ( Kamijo et al., 2011 ).

Over the past three decades, several reviews and meta-analyses have described the relationship among physical fitness, physical activity, and cognition (broadly defined as all mental processes). The majority of these reviews have focused on the relationship between academic performance and physical fitness—a physiological trait commonly defined in terms of cardiorespiratory capacity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption; see Chapter 3 ). More recently, reviews have attempted to describe the effects of an acute or single bout of physical activity, as a behavior, on academic performance. These reviews have focused on brain health in older adults ( Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ), as well as the effects of acute physical activity on cognition in adults ( Tomporowski, 2003 ). Some have considered age as part of the analysis ( Etnier et al., 1997 , 2006 ). Reviews focusing on research conducted in children ( Sibley and Etnier, 2003 ) have examined the relationship among physical activity, participation in sports, and academic performance ( Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 , 2010 ; Singh et al., 2012 ); physical activity and mental and cognitive health ( Biddle and Asare, 2011 ); and physical activity, nutrition, and academic performance ( Burkhalter and Hillman, 2011 ). The findings of most of these reviews align with the conclusions presented in a meta-analytic review conducted by Fedewa and Ahn (2011) . The studies reviewed by Fedewa and Ahn include experimental/quasi-experimental as well as cross-sectional and correlational designs, with the experimental designs yielding the highest effect sizes. The strongest relationships were found between aerobic fitness and achievement in mathematics, followed by IQ and reading performance. The range of cognitive performance measures, participant characteristics, and types of research design all mediated the relationship among physical activity, fitness, and academic performance. With regard to physical activity interventions, which were carried out both within and beyond the school day, those involving small groups of peers (around 10 youth of a similar age) were associated with the greatest gains in academic performance.

The number of peer-reviewed publications on this topic is growing exponentially. Further evidence of the growth of this line of inquiry is its increased global presence. Positive relationships among physical activity, physical fitness, and academic performance have been found among students from the Netherlands ( Singh et al., 2012 ) and Taiwan ( Chih and Chen, 2011 ). Broadly speaking, however, many of these studies show small to moderate effects and suffer from poor research designs ( Biddle and Asare, 2011 ; Singh et al., 2012 ).

Basch (2010) conducted a comprehensive review of how children's health and health disparities influence academic performance and learning. The author's report draws on empirical evidence suggesting that education reform will be ineffective unless children's health is made a priority. Basch concludes that schools may be the only place where health inequities can be addressed and that, if children's basic health needs are not met, they will struggle to learn regardless of the effectiveness of the instructional materials used. More recently, Efrat (2011) conducted a review of physical activity, fitness, and academic performance to examine the achievement gap. He discovered that only seven studies had included socioeconomic status as a variable, despite its known relationship to education ( Sirin, 2005 ).

Physical Fitness as a Learning Outcome of Physical Education and Its Relation to Academic Performance

Achieving and maintaining a healthy level of aerobic fitness, as defined using criterion-referenced standards from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; Welk et al., 2011 ), is a desired learning outcome of physical education programming. Regular participation in physical activity also is a national learning standard for physical education, a standard intended to facilitate the establishment of habitual and meaningful engagement in physical activity ( NASPE, 2004 ). Yet although physical fitness and participation in physical activity are established as learning outcomes in all 50 states, there is little evidence to suggest that children actually achieve and maintain these standards (see Chapter 2 ).

Statewide and national datasets containing data on youth physical fitness and academic performance have increased access to student-level data on this subject ( Grissom, 2005 ; Cottrell et al., 2007 ; Carlson et al., 2008 ; Chomitz et al., 2008 ; Wittberg et al., 2010 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Early research in South Australia focused on quantifying the benefits of physical activity and physical education during the school day; the benefits noted included increased physical fitness, decreased body fat, and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease ( Dwyer et al., 1979 , 1983 ). Even today, Dwyer and colleagues are among the few scholars who regularly include in their research measures of physical activity intensity in the school environment, which is believed to be a key reason why they are able to report differentiated effects of different intensities. A longitudinal study in Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, tracked how the academic performance of children from grades 1 through 6 was related to student health, motor skills, and time spent in physical education. The researchers concluded that additional time dedicated to physical education did not inhibit academic performance ( Shephard et al., 1984 ; Shephard, 1986 ; Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 ).

Longitudinal follow-up investigating the long-term benefits of enhanced physical education experiences is encouraging but largely inconclusive. In a study examining the effects of daily physical education during elementary school on physical activity during adulthood, 720 men and women completed the Québec Health Survey ( Trudeau et al., 1999 ). Findings suggest that physical education was associated with physical activity in later life for females but not males ( Trudeau et al., 1999 ); most of the associations were significant but weak ( Trudeau et al., 2004 ). Adult body mass index (BMI) at age 34 was related to childhood BMI at ages 10-12 in females but not males ( Trudeau et al., 2001 ). Longitudinal studies such as those conducted in Sweden and Finland also suggest that physical education experiences may be related to adult engagement in physical activity ( Glenmark, 1994 ; Telama et al., 1997 ). From an academic performance perspective, longitudinal data on men who enlisted for military service imply that cardiovascular fitness at age 18 predicted cognitive performance in later life (Aberg et al., 2009), thereby supporting the idea of offering physical education and physical activity opportunities well into emerging adulthood through secondary and postsecondary education.

Castelli and colleagues (2007) investigated younger children (in 3rd and 5th grades) and the differential contributions of the various subcomponents of the Fitnessgram ® . Specifically, they examined the individual contributions of aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscle flexibility, and body composition to performance in mathematics and reading on the Illinois Standardized Achievement Test among a sample of 259 children. Their findings corroborate those of the California Department of Education ( Grissom, 2005 ), indicating a general relationship between fitness and achievement test performance. When the individual components of the Fitnessgram were decomposed, the researchers determined that only aerobic capacity was related to test performance. Muscle strength and flexibility showed no relationship, while an inverse association of BMI with test performance was observed, such that higher BMI was associated with lower test performance. Although Baxter and colleagues (2011) confirmed the importance of attending school in relation to academic performance through the use of 4th-grade student recall, correlations with BMI were not significant.

State-mandated implementation of the coordinated school health model requires all schools in Texas to conduct annual fitness testing using the Fitnessgram among students in grades 3-12. In a special issue of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (2010), multiple articles describe the current state of physical fitness among children in Texas; confirm the associations among school performance levels, academic achievement, and physical fitness ( Welk et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2010 ); and demonstrate the ability of qualified physical education teachers to administer physical fitness tests ( Zhu et al., 2010 ). Also using data from Texas schools, Van Dusen and colleagues (2011) found that cardiovascular fitness had the strongest association with academic performance, particularly in mathematics over reading. Unlike previous research, which demonstrated a steady decline in fitness by developmental stage ( Duncan et al., 2007 ), this study found that cardiovascular fitness did decrease but not significantly ( Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Aerobic fitness, then, may be important to academic performance, as there may be a dose-response relationship ( Van Dusen et al., 2011 ).

Using a large sample of students in grades 4-8, Chomitz and colleagues (2008) found that the likelihood of passing both mathematics and English achievement tests increased with the number of fitness tests passed during physical education class, and the odds of passing the mathematics achievement tests were inversely related to higher body weight. Similar to the findings of Castelli and colleagues (2007) , socioeconomic status and demographic factors explained little of the relationship between aerobic fitness and academic performance; however, socioeconomic status may be an explanatory variable for students of low fitness ( London and Castrechini, 2011 ).

In sum, numerous cross-sectional and correlational studies demonstrate small-to-moderate positive or null associations between physical fitness ( Grissom, 2005 ; Cottrell et al., 2007 ; Edwards et al., 2009; Eveland-Sayers et al., 2009 ; Cooper et al., 2010 ; Welk et al., 2010 ; Wittberg et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2010 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ), particularly aerobic fitness, and academic performance ( Castelli et al, 2007 ; Chomitz et al., 2008 ; Roberts et al., 2010 ; Welk et al., 2010 ; Chih and Chen, 2011 ; London and Castrechini, 2011 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Moreover, the findings may support a dose-response association, suggesting that the more components of physical fitness (e.g., cardiovascular endurance, strength, muscle endurance) considered acceptable for the specific age and gender that are present, the greater the likelihood of successful academic performance. From a public health and policy standpoint, the conclusions these findings support are limited by few causal inferences, a lack of data confirmation, and inadequate reliability because the data were often collected by nonresearchers or through self-report methods. It may also be noted that this research includes no known longitudinal studies and few randomized controlled trials (examples are included later in this chapter in the discussion of the developing brain).

Physical Activity, Physical Education, and Academic Performance

In contrast with the correlational data presented above for physical fitness, more information is needed on the direct effects of participation in physical activity programming and physical education classes on academic performance.

In a meta-analysis, Sibley and Etnier (2003) found a positive relationship between physical activity and cognition in school-age youth (aged 4-18), suggesting that physical activity, as well as physical fitness, may be related to cognitive outcomes during development. Participation in physical activity was related to cognitive performance in eight measurement categories (perceptual skills, IQ, achievement, verbal tests, mathematics tests, memory, developmental level/academic readiness, and “other”), with results indicating a beneficial relationship of physical activity to all cognitive outcomes except memory ( Sibley and Etnier, 2003 ). Since that meta-analysis, however, several papers have reported robust relationships between aerobic fitness and different aspects of memory in children (e.g., Chaddock et al., 2010a , 2011 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 ; Monti et al., 2012 ). Regardless, the comprehensive review of Sibley and Etnier (2003) was important because it helped bring attention to an emerging literature suggesting that physical activity may benefit cognitive development even as it also demonstrated the need for further study to better understand the multifaceted relationship between physical activity and cognitive and brain health.

The regular engagement in physical activity achieved during physical education programming can also be related to academic performance, especially when the class is taught by a physical education teacher. The Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) study examined the effects of a 2-year health-related physical education program on academic performance in children ( Sallis et al., 1999 ). In an experimental design, seven elementary schools were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a specialist condition in which certified physical education teachers delivered the SPARK curriculum, (2) a trained-teacher condition in which classroom teachers implemented the curriculum, and (3) a control condition in which classroom teachers implemented the local physical education curriculum. No significant differences by condition were found for mathematics testing; however, reading scores were significantly higher in the specialist condition relative to the control condition ( Sallis et al., 1999 ), while language scores were significantly lower in the specialist condition than in the other two conditions. The authors conclude that spending time in physical education with a specialist did not have a negative effect on academic performance. Shortcomings of this research include the amount of data loss from pre- to posttest, the use of results of 2nd-grade testing that exceeded the national average in performance as baseline data, and the use of norm-referenced rather than criterion-based testing.

In seminal research conducted by Gabbard and Barton (1979) , six different conditions of physical activity (no activity; 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes; and posttest no activity) were completed by 106 2nd graders during physical education. Each physical activity session was followed by 5 minutes of rest and the completion of 36 math problems. The authors found a potential threshold effect whereby only the 50-minute condition improved mathematical performance, with no differences by gender.

A longitudinal study of the kindergarten class of 1998–1999, using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, investigated the association between enrollment in physical education and academic achievement ( Carlson et al., 2008 ). Higher amounts of physical education were correlated with better academic performance in mathematics among females, but this finding did not hold true for males.

Ahamed and colleagues (2007) found in a cluster randomized trial that, after 16 months of a classroom-based physical activity intervention, there was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in performance on the standardized Cognitive Abilities Test, Third Edition (CAT-3). Others have found, however, that coordinative exercise ( Budde et al., 2008 ) or bouts of vigorous physical activity during free time ( Coe et al., 2006 ) contribute to higher levels of academic performance. Specifically, Coe and colleagues examined the association of enrollment in physical education and self-reported vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity outside school with performance in core academic courses and on the Terra Nova Standardized Achievement Test among more than 200 6th-grade students. Their findings indicate that academic performance was unaffected by enrollment in physical education classes, which were found to average only 19 minutes of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity. When time spent engaged in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity outside of school was considered, however, a significant positive relation to academic performance emerged, with more time engaged in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity being related to better grades but not test scores ( Coe et al., 2006 ).

Studies of participation in sports and academic achievement have found positive associations ( Mechanic and Hansell, 1987 ; Dexter, 1999 ; Crosnoe, 2002 ; Eitle and Eitle, 2002 ; Stephens and Schaben, 2002 ; Eitle, 2005 ; Miller et al., 2005 ; Fox et al., 2010 ; Ruiz et al., 2010 ); higher grade point averages (GPAs) in season than out of season ( Silliker and Quirk, 1997 ); a negative association between cheerleading and science performance ( Hanson and Kraus, 1998 ); and weak and negative associations between the amount of time spent participating in sports and performance in English-language class among 13-, 14-, and 16-year-old students ( Daley and Ryan, 2000 ). Other studies, however, have found no association between participation in sports and academic performance ( Fisher et al., 1996 ). The findings of these studies need to be interpreted with caution as many of their designs failed to account for the level of participation by individuals in the sport (e.g., amount of playing time, type and intensity of physical activity engagement by sport). Further, it is unclear whether policies required students to have higher GPAs to be eligible for participation. Offering sports opportunities is well justified regardless of the cognitive benefits, however, given that adolescents may be less likely to engage in risky behaviors when involved in sports or other extracurricular activities ( Page et al., 1998 ; Elder et al., 2000 ; Taliaferro et al., 2010 ), that participation in sports increases physical fitness, and that affiliation with sports enhances school connectedness.

Although a consensus on the relationship of physical activity to academic achievement has not been reached, the vast majority of available evidence suggests the relationship is either positive or neutral. The meta-analytic review by Fedewa and Ahn (2011) suggests that interventions entailing aerobic physical activity have the greatest impact on academic performance; however, all types of physical activity, except those involving flexibility alone, contribute to enhanced academic performance, as do interventions that use small groups (about 10 students) rather than individuals or large groups. Regardless of the strength of the findings, the literature indicates that time spent engaged in physical activity is beneficial to children because it has not been found to detract from academic performance, and in fact can improve overall health and function ( Sallis et al., 1999 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ; Tomporowski et al., 2008a ; Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 ; Rasberry et al., 2011 ).

Single Bouts of Physical Activity

Beyond formal physical education, evidence suggests that multi-component approaches are a viable means of providing physical activity opportunities for children across the school curriculum (see also Chapter 6 ). Although health-related fitness lessons taught by certified physical education teachers result in greater student fitness gains relative to such lessons taught by other teachers ( Sallis et al., 1999 ), non-physical education teachers are capable of providing opportunities to be physically active within the classroom ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ). Single sessions or bouts of physical activity have independent merit, offering immediate benefits that can enhance the learning experience. Studies have found that single bouts of physical activity result in improved attention ( Hillman et al., 2003 , 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2012 ), better working memory ( Pontifex et al., 2009 ), and increased academic learning time and reduced off-task behaviors ( Mahar et al., 2006 ; Bartholomew and Jowers, 2011 ). Yet single bouts of physical activity have differential effects, as very vigorous exercise has been associated with cognitive fatigue and even cognitive decline in adults ( Tomporowski, 2003 ). As seen in Figure 4-1 , high levels of effort, arousal, or activation can influence perception, decision making, response preparation, and actual response. For discussion of the underlying constructs and differential effects of single bouts of physical activity on cognitive performance, see Tomporowski (2003) .

Information processing: Diagram of a simplified version of Sanders's (1983) cognitive-energetic model of human information processing (adapted from Jones and Hardy, 1989). SOURCE: Tomporowski, 2003. Reprinted with permission.

For children, classrooms are busy places where they must distinguish relevant information from distractions that emerge from many different sources occurring simultaneously. A student must listen to the teacher, adhere to classroom procedures, focus on a specific task, hold and retain information, and make connections between novel information and previous experiences. Hillman and colleagues (2009) demonstrated that a single bout of moderate-intensity walking (60 percent of maximum heart rate) resulted in significant improvements in performance on a task requiring attentional inhibition (e.g., the ability to focus on a single task). These findings were accompanied by changes in neuroelectric measures underlying the allocation of attention (see Figure 4-2 ) and significant improvements on the reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test. No such effects were observed following a similar duration of quiet rest. These findings were later replicated and extended to demonstrate benefits for both mathematics and reading performance in healthy children and those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( Pontifex et al., 2013 ). Further replications of these findings demonstrated that a single bout of moderate-intensity exercise using a treadmill improved performance on a task of attention and inhibition, but similar benefits were not derived from moderate-intensity exercise that involved exergaming ( O'Leary et al., 2011 ). It was also found that such benefits were derived following cessation of, but not during, the bout of exercise ( Drollette et al., 2012 ). The applications of such empirical findings within the school setting remain unclear.

Effects of a single session of exercise in preadolescent children. SOURCE: Hillman et al., 2009. Reprinted with permission.

A randomized controlled trial entitled Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) used cluster randomization among 24 schools to examine the effects of physically active classroom lessons on BMI and academic achievement ( Donnelly et al., 2009 ). The academically oriented physical activities were intended to be of vigorous or moderate intensity (3–6 metabolic equivalents [METs]) and to last approximately 10 minutes and were specifically designed to supplement content in mathematics, language arts, geography, history, spelling, science, and health. The study followed 665 boys and 677 girls for 3 years as they rose from 2nd or 3rd to 4th or 5th grades. Changes in academic achievement, fitness, and blood screening were considered secondary outcomes. During a 3-year period, students who engaged in physically active lessons, on average, improved their academic achievement by 6 percent, while the control groups exhibited a 1 percent decrease. In students who experienced at least 75 minutes of PAAC lessons per week, BMI remained stable (see Figure 4-3 ).

Change in academic scores from baseline after physically active classroom lessons in elementary schools in northeast Kansas (2003–2006). NOTE: All differences between the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) group ( N = 117) and control (more...)

It is important to note that cognitive tasks completed before, during, and after physical activity show varying effects, but the effects were always positive compared with sedentary behavior. In a study carried out by Drollette and colleagues (2012) , 36 preadolescent children completed two cognitive tasks—a flanker task to assess attention and inhibition and a spatial nback task to assess working memory—before, during, and after seated rest and treadmill walking conditions. The children sat or walked on different days for an average of 19 minutes. The results suggest that the physical activity enhanced cognitive performance for the attention task but not for the task requiring working memory. Accordingly, although more research is needed, the authors suggest that the acute effects of exercise may be selective to certain cognitive processes (i.e., attentional inhibition) while unrelated to others (e.g., working memory). Indeed, data collected using a task-switching paradigm (i.e., a task designed to assess multitasking and requiring the scheduling of attention to multiple aspects of the environment) among 69 overweight and inactive children did not show differences in cognitive performance following acute bouts of treadmill walking or sitting ( Tomporowski et al., 2008b ). Thus, findings to date indicate a robust relationship of acute exercise to transient improvements in attention but appear inconsistent for other aspects of cognition.

Academic Learning Time and On- and Off-Task Behaviors

Excessive time on task, inattention to task, off-task behavior, and delinquency are important considerations in the learning environment given the importance of academic learning time to academic performance. These behaviors are observable and of concern to teachers as they detract from the learning environment. Systematic observation by trained observers may yield important insight regarding the effects of short physical activity breaks on these behaviors. Indeed, systematic observations of student behavior have been used as an alternative means of measuring academic performance ( Mahar et al., 2006 ; Grieco et al., 2009 ).

After the development of classroom-based physical activities, called Energizers, teachers were trained in how to implement such activities in their lessons at least twice per week ( Mahar et al., 2006 ). Measurements of baseline physical activity and on-task behaviors were collected in two 3rd-grade and two 4th-grade classes, using pedometers and direct observation. The intervention included 243 students, while 108 served as controls by not engaging in the activities. A subgroup of 62 3rd and 4th graders was observed for on-task behavior in the classroom following the physical activity. Children who participated in Energizers took more steps during the school day than those who did not; they also increased their on-task behaviors by more than 20 percent over baseline measures.

A systematic review of a similar in-class, academically oriented, physical activity plan—Take 10!—was conducted to identify the effects of its implementation after it had been in use for 10 years ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ). The findings suggest that children who experienced Take 10! in the classroom engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (6.16 to 6.42 METs) and had lower BMIs than those who did not. Further, children in the Take 10! classrooms had better fluid intelligence ( Reed et al., 2010 ) and higher academic achievement scores ( Donnelly et al., 2009 ).

Some have expressed concern that introducing physical activity into the classroom setting may be distracting to students. Yet in one study it was sedentary students who demonstrated a decrease in time on task, while active students returned to the same level of on-task behavior after an active learning task ( Grieco et al., 2009 ). Among the 97 3rd-grade students in this study, a small but nonsignificant increase in on-task behaviors was seen immediately following these active lessons. Additionally, these improvements were not mediated by BMI.

In sum, although presently understudied, physically active lessons may increase time on task and attention to task in the classroom setting. Given the complexity of the typical classroom, the strategy of including content-specific lessons that incorporate physical activity may be justified.

It is recommended that every child have 20 minutes of recess each day and that this time be outdoors whenever possible, in a safe activity ( NASPE, 2006 ). Consistent engagement in recess can help students refine social skills, learn social mediation skills surrounding fair play, obtain additional minutes of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity that contribute toward the recommend 60 minutes or more per day, and have an opportunity to express their imagination through free play ( Pellegrini and Bohn, 2005 ; see also Chapter 6 ). When children participate in recess before lunch, additional benefits accrue, such as less food waste, increased incidence of appropriate behavior in the cafeteria during lunch, and greater student readiness to learn upon returning to the classroom after lunch ( Getlinger et al., 1996 ; Wechsler et al., 2001 ).

To examine the effects of engagement in physical activity during recess on classroom behavior, Barros and colleagues (2009) examined data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study on 10,000 8- to 9-year-old children. Teachers provided the number of minutes of recess as well as a ranking of classroom behavior (ranging from “misbehaves frequently” to “behaves exceptionally well”). Results indicate that children who had at least 15 minutes of recess were more likely to exhibit appropriate behavior in the classroom ( Barros et al., 2009 ). In another study, 43 4th-grade students were randomly assigned to 1 or no days of recess to examine the effects on classroom behavior ( Jarrett et al., 1998 ). The researchers concluded that on-task behavior was better among the children who had recess. A moderate effect size (= 0.51) was observed. In a series of studies examining kindergartners' attention to task following a 20-minute recess, increased time on task was observed during learning centers and story reading ( Pellegrini et al., 1995 ). Despite these positive findings centered on improved attention, it is important to note that few of these studies actually measured the intensity of the physical activity during recess.

From a slightly different perspective, survey data from 547 Virginia elementary school principals suggest that time dedicated to student participation in physical education, art, and music did not negatively influence academic performance ( Wilkins et al., 2003 ). Thus, the strategy of reducing time spent in physical education to increase academic performance may not have the desired effect. The evidence on in-school physical activity supports the provision of physical activity breaks during the school day as a way to increase fluid intelligence, time on task, and attention. However, it remains unclear what portion of these effects can be attributed to a break from academic time and what portion is a direct result of the specific demands/characteristics of the physical activity.

THE DEVELOPING bRAIN, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BRAIN HEALTH

The study of brain health has grown beyond simply measuring behavioral outcomes such as task performance and reaction time (e.g., cognitive processing speed). New technology has emerged that has allowed scientists to understand the impact of lifestyle factors on the brain from the body systems level down to the molecular level. A greater understanding of the cognitive components that subserve academic performance and may be amenable to intervention has thereby been gained. Research conducted in both laboratory and field settings has helped define this line of inquiry and identify some preliminary underlying mechanisms.

The Evidence Base on the Relationship of Physical Activity to Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults

Despite the current focus on the relationship of physical activity to cognitive development, the evidence base is larger on the association of physical activity with brain health and cognition during aging. Much can be learned about how physical activity affects childhood cognition and scholastic achievement through this work. Despite earlier investigations into the relationship of physical activity to cognitive aging (see Etnier et al., 1997 , for a review), the field was shaped by the findings of Kramer and colleagues (1999) , who examined the effects of aerobic fitness training on older adults using a randomized controlled design. Specifically, 124 older adults aged 60 and 75 were randomly assigned to a 6-month intervention of either walking (i.e., aerobic training) or flexibility (i.e., nonaerobic) training. The walking group but not the flexibility group showed improved cognitive performance, measured as a shorter response time to the presented stimulus. Results from a series of tasks that tapped different aspects of cognitive control indicated that engagement in physical activity is a beneficial means of combating cognitive aging ( Kramer et al., 1999 ).

Cognitive control, or executive control, is involved in the selection, scheduling, and coordination of computational processes underlying perception, memory, and goal-directed action. These processes allow for the optimization of behavioral interactions within the environment through flexible modulation of the ability to control attention ( MacDonald et al., 2000 ; Botvinick et al., 2001 ). Core cognitive processes that make up cognitive control or executive control include inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility ( Diamond, 2006 ), processes mediated by networks that involve the prefrontal cortex. Inhibition (or inhibitory control) refers to the ability to override a strong internal or external pull so as to act appropriately within the demands imposed by the environment ( Davidson et al., 2006 ). For example, one exerts inhibitory control when one stops speaking when the teacher begins lecturing. Working memory refers to the ability to represent information mentally, manipulate stored information, and act on the information ( Davidson et al., 2006 ). In solving a difficult mathematical problem, for example, one must often remember the remainder. Finally, cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to switch perspectives, focus attention, and adapt behavior quickly and flexibly for the purposes of goal-directed action ( Blair et al., 2005 ; Davidson et al., 2006 ; Diamond, 2006 ). For example, one must shift attention from the teacher who is teaching a lesson to one's notes to write down information for later study.

Based on their earlier findings on changes in cognitive control induced by aerobic training, Colcombe and Kramer (2003) conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relationship between aerobic training and cognition in older adults aged 55-80 using data from 18 randomized controlled exercise interventions. Their findings suggest that aerobic training is associated with general cognitive benefits that are selectively and disproportionately greater for tasks or task components requiring greater amounts of cognitive control. A second and more recent meta-analysis ( Smith et al., 2010 ) corroborates the findings of Colcombe and Kramer, indicating that aerobic exercise is related to attention, processing speed, memory, and cognitive control; however, it should be noted that smaller effect sizes were observed, likely a result of the studies included in the respective meta-analyses. In older adults, then, aerobic training selectively improves cognition.

Hillman and colleagues (2006) examined the relationship between physical activity and inhibition (one aspect of cognitive control) using a computer-based stimulus-response protocol in 241 individuals aged 15-71. Their results indicate that greater amounts of physical activity are related to decreased response speed across task conditions requiring variable amounts of inhibition, suggesting a generalized relationship between physical activity and response speed. In addition, the authors found physical activity to be related to better accuracy across conditions in older adults, while no such relationship was observed for younger adults. Of interest, this relationship was disproportionately larger for the condition requiring greater amounts of inhibition in the older adults, suggesting that physical activity has both a general and selective association with task performance ( Hillman et al., 2006 ).

With advances in neuroimaging techniques, understanding of the effects of physical activity and aerobic fitness on brain structure and function has advanced rapidly over the past decade. In particular, a series of studies ( Colcombe et al., 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ; Kramer and Erickson, 2007 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ) of older individuals has been conducted to elucidate the relation of aerobic fitness to the brain and cognition. Normal aging results in the loss of brain tissue ( Colcombe et al., 2003 ), with markedly larger loss evidenced in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions ( Raz, 2000 ). Thus cognitive functions subserved by these brain regions (such as those involved in cognitive control and aspects of memory) are expected to decay more dramatically than other aspects of cognition.

Colcombe and colleagues (2003) investigated the relationship of aerobic fitness to gray and white matter tissue loss using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 55 healthy older adults aged 55-79. They observed robust age-related decreases in tissue density in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions using voxel-based morphometry, a technique used to assess brain volume. Reductions in the amount of tissue loss in these regions were observed as a function of fitness. Given that the brain structures most affected by aging also demonstrated the greatest fitness-related sparing, these initial findings provide a biological basis for fitness-related benefits to brain health during aging.

In a second study, Colcombe and colleagues (2006) examined the effects of aerobic fitness training on brain structure using a randomized controlled design with 59 sedentary healthy adults aged 60-79. The treatment group received a 6-month aerobic exercise (i.e., walking) intervention, while the control group received a stretching and toning intervention that did not include aerobic exercise. Results indicated that gray and white matter brain volume increased for those who received the aerobic fitness training intervention. No such results were observed for those assigned to the stretching and toning group. Specifically, those assigned to the aerobic training intervention demonstrated increased gray matter in the frontal lobes, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, the middle frontal gyrus, the dorsolateral region of the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left superior temporal lobe. White matter volume changes also were evidenced following the aerobic fitness intervention, with increases in white matter tracts being observed within the anterior third of the corpus callosum. These brain regions are important for cognition, as they have been implicated in the cognitive control of attention and memory processes. These findings suggest that aerobic training not only spares age-related loss of brain structures but also may in fact enhance the structural health of specific brain regions.

In addition to the structural changes noted above, research has investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and changes in brain function. That is, aerobic fitness training has also been observed to induce changes in patterns of functional activation. Functional MRI (fMRI) measures, which make it possible to image activity in the brain while an individual is performing a cognitive task, have revealed that aerobic training induces changes in patterns of functional activation. This approach involves inferring changes in neuronal activity from alteration in blood flow or metabolic activity in the brain. In a seminal paper, Colcombe and colleagues (2004) examined the relationship of aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition across two studies with older adults. In the first study, 41 older adult participants (mean age ~66) were divided into higher- and lower-fit groups based on their performance on a maximal exercise test. In the second study, 29 participants (aged 58-77) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a fitness training (i.e., walking) or control (i.e., stretching and toning) intervention. In both studies, participants were given a task requiring variable amounts of attention and inhibition. Results indicated that fitness (study 1) and fitness training (study 2) were related to greater activation in the middle frontal gyrus and superior parietal cortex; these regions of the brain are involved in attentional control and inhibitory functioning, processes entailed in the regulation of attention and action. These changes in neural activation were related to significant improvements in performance on the cognitive control task of attention and inhibition.

Taken together, the findings across studies suggest that an increase in aerobic fitness, derived from physical activity, is related to improvements in the integrity of brain structure and function and may underlie improvements in cognition across tasks requiring cognitive control. Although developmental differences exist, the general paradigm of this research can be applied to early stages of the life span, and some early attempts to do so have been made, as described below. Given the focus of this chapter on childhood cognition, it should be noted that this section has provided only a brief and arguably narrow look at the research on physical activity and cognitive aging. Considerable work has detailed the relationship of physical activity to other aspects of adult cognition using behavioral and neuroimaging tools (e.g., Boecker, 2011 ). The interested reader is referred to a number of review papers and meta-analyses describing the relationship of physical activity to various aspects of cognitive and brain health ( Etnier et al., 1997 ; Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ; Tomporowski, 2003 ; Thomas et al., 2012 ).

Child Development, Brain Structure, and Function

Certain aspects of development have been linked with experience, indicating an intricate interplay between genetic programming and environmental influences. Gray matter, and the organization of synaptic connections in particular, appears to be at least partially dependent on experience (NRC/IOM, 2000; Taylor, 2006 ), with the brain exhibiting a remarkable ability to reorganize itself in response to input from sensory systems, other cortical systems, or insult ( Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997 ). During typical development, experience shapes the pruning process through the strengthening of neural networks that support relevant thoughts and actions and the elimination of unnecessary or redundant connections. Accordingly, the brain responds to experience in an adaptive or “plastic” manner, resulting in the efficient and effective adoption of thoughts, skills, and actions relevant to one's interactions within one's environmental surroundings. Examples of neural plasticity in response to unique environmental interaction have been demonstrated in human neuroimaging studies of participation in music ( Elbert et al., 1995 ; Chan et al., 1998 ; Münte et al., 2001 ) and sports ( Hatfield and Hillman, 2001 ; Aglioti et al., 2008 ), thus supporting the educational practice of providing music education and opportunities for physical activity to children.

Effects of Regular Engagement in Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Brain Structure

Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have rapidly advanced understanding of the role physical activity and aerobic fitness may have in brain structure. In children a growing body of correlational research suggests differential brain structure related to aerobic fitness. Chaddock and colleagues (2010a , b ) showed a relationship among aerobic fitness, brain volume, and aspects of cognition and memory. Specifically, Chaddock and colleagues (2010a) assigned 9- to 10-year-old preadolescent children to lower- and higher-fitness groups as a function of their scores on a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) test, which is considered the gold-standard measure of aerobic fitness. They observed larger bilateral hippocampal volume in higher-fit children using MRI, as well as better performance on a task of relational memory. It is important to note that relational memory has been shown to be mediated by the hippocampus ( Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993 ; Cohen et al., 1999 ). Further, no differences emerged for a task condition requiring item memory, which is supported by structures outside the hippocampus, suggesting selectivity among the aspects of memory that benefit from higher amounts of fitness. Lastly, hippocampal volume was positively related to performance on the relational memory task but not the item memory task, and bilateral hippocampal volume was observed to mediate the relationship between fitness and relational memory ( Chaddock et al., 2010a ). Such findings are consistent with behavioral measures of relational memory in children ( Chaddock et al., 2011 ) and neuroimaging findings in older adults ( Erickson et al., 2009 , 2011 ) and support the robust nonhuman animal literature demonstrating the effects of exercise on cell proliferation ( Van Praag et al., 1999 ) and survival ( Neeper et al., 1995 ) in the hippocampus.

In a second investigation ( Chaddock et al., 2010b ), higher- and lower-fit children (aged 9-10) underwent an MRI to determine whether structural differences might be found that relate to performance on a cognitive control task that taps attention and inhibition. The authors observed differential findings in the basal ganglia, a subcortical structure involved in the interplay of cognition and willed action. Specifically, higher-fit children exhibited greater volume in the dorsal striatum (i.e., caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) relative to lower-fit children, while no differences were observed in the ventral striatum. Such findings are not surprising given the role of the dorsal striatum in cognitive control and response resolution ( Casey et al., 2008 ; Aron et al., 2009 ), as well as the growing body of research in children and adults indicating that higher levels of fitness are associated with better control of attention, memory, and cognition ( Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ; Chang and Etnier, 2009 ). Chaddock and colleagues (2010b) further observed that higher-fit children exhibited increased inhibitory control and response resolution and that higher basal ganglia volume was related to better task performance. These findings indicate that the dorsal striatum is involved in these aspects of higher-order cognition and that fitness may influence cognitive control during preadolescent development. It should be noted that both studies described above were correlational in nature, leaving open the possibility that other factors related to fitness and/or the maturation of subcortical structures may account for the observed group differences.

Effects of Regular Engagement in Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Brain Function

Other research has attempted to characterize fitness-related differences in brain function using fMRI and event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which are neuroelectric indices of functional brain activation in the electro-encephalographic time series. To date, few randomized controlled interventions have been conducted. Notably, Davis and colleagues (2011) conducted one such intervention lasting approximately 14 weeks that randomized 20 sedentary overweight preadolescent children into an after-school physical activity intervention or a nonactivity control group. The fMRI data collected during an antisaccade task, which requires inhibitory control, indicated increased bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex and decreased bilateral activation of the posterior parietal cortex following the physical activity intervention relative to the control group. Such findings illustrate some of the neural substrates influenced by participation in physical activity. Two additional correlational studies ( Voss et al., 2011 ; Chaddock et al., 2012 ) compared higher- and lower-fit preadolescent children and found differential brain activation and superior task performance as a function of fitness. That is, Chaddock and colleagues (2012) observed increased activation in prefrontal and parietal brain regions during early task blocks and decreased activation during later task blocks in higher-fit relative to lower-fit children. Given that higher-fit children outperformed lower-fit children on the aspects of the task requiring the greatest amount of cognitive control, the authors reason that the higher-fit children were more capable of adapting neural activity to meet the demands imposed by tasks that tapped higher-order cognitive processes such as inhibition and goal maintenance. Voss and colleagues (2011) used a similar task to vary cognitive control requirements and found that higher-fit children outperformed their lower-fit counterparts and that such differences became more pronounced during task conditions requiring the upregulation of control. Further, several differences emerged across various brain regions that together make up the network associated with cognitive control. Collectively, these differences suggest that higher-fit children are more efficient in the allocation of resources in support of cognitive control operations.

Other imaging research has examined the neuroelectric system (i.e., ERPs) to investigate which cognitive processes occurring between stimulus engagement and response execution are influenced by fitness. Several studies ( Hillman et al., 2005 , 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ) have examined the P3 component of the stimulus-locked ERP and demonstrated that higher-fit children have larger-amplitude and shorter-latency ERPs relative to their lower-fit peers. Classical theory suggests that P3 relates to neuronal activity associated with revision of the mental representation of the previous event within the stimulus environment ( Donchin, 1981 ). P3 amplitude reflects the allocation of attentional resources when working memory is updated ( Donchin and Coles, 1988 ) such that P3 is sensitive to the amount of attentional resources allocated to a stimulus ( Polich, 1997 ; Polich and Heine, 2007 ). P3 latency generally is considered to represent stimulus evaluation and classification speed ( Kutas et al., 1977 ; Duncan-Johnson, 1981 ) and thus may be considered a measure of stimulus detection and evaluation time ( Magliero et al., 1984 ; Ila and Polich, 1999 ). Therefore the above findings suggest that higher-fit children allocate greater attentional resources and have faster cognitive processing speed relative to lower-fit children ( Hillman et al., 2005 , 2009 ), with additional research suggesting that higher-fit children also exhibit greater flexibility in the allocation of attentional resources, as indexed by greater modulation of P3 amplitude across tasks that vary in the amount of cognitive control required ( Pontifex et al., 2011 ). Given that higher-fit children also demonstrate better performance on cognitive control tasks, the P3 component appears to reflect the effectiveness of a subset of cognitive systems that support willed action ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ).

Two ERP studies ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ) have focused on aspects of cognition involved in action monitoring. That is, the error-related negativity (ERN) component was investigated in higher- and lower-fit children to determine whether differences in evaluation and regulation of cognitive control operations were influenced by fitness level. The ERN component is observed in response-locked ERP averages. It is often elicited by errors of commission during task performance and is believed to represent either the detection of errors during task performance ( Gehring et al., 1993 ; Holroyd and Coles, 2002 ) or more generally the detection of response conflict ( Botvinick et al., 2001 ; Yeung et al., 2004 ), which may be engendered by errors in response production. Several studies have reported that higher-fit children exhibit smaller ERN amplitude during rapid-response tasks (i.e., instructions emphasizing speed of responding; Hillman et al., 2009 ) and more flexibility in the allocation of these resources during tasks entailing variable cognitive control demands, as evidenced by changes in ERN amplitude for higher-fit children and no modulation of ERN in lower-fit children ( Pontifex et al., 2011 ). Collectively, this pattern of results suggests that children with lower levels of fitness allocate fewer attentional resources during stimulus engagement (P3 amplitude) and exhibit slower cognitive processing speed (P3 latency) but increased activation of neural resources involved in the monitoring of their actions (ERN amplitude). Alternatively, higher-fit children allocate greater resources to environmental stimuli and demonstrate less reliance on action monitoring (increasing resource allocation only to meet the demands of the task). Under more demanding task conditions, the strategy of lower-fit children appears to fail since they perform more poorly under conditions requiring the upregulation of cognitive control.

Finally, only one randomized controlled trial published to date has used ERPs to assess neurocognitive function in children. Kamijo and colleagues (2011) studied performance on a working memory task before and after a 9-month physical activity intervention compared with a wait-list control group. They observed better performance following the physical activity intervention during task conditions that required the upregulation of working memory relative to the task condition requiring lesser amounts of working memory. Further, increased activation of the contingent negative variation (CNV), an ERP component reflecting cognitive and motor preparation, was observed at posttest over frontal scalp sites in the physical activity intervention group. No differences in performance or brain activation were noted for the wait-list control group. These findings suggest an increase in cognitive preparation processes in support of a more effective working memory network resulting from prolonged participation in physical activity. For children in a school setting, regular participation in physical activity as part of an after-school program is particularly beneficial for tasks that require the use of working memory.

Adiposity and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome as It Relates to Cognitive Health

A related and emerging literature that has recently been popularized investigates the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain health and academic performance. Several reports ( Datar et al., 2004 ; Datar and Sturm, 2006 ; Judge and Jahns, 2007 ; Gable et al., 2012 ) on this relationship are based on large-scale datasets derived from the Early Child Longitudinal Study. Further, nonhuman animal research has been used to elucidate the relationships between health indices and cognitive and brain health (see Figure 4-4 for an overview of these relationships). Collectively, these studies observed poorer future academic performance among children who entered school overweight or moved from a healthy weight to overweight during the course of development. Corroborating evidence for a negative relationship between adiposity and academic performance may be found in smaller but more tightly controlled studies. As noted above, Castelli and colleagues (2007) observed poorer performance on the mathematics and reading portions of the Illinois Standardized Achievement Test in 3rd- and 5th-grade students as a function of higher BMI, and Donnelly and colleagues (2009) used a cluster randomized trial to demonstrate that physical activity in the classroom decreased BMI and improved academic achievement among pre-adolescent children.

Relationships between health indices and cognitive and brain health. NOTE: AD = Alzheimer's disease; PD = Parkinson's disease. SOURCE: Cotman et al., 2007. Reprinted with permission.

Recently published reports describe the relationship between adiposity and cognitive and brain health to advance understanding of the basic cognitive processes and neural substrates that may underlie the adiposity-achievement relationship. Bolstered by findings in adult populations (e.g., Debette et al., 2010 ; Raji et al., 2010 ; Carnell et al., 2011 ), researchers have begun to publish data on preadolescent populations indicating differences in brain function and cognitive performance related to adiposity (however, see Gunstad et al., 2008 , for an instance in which adiposity was unrelated to cognitive outcomes). Specifically, Kamijo and colleagues (2012a) examined the relationship of weight status to cognitive control and academic achievement in 126 children aged 7-9. The children completed a battery of cognitive control tasks, and their body composition was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The authors found that higher BMI and greater amounts of fat mass (particularly in the midsection) were related to poorer performance on cognitive control tasks involving inhibition, as well as lower academic achievement. In follow-up studies, Kamijo and colleagues (2012b) investigated whether neural markers of the relationship between adiposity and cognition may be found through examination of ERP data. These studies compared healthy-weight and obese children and found a differential distribution of the P3 potential (i.e., less frontally distributed) and larger N2 amplitude, as well as smaller ERN magnitude, in obese children during task conditions that required greater amounts of inhibitory control ( Kamijo et al., 2012c ). Taken together, the above results suggest that obesity is associated with less effective neural processes during stimulus capture and response execution. As a result, obese children perform tasks more slowly ( Kamijo et al., 2012a ) and are less accurate ( Kamijo et al., 2012b , c ) in response to tasks requiring variable amounts of cognitive control. Although these data are correlational, they provide a basis for further study using other neuroimaging tools (e.g., MRI, fMRI), as well as a rationale for the design and implementation of randomized controlled studies that would allow for causal interpretation of the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain health. The next decade should provide a great deal of information on this relationship.

LIMITATIONS

Despite the promising findings described in this chapter, it should be noted that the study of the relationship of childhood physical activity, aerobic fitness, and adiposity to cognitive and brain health and academic performance is in its early stages. Accordingly, most studies have used designs that afford correlation rather than causation. To date, in fact, only two randomized controlled trials ( Davis et al., 2011 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 ) on this relationship have been published. However, several others are currently ongoing, and it was necessary to provide evidence through correlational studies before investing the effort, time, and funding required for more demanding causal studies. Given that the evidence base in this area has grown exponentially in the past 10 years through correlational studies and that causal evidence has accumulated through adult and nonhuman animal studies, the next step will be to increase the amount of causal evidence available on school-age children.

Accomplishing this will require further consideration of demographic factors that may moderate the physical activity–cognition relationship. For instance, socioeconomic status has a unique relationship with physical activity ( Estabrooks et al., 2003 ) and cognitive control ( Mezzacappa, 2004 ). Although many studies have attempted to control for socioeconomic status (see Hillman et al., 2009 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 , 2012a , b , c ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ), further inquiry into its relationship with physical activity, adiposity, and cognition is warranted to determine whether it may serve as a potential mediator or moderator for the observed relationships. A second demographic factor that warrants further consideration is gender. Most authors have failed to describe gender differences when reporting on the physical activity–cognition literature. However, studies of adiposity and cognition have suggested that such a relationship may exist (see Datar and Sturm, 2006 ). Additionally, further consideration of age is warranted. Most studies have examined a relatively narrow age range, consisting of a few years. Such an approach often is necessary because of maturation and the need to develop comprehensive assessment tools that suit the various stages of development. However, this approach has yielded little understanding of how the physical activity–cognition relationship may change throughout the course of maturation.

Finally, although a number of studies have described the relationship of physical activity, fitness, and adiposity to standardized measures of academic performance, few attempts have been made to observe the relationship within the context of the educational environment. Standardized tests, although necessary to gauge knowledge, may not be the most sensitive measures for (the process of) learning. Future research will need to do a better job of translating promising laboratory findings to the real world to determine the value of this relationship in ecologically valid settings.

From an authentic and practical to a mechanistic perspective, physically active and aerobically fit children consistently outperform their inactive and unfit peers academically on both a short- and a long-term basis. Time spent engaged in physical activity is related not only to a healthier body but also to enriched cognitive development and lifelong brain health. Collectively, the findings across the body of literature in this area suggest that increases in aerobic fitness, derived from physical activity, are related to improvements in the integrity of brain structure and function that underlie academic performance. The strongest relationships have been found between aerobic fitness and performance in mathematics, reading, and English. For children in a school setting, regular participation in physical activity is particularly beneficial with respect to tasks that require working memory and problem solving. These findings are corroborated by the results of both authentic correlational studies and experimental randomized controlled trials. Overall, the benefits of additional time dedicated to physical education and other physical activity opportunities before, during, and after school outweigh the benefits of exclusive utilization of school time for academic learning, as physical activity opportunities offered across the curriculum do not inhibit academic performance.

Both habitual and single bouts of physical activity contribute to enhanced academic performance. Findings indicate a robust relationship of acute exercise to increased attention, with evidence emerging for a relationship between participation in physical activity and disciplinary behaviors, time on task, and academic performance. Specifically, higher-fit children allocate greater resources to a given task and demonstrate less reliance on environmental cues or teacher prompting.

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Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2008; 5 [ PMC free article : PMC2329661 ] [ PubMed : 18298849 ]
Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Relationships of physical activity to brain health and the academic performance of school children. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2010; 4 :138–150.
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Trudeau F, Shephard RJ, Arsenault F, Laurencelle L. Changes in adiposity and body mass index from late childhood to adult life in the Trois-Rivières study. American Journal of Human Biology. 2001; 13 (3):349–355. [ PubMed : 11460900 ]
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Cite this Page Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine; Kohl HW III, Cook HD, editors. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Oct 30. 4, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance.
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Dissertation examples

Listed below are some of the best examples of research projects and dissertations from undergraduate and taught postgraduate students at the University of Leeds We have not been able to gather examples from all schools. The module requirements for research projects may have changed since these examples were written. Refer to your module guidelines to make sure that you address all of the current assessment criteria. Some of the examples below are only available to access on campus.

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These dissertations achieved a mark of 80 or higher:
The following two examples have been annotated with academic comments. This is to help you understand why they achieved a good 2:1 mark but also, more importantly, how the marks could have been improved. Please read to help you make the most of the two examples. (Mark 68) (Mark 66) These final year projects achieved a mark of a high first: For students undertaking a New Venture Creation (NVC) approach, please see the following Masters level examples:


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The following examples have their marks and feedback included at the end of of each document. The following examples have their feedback provided in a separate document.

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This dissertation achieved a mark of 84: .

These dissertations achieved a mark of 80 or higher:

The following two examples have been annotated with academic comments. This is to help you understand why they achieved a good 2:1 mark but also, more importantly, how the marks could have been improved.

Please read to help you make the most of the two examples.

(Mark 68)

(Mark 66)

These final year projects achieved a mark of a high first:

For students undertaking a New Venture Creation (NVC) approach, please see the following Masters level examples:

Projects which attained grades of over 70 or between 60 and 69 are indicated on the lists (accessible only by students and staff registered with School of Computer Science, when on campus).

These are good quality reports but they are not perfect. You may be able to identify areas for improvement (for example, structure, content, clarity, standard of written English, referencing or presentation quality).

The following examples have their marks and feedback included at the end of of each document.

The following examples have their feedback provided in a separate document.

School of Media and Communication .

The following outstanding dissertation example PDFs have their marks denoted in brackets.

(Mark 78)
(Mark 72)
(Mark 75)

(Mark 91)
(Mark 85)
(Mark 85)
(Mark 85)
(Mark 91)

(Mark 85)
(Mark 75)

This dissertation achieved a mark of 84:


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The following outstanding dissertation example PDFs have their marks denoted in brackets. (Mark 70) (Mark 78)

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Home > Dissertations and Theses > Education (PhD) Dissertations

Education (PhD) Dissertations

Below is a selection of dissertations from the Attallah College of Educational Studies. Additional dissertations from years prior to 2019 are available through the Leatherby Libraries' print collection or in Proquest's Dissertations and Theses database.

Dissertations from 2024 2024

Rising from the Abyss: A Grounded Theory Exploration on How Afghani and Ukrainian Mothers Navigate Major Milestones Following the Onset of Political Conflict , Rabab Atwi

Investigating Factors Influencing Chinese Private College Students’ Engagement in Emergency Online Learning , Limei Cao

“Caught in the Continuum”: How Special Educators Facilitate Access for Students With Extensive Support Needs , Megan Doty

Exploring Community College Faculty and Administrators Work Providing Educational Opportunities for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD): An Integral Framework for Inclusive Postsecondary Education , Stacy Eldred

Leading Towards Racial Justice: Counterstories of TK-12 Latinx Men Administrators , Pedro Espinoza

Experiences of Latine LGBTQ+ High School Students in California , Michael Gorse

Shattering the Glass Ceiling: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Barriers and Facilitators to Women Leaders’ Career Advancement Within Private Universities in China , Xiuying Han

Peacing it Together: Post 9/11 Enlisted Student Veterans’ Awakening to Peace Leadership , Nicholas J. Irwin

New Ways of Being White: White Families Striving to Raise Young Antiracists , Katie Kitchens

Sustainable Development of Private Art Museums in China: A Narrative Inquiry Study , Chaoran Li

Language Ideologies and Use Among Latine Children in a Dual Language Program in Southern California: A Qualitative Approach , Xochitl Morales

The Experiences of Postsecondary Students with Disabilities Utilizing One Stop Student Services: A Grounded Theory Approach , Ivan Noe

Personalized Learning for Art Major Students Based on Learner Characteristics , Jiayu Shao

Influences of Cultural Capital and Internationalization on Global Competence: Evidence from China’s Higher Vocational Education , Yiying Teng

Visit the Imprisoned: A Heuristic Inquiry into the Experiences of Catholic Detention Ministry Volunteers , Christopher Tran

"Wait, watch this....What do you see?": Conceptualizing Mentor Practice in the Context of a Video Club for Induction Mentors , Victor Vega

Teaching to the Heart: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Elementary Educators’ Journey Toward Teaching Mathematics for Social Justice , Breána Victoria-Delgado

Factors Influencing College Students’ Learning Satisfaction With Educational Videos , Fei Wang

A Positive Psychology Perspective on Chinese EFL Students’ Well-Being, Language Mindset, and English Performance , Qian Wei

Becoming and Thriving as an EFL Instructor: Exploring Key Factors Contributing to Positive Identity Construction , Weiyi Xia

Fair or Unfair? Chinese Undergraduates’ Perceptions of College Classroom Assessments , Ying Zhu

Dissertations from 2023 2023

All Things Weird and Wonderful: A Creative Exploration of Disability Representation , Lara Ameen

Generalizability of the Scale of Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Inclusive Classrooms (STATIC) to School Psychologists , Abraham Aryadad

Understanding the Relationship Between Organic Chemistry Misconceptions and Students’ Chemistry Self-efficacy in Higher Education Organic Chemistry Courses , Lauren A. Dudley

Women’s Pornography Use and Sexuality Education in U.S. Public Schools , Julie Fraumeni-McBride

Educator Professional Development in Universal Design for Learning and Social-Emotional Learning: A Collective Case Study , Sara Morgan

Phenomenological Study on Veteran Resource Center (VRC) in California Community Colleges , Darl Park

Equipped for Change: A Grounded Theory Study of White Antiracist School Leaders’ Attitudes and Perceptions of Racial Consciousness in Educational Leadership , Thomas Joseph Peterson

A Discourse Analysis of Parents' and Teachers' Social Constructions of School Readiness and Transition to Kindergarten for Children With Disabilities , Ronica Senores Toyota

How Market-Driven Policies Impact a Private Vocational College Department in China , Huiru Zhu

Dissertations from 2022 2022

Disabled IDF Veterans in Israeli Higher Education: Disability Identity and Use of Support , Einat Ben Dov

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Teacher Preparation Standards within Inclusion-Intensive States , Kay Lynn Ceja

Beta Drift: Forecasting the Manifold Relationships between Students and their Pursuit of STEM Careers , Douglas D. Havard

Radical Belonging: School as Communion of Peoples, Place, and Power , Joey Yung-Jun Liu

“I Just Learn Differently”: The Experiences of Dis/abled Students of Color Interpreting and Resisting Normalizing Forces in the Mathematics Classroom , Dina Mahmood

The Efficacy of a Key Word Signing Workshop , Krista McMorran-Maus

The Relationship Among Social and Psychological Inclusion, Marginalized Group Membership, and Student Outcomes , Katheryn Munguia

Higher Education Housing Professionals and Disability: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Resident Directors’ Understandings of Disability , Christopher Toutain

Dissertations from 2021 2021

Understanding First-Generation Latinx Students' Experiences in a Predominantly White Private Institution: A Grounded Theory Study , Jacqueline Aparicio

Constructing Critical Change: Learning from Elementary Teachers' Engagement with Inclusive Critical Education , Courtney Beatty

Fighting An Uphill Battle: Black Undergraduate Women Navigating Higher Education While Acknowledging and Challenging Media Portrayals of Black Women , Kandace Branch

Community College Success of Students with Disabilities , Shayne Brophy-Felbab

Searching for Balance: The Reading Choices, Experiences, and Habits of Women in Higher Education Leadership Roles , Laura Burns

Leading Climate Action Planning: A Case Study of Local Community Practices , Mackenzie Crigger

Bidimensional Assessment of Youth Mental Health: Evaluation of the California Healthy Kids Survey as a Measure of Youth Subjective Well-Being , Michael Doria

Exploring the Relationship Between Religion and Resilience Among Latina Academics in Higher Education , Rocio Garcia

Special Education Parent Perceptions of Involvement and Parent–Educator Relationships During IEP Meetings at Nonpublic Schools , Alex Huynen

Systemic Functional Linguistics in the Community College Composition Class: A Multimodal Approach to Teaching Composition Using the Metalanguage of SFL , Jennifer James

School Psychologists as Leaders in Professional Practice: An Examination of Leadership Roles and Perceived Support , Jodi LaChance

An Examination of Chinese Private College Students’ Intercultural Competence , Li Li

Relationships Among Mentoring Support and Student Success in a Chinese First-Year Experience Program , Tianxiang Liu

Contributing to Engineering Colleges Students' Development Through Out-of-Class Involvement: A Survey of Chinese Private Colleges' Engineering Students , Wanlu Li

Understanding the Lived Experiences of Autistic Adults , Sneha Kohli Mathur

Using a Dual-Factor Model to Understand the Mental Health of Students with School Refusal Behavior , Zachary D. Maupin

The Effects of Internationalization Activities on Undergraduates' Global Competence: An Exploratory Study at A Chinese Private University , Haiying Meng

Resilience and Mental Health of Students Attending California's Continuation High Schools , Brianna Meshke McLay

'Training' the Body Politic: Essays on the School Reform Orthodoxy , Jahan Naghshineh

Mitigating Risks for Youth in At-Risk Living Conditions Through School-Based Protective Factors , Cora Palma

Seeing the Tress For the Forest: An Analysis of Novice and Experienced Teachers' Self-Efficacy and Stress , Allison Serceki

An Examination of Chinese Undergraduates’ Contemplativity and Academic Stress , Ran Tao

Teachers’ Experiences of a District’s Transformational Leadership Design Program: A Qualitative Study , Jarit Unrau

California Elected City Council Women of Color: Building a Collaborative Vision With Inclusive Voice , Beatriz T. Valencia

Equality of Educational Opportunity in China: Factors from Family, School, and Shadow Education , Qin Xiang

An Examination of Chinese Adolescents’ Resilience and Their Perceptions of Parental and Peer Attachment , Jingwen Xing

Do Academic Characteristics Predict Chinese Private University Students’ Success in English Language Testing? , Feijun Yu

Empathy Among Nursing Undergraduates at a Chinese Private University , Yuanyuan Zhang

A Study of Critical Thinking Dispositions of Undergraduates in Foreign Language Discipline at One Private College in Mainland China , Yuanyuan Zheng

Dissertations from 2020 2020

Hidden Power: Journalistic Representations of Mental Health Labels , Elise Anguizola Assaf

Finding Voice from the Inside: How Postsecondary Education Impacted Perceptions of Higher Education for Long-Term Incarcerated Juveniles , Gregory Barraza

Experienced Pediatric Oncology Nurses Using Self-Reflective Practices in the Clinical Setting: A Descriptive Phenomenological Investigation , Daniel Josue Bonilla

The Labyrinth of Autism: Heuristic Journeys of Fathers Who Have a Child on the Autism Spectrum , Lisa Boskovich

Developing Trust in a Cross-Functional Workgroup: Assessing the Effectiveness of a Communication Intervention , Scott De Long

A Place of Yes? Experiences of Educators Participating in Site-based Teacher-led Reform , Elizabeth Hind

Vietnamese Resilience Assessment: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Scale Validation , Loan Le

School Psychologists and School Counselors’ Perceptions of Preparation Received for the Provision of School-Based Mental Health Services , Sherika McKenzie

The Perceived Effectiveness of School-Based Accommodations for Students with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , MaryAnn Seng

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Teachers and School Communities Impacted by the Opioid Epidemic , Anne Steketee

Performative Possibilities in the Development of Protagonistic Agency Among Graduate Students in China , Yan Wang

Dissertations from 2019 2019

Laughing Back: A Phenomenological Study of Disability Humor Using Culturally Responsive Methodologies , Kinda Abujbarah

Women’s Right and Education in Saudi Arabia: Raising Critical Consciousness in Arabic Studies Courses in Female High Schools in Saudi Arabia , Eman Almutairi

Exploring Gender Roles and Gender Equality within the Evangelical Church , Christopher Bishop

Minding the Gap: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Transition from Secondary School to Community College for Students Identified with Autism , Douglas Highlen

#BLACKQUEERLIVESMATTER: Understanding the Lived Experiences of Black Gay Male Leaders in Los Angeles , Christopher Jackson

The Power of Partnership: Understanding the Dynamic of Co-Teaching Pairs , Amanda M. Lozolla

The Intersection of Speech-Language Pathologists’ Beliefs, Perceptions, and Practices and the Language Acquisition and Development of Emerging Aided Communicators , Margaret Vento-Wilson

On the Move: Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men , Kyle Williams

The Media, Education, and the State: Arts-Based Research and a Marxist Analysis of the Syrian Refugee Crisis , Meng Zhao

Dissertations from 2018 2018

Collegiate Women in Saudi Arabia: Leading Collectively for the Development of Self, Others, and Society , Miznah Alomair

Counter-stories of First-Generation Latinx Alumnae: A Critical Race Theory Analysis , Pamela Ezell

Practitioner Research in Schools: Revealing the Efficacy Agency Cycle , Edward Resnick

An Analysis of Mentoring and Job Satisfaction in Public and Private College and University Academic Libraries in California , Kevin M. Ross

Dissertations from 2017 2017

Queer Teachers in Catholic Schools: Cosmic Perceptions of an Easter People , Kevin Stockbridge

Dissertations from 2016 2016

Young, Urban, Professional, and Kenyan?: Conversations Surrounding Tribal Identity and Nationhood , Charlotte Achieng-Evensen

Inside/Outside/In-between: Understanding how Jewish Identity Impacts the Lives and Narratives of Ashkenazi Female Public School Educators , Mindi Ellen Benditson

The Repatriation Experiences of American Third Culture Kids , Nicole Mazzo Bennett

Academic Factors that Predict Community College Students’ Acceptance of Evolution , Meredith Anne Dorner

Operation Transition: Post-9/11 Combat Marines Transitioning to Civilian Life and the Role of Higher Education in their Identity Formation , Jamie M. Fenton

Towards a New Understanding: Complex Familial Constructs of Autism , Joanne Kim

The Development of the Scale of Contemplative Practice in Higher Education , Maryann Krikorian

Bridgers in the Third Space: An In-Country Investigation of the Leadership Practices of US-Educated Chinese Nationals , Maria L. Martinez

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Home > USC Columbia > Education, College of > Educational Studies > Educational Studies Theses and Dissertations

Educational Studies Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Centering the Teacher: How an Autonomy-Supportive Environment Impacts Arts Educators’ Sense of Agency and the Collaborative Culture of Their Education Networks , Kyle Andrew Anderson

Effects of a Self-Monitoring Tracking System Combined With Blended Learning Intervention Time on Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Skills And Academic Performance , Jennifer E. Augustine

The Integration of Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education Into Undergraduate Clinical Laboratory Science Curriculum , Dana Powell Baker

Reading Strategies: Impact on Fifth Grade African American Males’ Reading Comprehension and Motivation to Read , Patrice Antoinette Barrett

Tip of the Iceberg in Changing School Culture: Acknowledging and Addressing Microaggressions , Nicole Lauren Becker

The Impact of Ability Grouping on Academic Achievement in Elementary Reading , Kristi Bissell

Impacts of Technology-Enhanced Dual Enrollment Mathematics Course on Rural High School Students’ Intentions of Going to College , Nicolae Bordieanu

Educative Curricular Supports Used to Improve High Cognitive Demand Task Implementation in High-Dosage Mathematics Tutorial , Halley Bowman

Creating a Culturally Inclusive American Literature Classroom , Holly R. Bradshaw

The Impact of a Series of Professional Development Sessions on Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) on the Awareness Level of Seven Teachers at a Suburban High School , Charity Jo Brady

The Effects of Gamified Peer Feedback on Student Writing in High School English Language Arts , Kerise Amaris Broome

Evaluating the Impact of Personalized Professional Learning on Technology Integration in the Classroom , Angela Bishop Burgess

An Exploration of Perinatal Stress and Associated Mental Health of Transitioning First-Time Fathers , Timothy Reed Burkhalter

A Study of Computational Thinking Skills and Attitudes Towards Computer Science with Middle School Students , Lorien W. Cafarella

Using Critical Reflection to Mitigate Racial Implicit Bias and Enhance Cultural Humility: A Nursing Faculty Action Research Study , Teresa Stafford Cronell

Mitigating Student Anxiety in the Secondary Classroom: A Culturally Sustaining Approach , Erin Hawley Cronin

Daily Activities and Routines: A Comparative Case Study of the Home Language and Literacy Environment of Spanish-Speaking Toddlers With and Without Older Siblings , Eugenia Crosby-Quinatoa

Supporting Improvement in Academic Outcomes and Self-Efficacy for Black Male Varsity Athletes , Katherine M. Currie

Online Professional Development’s Effect on Teachers’ Technology Self-Efficacy and Continuance Intention to Use Pear Deck , Katherine Shirley Degar

Empowering Teachers to Support MTSS Students: An Action Research Study , Sahalija Dentico

Multisensory Phonics Instruction in Struggling Readers , Amanda M. Dixon

Student Engagement Action Research a Focus on Culturally Relevant Instructional Methods , Amia Dixon

Instructional Coaching: A Support for Increasing Engagement in Middle School Mathematics , Christi Ritchie Edwards

A Holistic View of Integrated Care Within Counselor Education: A Multi-Manuscript Dissertation , Alexander McClain Fields

Faculty Perceptions of Readiness and Confidence for Teaching Online: An Evaluation of Online Professional Development , Kevin Brent Forman

The Effect of Instructionally Embedded Cognitive Reframing on Students’ Self-Beliefs of Their Mathematical Competence , Kelly Eyre Frazee

An Examination of Physical Literacy: Learning Through A Technology Integrated, Flipped Classroom Approach. , Euan M. S. Frew

Increasing Phonemic Awareness in Intellectually Impaired Students by Using Wilson’s Fundations Phonics Program in a Self-Contained Classroom , Theresa Lynne Garcia

A Causal Comparative Study of the Effects of Physical Activity Course Enrollment on College Students’ Perceived Wellness, Mental Health, and Basic Psychological Needs , Genee’ Regina Glascoe

The Effect of Computer-Based Learning Modules on Pre-Algebra Student Proficiency and Self-Efficacy in Manipulating Math Expressions Involving Negative Signs , Brian Charles Grimm

Exploring Literary Responses to Culturally Relevant Texts Through an AsianCrit Lens: A Collective Case Study of Chinese American Students in a Community-Based Book Club , Wenyu Guo

Building Leadership Capacity to Support International Educators: A Professional Learning Series , Amanda Hajji Minnillo

Unveiling the Lifeworld of Educators’ Social Justice Journeys: A Phenomenological Investigation , Maria Rocas Halkias

The Influence and Impacts of Critical Literacy Intervention in Preservice Teachers Culturally Responsive Teaching Self-Efficacy: A Mixed Methods Study , Heather Lynn Hall

Stories From North Carolina Teachers of Color: An Inquiry of Racialized Experiences in the Workplace. , Deborah Stephanie Harrison

Electronic Portfolios in a High School Community of Practice: Action Research Exploring Writing Experiences in an Advanced Placement Writing Course , Archibald Franklin Harrison IV

The Effects of Problem-Based Learning on Mathematics Motivation in a Flipped Classroom Instructional Environment , Joshua David Harrison

University, City, and Community: Athletics Urban Renewal Projects and the University of South Carolina’s Carolina Coliseum and Blatt Physical Education Center, 1964–1971 , Theresa M. Harrison

Stories from North Carolina Teachers of Color: An Inquiry of Racialized Experiences in the Workplace. , Deborah Stephanie Harrisson

Examining the Perceptions and Knowledge of School Administrators in Special Education , Maranda Hayward

Supporting Black Students in Sixth-Grade Science Through a Social Constructivist Approach: A Mixed-Methods Action Research Study , Kirk Anthony Heath

Effects of Choice Reading on Intrinsic Motivation in Underperforming Sixth-Grade Students , Heather M. Henderson

Academic Success and Student Development in the Health Professions: An Action Research Study , Molly Ellen Higbie

Deficit Thinking in Teacher Course Level Recommendations , Andrew Hogan

Increasing English Progress Proficiency of Multilingual Learners Utilizing Improvement Science , Stephanie Corley Huckabee

The Impact of Cognitive Coaching on High School English Teachers’ Implementation of Metacognitve Reading Strategies , Charrai Hunter

Digital Literacy Integrated Into Academic Content Through the Collaboration of a Librarian and a Core Content Teacher , Jeri Leann Jeffcoat

The Effects of Hip-Hop and Rap Music Intervention to Improve the Wellbeing of Black and African American Men , Lanita Michelle Jefferson

The Effects of Learner-Centered Professional Development and Supporting Effective Teaching Practices in Elementary-Level Professional Learning Communities , Lisa Suther Johnson

Examining the Relationship Between Multicultural Training and Cultural Humility Development in CACREP-Accredited Counselor Education Programs , Sabrina Monique Johnson

Multimodal Digital Literacy Practices: Perspectives of L2 Academic Writing Instructors , Priscila Jovazino Bastos Medrado Costa

Using Yoga, Meditation, and Art Therapy to Combat Complex Trauma and Promote Social–Emotional Learning in the Art Room , Karen Emory Kelly

Perspectives, Motivations, and Resistance: Investigating Employee Responses to Employer-Sponsored Diversity Training , Robert Kerlin

STEM Educators’ Perceptions of Gender Bias and the Contributing Factors That Persist for Women in STEM Education , Haleigh Nicole Kirkland

A Qualitative Study Examining and Comparing Families’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of School Readiness , Shalonya Cerika Knotts

The Impact of Differentiated Affective Curriculum on the Asynchronous Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Elementary Students , Michelle Koehle

Supporting Self-Efficacy Through Mindset: The Impact of a Growth Mindset Innovation on the Self-Efficacy of Middle School Students in a Teen Leadership Course , Shannon J. Kojah

The Evolution of Contextualized, Discourse-based Professional Development to Support Elementary Teachers in the Implementation of Conceptual Mathematical Teaching Practices , Jennifer Aren Kueter

A Critical Examination Of An in Class Tabata Based Physical Fitness Protocol on Student Engagement Levels in a Sixth Grade Math Class , Justin R. Kulik

Mathematics Teachers’ Attitudes and Intentions Towards Instructional Videos as Part of a Flipped Learning Model , Jessica Lee Lambert

Reimagining Parent-Teacher Relationships Through Human Centered Design , Andrea Lynn Lance

Increasing Math Knowledge in 3 rd Grade: Evaluating Student Use & Teacher Perceptions of Imagine Math , Paoze Lee

Utilizing Case Studies to Increase Critical Thinking in an Undergraduate Anatomy & Physiology Classroom , Sarah E. Lehman

Exploring Chinese International Students’ Motivational Factors in Non-Mandatory Event Participation , Aimin Liao

Preparing In-Service Elementary Teachers to Support English Language Learners: A Qualitative Case Study of a Job-Embedded Professional Development Using TPACK , Rachel Theresa Lopez

Impact of Virtual Models on Students’ Multilevel Understanding of an Organic Reaction , Eli Martin

Weathering the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study Examining How the Lived Experience Affected English Learners , Mary Kathryn Maxwell

Racial Orientations: A Phenomenological Approach , Nicholas Mazur

Measuring the Impact of Peer Coaching on Teacher Effectiveness at Friendship County High School , Whittney Michele McPherson

The Effects of Technology Integration on Academic Performance and Engagement of Third Grade Social Studies Students: A Mixed Methods Study , Ashley Megregian

Beyond the Acronym of STEM: Experiential Learning Professional Development for Integrative STEM Education , Christine Mitchell

Counter-Stories From Former Foster Youth: College Graduates Disrupting the Dominant Narrative , Amanda May Moon

Supporting LGBTQ+ ELA Students Through Action Research , Nicole Mustaccio

What Are They Thinking?: A Qualitative Study of Secondary Students’ Critical Thinking in Online Classes , Scott Allan Nolt

Impact of the Engineering Design Process on Rural Female Students’ Achievement and Self-Efficacy , Whitney Lowery Oberndorf

Shakespeare in Virtual Reality: Social Presence of Students in a Virtual Reality Book Club , John Funchess Ott Jr.

Teacher Observations as Professional Development Opportunities , Ashton Carrie Padgett

Reading Motivation and Retrieval Practice of United States Undergraduates Aged 18 to 23 , Robyn M. Pernetti

A Descriptive Study of Factors That Support and Hinder Classroom Discourse With English Learners , Jillian Camille Plum

Implementing Meaningful Problem-Based Learning in a Middle School Science Classroom , Celestine Banks Pough

Coaching to Success: Moving From a Fixed Mindset to a Growth Mindset Through Positive Motivation , Shannon Dianna Ramirez

Critical Literacy and Student Engagement: Disrupting the Canon in the Secondary English Classroom , Katherine Burdick Ramp

Pursuing Culturally Responsive Math Teaching By Secondary Math Educators: A Professional Development Action Research Study , Emily Bell Redding

The Impact of a Literacy Program on Summer Reading Setback: Providing Access to Books and Project-Based Learning , Tiffany Gayle Robles

Decentering the White Gaze: The Effects of Involving African-American Students in Curricular Decision-Making in an Independent School Library , Michelle Efird Rosen

Critical Literacy and Self Efficacy Among Secondary Students Repeatedly Engaged in Literacy Intervention , Haley Rowles

Transforming Lessons and Those Who Write Them: Professional Development for Educational Content Writers to Integrate Technology Into Lessons Using the Tpack Framework , Rachael Patricia Santopietro

An Examination of Semester-Long Review of Behavior Referral Data at a High School in a Southeastern State , Shalanda L. Shuler

Instructional Hub: Bridging the Gap in Teacher Preparation for Online Instruction , Charity Beth Simmons

The Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model on Elementary Students’ Achievement and Motivation for Learning Geometry , Kimberly M. Smalls

If Not Me, Then Who? A Study of Racial and Cultural Competence in a High School English Department , DiAnna Sox

“So, the World Isn’t Just Old White Guys?”: Student and Teacher Experiences in a Culturally Relevant Advanced Placement Chemistry Class , Jason Thomas Sox

1, 2, 3: Counting on Problem Based Learning to Improve Mathematical Achievement in African American Students , Kelley P. Spahr

The Use of Project-Based Learning to Scaffold Student Social and Emotional Learning Skill Development, Science Identity, and Science Self-Efficacy , Michelle Sutton Spigner

How Do the Students Feel? Long-Term English Learners and Their Experience Under the ESL Label , Molly M. Staeheli

My Journey Toward a Culturally Relevant Music Pedagogy , Adam Michael Steele

Implementation of Digital Flashcards to Increase Content-Specific Vocabulary Knowledge and Perceptions of Motivation and Self-Efficacy in an Eleventh-Grade U.S. History Course: An Action Research Study , Jill Lee Steinmeyer

Family Therapy, K-12 Public Education, and Discipline Risk: A Scoping Review and Relationship Analysis Multiple Manuscript Dissertation , Cara Melinda Thompson

The Impact of Extended Professional Development in Project-Based Learning on Middle School Science Teachers , Margrett Caroline Upchurch-Ford

The Contribution of Self-Efficacy and Counselor Biases Effects on Clinical Reasoning in New Counselors , Ashley Faith Waddington

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71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best physical education topic ideas & essay examples, 🔎 interesting topics to write about physical education, 📑 good research topics about physical education.

Keeping Physical Education in Schools Apart from participating in the physical education programs, the students need to be taught on the importance of the various exercises so that they inculcate the culture of physical fitness into their life-time fitness programs.
The Nature and Values of Physical Education In the past, physical education was considered to consist of only physical and practical activities, however, the recent research has justified that physical education can be included in the curriculum on the basis of scientific […]
Adaptive Physical Education The value of the brochure developed for the informational purpose is attributed to the need to communicate the importance of APE and point out the value that it could bring to children with special needs.
Race and Gender in Physical Education and Sports These factors create the diversity of cultures and nations, and inclusiveness, giving access to the best talents and disclosing the individual’s potential, abilities, and strengths.
The Usefulness of Physical Education in Modern Education Varied criticism adds to the debate on the usefulness of PE in modern education and the need to change current approaches. This indicates the need to focus the debate on the meaning of PE to […]
Physical Education and Its Benefits Schools in particular know the benefits of physical education in a student’s life and should be able to fight for the children’s rights.
Physical Education within Elementary Schools One of the benefits of the physical education is the level of physical fitness that it induces to the students. The manner in which these students are introduced to physical education and the way that […]
Effects of Physical Education on Brain These neurons are usually created in a place called the hippocampus, which happens to be the section of the brain involved in learning and storage of memory.
Health Teaching and Physical Education Lesson Plan Students will be able to dribble a ball with a hand paying attention to such principles as dribbling on the side, waist-high, pushing the ball down, and eyes lookup.
Physical Education Curriculum Physical education has significantly contributed towards the realization of the school philosophy as it helps in the development of the physical aspects of the students.
Physical Education: Effect of Phototherapy Therefore, it is evident that the intensity of an exercise directly influences one’s heart rate, breathing rate, skin coloration, sweating, and recovery.
Bodies in Physical Education The purpose of this study is to investigate how students view the construction of their bodies in relation to physical education and how students’ meanings of their bodies affect their participation or resistance to physical […]
Effectiveness of Physical Education Provisions in the UK School The vital need for health promotion, especially in terms of secondary education has been highlighted by the science of epidemiology the study of factors that influence the health and illnesses of people.
British Development of Sport and Physical Education in the Last 25 Years Sport England wishes to increase participation in sports through community sports activities, sporting completions providing and training coaches and officiators, and closely working with the Youth Sport Trust and UK Sports formed in 1996 to […]
Physical Education: Personal Physical Exercise Plan Given the necessity of taking fluids, it is good to identify and avail the same before starting a physical exercise session.
Increase of Physical Education Classes Children are the future of any nation, and their health and well-being are the essential preconditions for the successful development of the United States.
Physical Educators Attitude to Special Needs Children Sue Combs, together with her colleagues from the University of North Carolina, investigated the attitudes of the physical education teachers towards the inclusion of children with special needs in their lessons.
Should Public Schools Be Required to Restore Physical Education Classes to the Curriculum? The occurrence of obesity prevalence in children, in the U S, can be associated with the removal of physical education courses in public school curriculum.
Elementary School Curriculum and Physical Education
Should Physical Education Be a Required Class in College?
Physical Education Class: The Perfect Place to Be Bullied
Pros and Cons of Physical Education
How Physical Education Should Be Taught
Physical Education for Elementary School Students
Weight-Related Barriers for Overweight Students in an Elementary Physical Education Classroom
Physical Education Lesson Plan and Activity Ideas
Motivation, Discipline, and Academic Performance in Physical Education
Adaptive Physical Education for Students With Special Needs
Physical Education Should Not Be Mandated
How Technology Enhances the Physical Education Curriculum
Physical Education: Standards, Cooperative Skills, and Learning Theories
Physical Education’s Contribution to Public Health
Physical Education Importance for Child Development
Reasons to Keep Physical Education in the National Curriculum
Ethical Relativism and Its Impact on Physical Education
Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity
History and Benefits of Physical Education: Why I Want to Be a P.E. Teacher
Physical Education Beyond the Middle School
The Importance of Physical Education in Childhood Obesity
Physical Activity Promotion and School Physical Education
Implementing the TARGET Model in Physical Education: Effects on Perceived Psychobiosocial and Motivational States in Girls
Teaching the Nuts and Bolts of Physical Education
Health-Related Intensity Profiles for Physical Education Classes
Anticipated Benefits From a Basic College Physical Education Activity Course
Physical Education Should Be Graded on Effort, Not Ability
Motivation and Intention to Be Physically Active in Physical Education Students
Personal Development, Health, and Physical Education
Why Physical Education Should Be Included in the School Curriculum
Attitude and Teacher’s Qualification as Factors Affecting Students’ Participation in Physical Education Activities
Burnout in Physical Education Teachers
What Benefits Physical Activity Has on Academic Performance
SPARK Physical Education Curriculum Program
Changing the National Curriculum for Physical Education
Physical Education: Official School Policy
How Physical Education Helps to Develop Your Personality
Early Childhood Development: Physical Education Program Effects
Fun Physical Education Games for High School Students
How Extracurricular Sports Should Satisfy State Physical Education Requirements
One’s Readiness to Self-Development Through Physical Education
Would More Physical Education Reduce Obesity in the Youths?
Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Health and Physical Education: Volleyball
Managing the Physical Education Classroom
Strategies to Accommodate Autism Spectrum Disorder Students in General Physical Education
Physical Education vs. School Sports: What’s the Difference?
The Impact of School Budgetary Cuts on Physical Education
Teaching Health and Physical Education in Australian Schools
Positive Reinforcement Techniques in Physical Education
Child Development Research Ideas
Academic Performance Topics
Football Topics
Asthma Paper Topics
Lifespan Development Essay Titles
Obesity Ideas
Soccer Research Topics
Adolescence Questions
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IvyPanda. (2023, November 9). 71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/

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Physical Education Theses and Dissertations
Theses/Dissertations from 2020 PDF. Elementary Physical Education Teacher Perceptions of Motor Skill Assessment, Jenna Fisher. PDF. Motor Competence and Quality of Life in Youth with Cancer and Visual Impairments, Emily N. Gilbert. PDF. Two Studies of Inclusive and Augmented Physical Education, Matthew Patey. PDF
Physical Education and Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations
Theses/Dissertations from 2016. PDF. The Effect of Exercise Order on Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training, Tonya Lee Davis-Miller. PDF. Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes, Laurie Schrider.
Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations
Browse the list of theses and dissertations from the Exercise Science program at USC Columbia. Find topics related to physical activity, health, sport, nutrition, and more.
The Impact of a Daily Physical Education Program on Students' Attitudes
a non-daily physical education (NPE) program. It was hypothesized that the students involved in a daily physical education program would reap the benefits of regular physical activity to a greater degree than the non-daily physical education students and therefore develop a more positive attitude towards physical activity. Furthermore, by
Physical Education Dissertation Topics
More Physical Education Dissertation Topics. Topic 1: Modern Physical Education versus the Traditional Physical Education - A Comparison. Topic 2: Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Mental Health. Topic 3: Analysing Student Behavior and Engagement in Physical Education Classes. Topic 4: Planning Physical Education Programs to ...
PDF Physical education teacher education students' perceptions of physical
physical education and how physical education is experienced before students enter a PETE program can affect their understanding of physical education and if their perceptions change by the completion of the program. Perceptions are defined as attitudes and behaviors formed from experiences (Cardinal et al., 2013).
Physical Education, Health and Recreation Masters Thesis Collection
The Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PEHR) was renamed the Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences (WAMS) in fall 2019. See Wellness and Movement Sciences Theses for materials created from fall 2019 to the present. Follow. Theses/Dissertations from 2019 PDF. Turnover ...
15 Physical Education Dissertation Topics
Physical education (PE) is an educational discipline that focuses on physical activities, mental growth and the overall well-being of the students. Western schools offer physical education from an early age to make students' minds and bodies fit. Students may need understandable and informative physical education dissertation topics for their assignments.
PDF The nature and practice of primary physical education: A study ...
The nature and practice of primary physical education: A study of the perceptions of subject leaders Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by ... for example, Armour & Duncombe, 2004; Elliot, Atencio, Campbell & Jess, 2013; Harris, ...
Physical Education and Sport / HPAS: Dissertation Examples, Past Exam
The Library has access to a limited number of Undergraduate and Masters dissertations for BEd, ECS, HPAS and some M-level courses that are deliver by the University College. Unlike all other online Library resources, dissertations are accessed using your full email address. See example below. Example log-in for dissertation links below:
Physical Education Dissertations
Dissertations on Physical Education. Physical Education, or PE, develops practical and academic skills and knowledge in the field of sports and sporting activities. Physical Education degrees often provide a foundation for a career in teaching sports or PE. View All Dissertation Examples.
Physical Education Research Paper Topics
Find 100 stimulating and thought-provoking topics for your physical education research paper. Explore various areas of interest, from curriculum and instruction to policy and advocacy, and get 10% off with 24START discount code.
The Role of Physical Education at School
Physical education is the foundation of a comprehensive school physical. activity program. It provides cognitive content and instruction designed to develop motor skills, knowledge, and. behaviors ...
Physical education and health promotion: A qualitative study of
Abstract. Presents the findings from semi-structured interviews with 35 physical education (PE) teachers in secondary schools in the Northwest of England. A principal aim of the study was to ...
Physical Education Dissertation Topics
Example accredited physical education dissertation topic 1: Boxing as part of the PE curriculum - a personal rejoinder. Fifty years ago, boxing was a mainstream component of boys' physical education within secondary modern schools as well as the independent sector.
Physical Education Dissertation Topics for FREE
Find over 40 free and excellent topics for your PE dissertation, covering teaching practice, lesson planning, motivation, engagement and more. Explore the latest trends and challenges in PE literature and practice with Ivory Research.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic
Although academic performance stems from a complex interaction between intellect and contextual variables, health is a vital moderating factor in a child's ability to learn. The idea that healthy children learn better is empirically supported and well accepted (Basch, 2010), and multiple studies have confirmed that health benefits are associated with physical activity, including cardiovascular ...
Dissertation Examples Physical Education
Dissertation Examples Physical Education - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses the challenges of writing a dissertation in physical education. It notes that the process requires extensive knowledge and understanding of research methods. Each step from topic selection to data analysis and formatting demands commitment and rigor.
St. John's Scholar
Explore the research conducted by St. John's University faculty and students on various topics, including academic performance, math, science, journalism, and more.
Dissertation examples
Browse some of the best examples of research projects and dissertations from undergraduate and taught postgraduate students at the University of Leeds. Find out how to access, read and learn from these examples, and get feedback on your own work.
Education (PhD) Dissertations
Browse a selection of dissertations from the Attallah College of Educational Studies at Chapman University. Find topics, methods, and findings from various fields of education research.
Educational Studies Theses and Dissertations
Family Therapy, K-12 Public Education, and Discipline Risk: A Scoping Review and Relationship Analysis Multiple Manuscript Dissertation, Cara Melinda Thompson. PDF. The Impact of Extended Professional Development in Project-Based Learning on Middle School Science Teachers, Margrett Caroline Upchurch-Ford. PDF
71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Role of Parents in Physical Education and Sport. The involvement of parents in physical education and sports is viewed differently in regard to how it affects the child's participation in sports even later in life. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts. 191 writers online.

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Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Latest Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Analysing different types of fine motor activities to help myriad health issues – a study on autistic children in the UK.

Topic 3: Examining the significance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Topic 4: A study on the use of health rate monitors and health tracking to support the practices of advanced physical education.

Topic 5: Exploring the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK – a study on people’s changing behaviour during lockdown.

More Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Mental Health

Topic 3: Analysing Student Behavior and Engagement in Physical Education Classes

Topic 4: Planning Physical Education Programs to Produce Effective Results

Topic 5: Role of Teachers in Enhancing Students’ Engagement in Physical Education Lessons

Topic 6: Should Physical Education Lessons Differ for Males and Females?

Topic 7: Do Physical Education Classes Promote the Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle?

Topic 8: Physical Education and Technology – How Well do the Two Integrate?

Topic 9: Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Topic 10: Accountability in Physical Education Lessons – How do Students Respond?

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Topic 11: Devising Strategies for Different Levels of Physical Education

Topic 12: Should Universities Include Physical Education Lessons in their Curriculum?

Topic 13: Assessing Different Physical Education Teaching Styles and their Impact on Students

Topic 14: Exploring the Challenges in Physical Education Lessons

Topic 15: Understanding the association between Counseling and Physical Education Lessons

Topic 16: Diet, Physical Education, and Health – How are the three interlinked?

Topic 17: Does Physical Education Enhance Students’ Academic Career?

Topic 18: Impact of Physical Education on Personality Development – An Analysis

Topic 19: Studying the Impact of Introducing Physical Education in Students’ Early Years

Topic 20: Comparing the Benefits and Challenges of Physical Education

Topic 21: The Role of Gender in Employing Physical Education

Topic 22: The Impact of Physical Education in Reducing Obesity in Students

Topic 23: Exploring the Impact of Visual Aids in PE Teaching

Topic 24: Investigating the Impact of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Topic 25: An Analysis of the Physical and Mental Health of Students After PE

Topic 26: Exploring the Need for Physical Education at the College Level to Improve the Mental Health of Students

Topic 27: Investigating How Physical Activity Can Improve the Immune System in Adults

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