a += b
a -= b
a *= b
a /= b
a %= b
a &= b
a |= b
a ^= b
a <<= b
a >>= b
++a
--a
a++
a--
+a
-a
a + b
a - b
a * b
a / b
a % b
~a
a & b
a | b
a ^ b
a << b
a >> b
!a
a && b
a || b
a == b
a != b
a < b
a > b
a <= b
a >= b
a[b]
*a
&a
a->b
a.b
a(...)
a, b
(type) a
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Example of simple assignment operator.
+= | addition assignment | It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
-= | subtraction assignment | It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
*= | multiplication assignment | It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
/= | division assignment | It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
%= | modulo assignment | It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. |
&= | bitwise AND assignment | It performs the bitwise AND operation on the variable with the value on the right |
|= | bitwise OR assignment | It performs the bitwise OR operation on the variable with the value on the right |
^= | bitwise XOR assignment | It performs the bitwise XOR operation on the variable with the value on the right |
<<= | bitwise left shift assignment | Shifts the bits of the variable to the left by the value on the right |
>>= | bitwise right shift assignment | Shifts the bits of the variable to the right by the value on the right |
Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code, 2. after executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable, benefits of using assignment operators, best practices and tips for using the assignment operator, live classes schedule.
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C Assignment Operators | Example | Explanation |
---|---|---|
= | x = 25 | Value 25 is assigned to x |
+= | x += 25 | This is the same as x = x + 25 |
-= | x -= 25 | This is the same as x = x – 25 |
*= | y *= 25 | This is the same as y = y * 25 |
/= | y /= 25 | This is the same as y = y / 25 |
%= | y%= 25 | This is the same as y = y % 25 |
Home » Learn C Programming from Scratch » C Assignment Operators
Summary : in this tutorial, you’ll learn about the C assignment operators and how to use them effectively.
An assignment operator assigns the vale of the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand. The following example uses the assignment operator (=) to assign 1 to the counter variable:
After the assignmment, the counter variable holds the number 1.
The following example adds 1 to the counter and assign the result to the counter:
The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.
Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.
The following example uses a compound-assignment operator (+=):
The expression:
is equivalent to the following expression:
The following table illustrates the compound-assignment operators in C:
Operator | Operation Performed | Example | Equivalent expression |
---|---|---|---|
Multiplication assignment | x *= y | x = x * y | |
Division assignment | x /= y | x = x / y | |
Remainder assignment | x %= y | x = x % y | |
Addition assignment | x += y | x = x + y | |
Subtraction assignment | x -= y | x = x – y | |
Left-shift assignment | x <<= y | x = x <<=y | |
Right-shift assignment | x >>=y | x = x >>= y | |
Bitwise-AND assignment | x &= y | x = x & y | |
Bitwise-exclusive-OR assignment | x ^= y | x = x ^ y | |
Bitwise-inclusive-OR assignment | x |= y | x = x | y |
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Assignment operator is used to assign value to a variable (memory location). There is a single assignment operator = in C. It evaluates expression on right side of = symbol and assigns evaluated value to left side the variable.
For example consider the below assignment table.
Operation | Description |
---|---|
Assigns 10 to variable | |
Evaluates expression and assign result to | |
Evaluates and assign result to | |
Error, you cannot re-assign a value to a constant | |
Error, you cannot re-assign a value to a constant |
The RHS of assignment operator must be a constant, expression or variable. Whereas LHS must be a variable (valid memory location).
C supports a short variant of assignment operator called compound assignment or shorthand assignment. Shorthand assignment operator combines one of the arithmetic or bitwise operators with assignment operator.
For example, consider following C statements.
The above expression a = a + 2 is equivalent to a += 2 .
Similarly, there are many shorthand assignment operators. Below is a list of shorthand assignment operators in C.
Shorthand assignment operator | Example | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Assignment operators is a binary operator which is used to assign values in a variable , with its right and left sides being a one-one operand. The operand on the left side is variable in which the value is assigned and the right side operands can contain any of the constant, variable, and expression.
The Assignment operator is a lower priority operator. its priority has much lower than the rest of the other operators. Its priority is more than just the comma operator. The priority of all other operators is more than the assignment operator.
We can assign the same value to multiple variables simultaneously by the assignment operator.
x = y = z = 100
Here x, y, and z are initialized to 100.
In C language, the assignment operator can be divided into two categories.
This operator is used to assign left-side values to the right-side operands, simple assignment operators are represented by (=).
Compound Assignment Operators use the old value of a variable to calculate its new value and reassign the value obtained from the calculation to the same variable.
Examples of compound assignment operators are: (Example: + =, – =, * =, / =,% =, & =, ^ =)
Look at these two statements:
Here in this example, adding 5 to the x variable in the second statement is again being assigned to the x variable.
Compound Assignment Operators provide us with the C language to perform such operation even more effecient and in less time.
Here op can be any arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /,%).
The above statement is equivalent to the following depending on the function:
Let us now know about some important compound assignment operators one by one.
“+ =” -: This operator adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the output to the left operand.
“- =” -: This operator subtracts the right operand from the left operand and returns the result to the left operand.
“* =” -: This operator multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
“/ =” -: This operator splits the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
“% =” -: This operator takes the modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
There are many other assignment operators such as left shift and (<< =) operator, right shift and operator (>> =), bitwise and assignment operator (& =), bitwise OR assignment operator (^ =)
= | sum = 101;101 is assigned to variable sum |
+= | sum += 101; This is same as sum = sum + 101 |
-= | sum -= 101; This is same as sum = sum – 101 |
*= | sum *= 101; This is same as sum = sum * 101 |
/= | sum /= 101; This is same as sum = sum/101 |
%= | sum %= 101; This is same as sum = sum % 101 |
&= | sum&=101; This is same as sum = sum & 101 |
^= | sum ^= 101; This is same as sum = sum ^ 101 |
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Assignment operator in c.
Last Updated on June 23, 2023 by Prepbytes
This type of operator is employed for transforming and assigning values to variables within an operation. In an assignment operation, the right side represents a value, while the left side corresponds to a variable. It is essential that the value on the right side has the same data type as the variable on the left side. If this requirement is not fulfilled, the compiler will issue an error.
In C, the assignment operator serves the purpose of assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by the equals sign (=) and plays a vital role in storing data within variables for further utilization in code. When using the assignment operator, the value present on the right-hand side is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. This fundamental operation allows developers to store and manipulate data effectively throughout their programs.
For example, consider the following line of code:
Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language:
Simple assignment operator (=): This is the basic assignment operator, which assigns the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side.
Addition assignment operator (+=): This operator adds the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.
x += 3; // Equivalent to x = x + 3; (adds 3 to the current value of "x" and assigns the result back to "x")
Subtraction assignment operator (-=): This operator subtracts the value on the right-hand side from the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.
x -= 4; // Equivalent to x = x – 4; (subtracts 4 from the current value of "x" and assigns the result back to "x")
* Multiplication assignment operator ( =):** This operator multiplies the value on the right-hand side with the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.
x = 2; // Equivalent to x = x 2; (multiplies the current value of "x" by 2 and assigns the result back to "x")
Division assignment operator (/=): This operator divides the variable on the left-hand side by the value on the right-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.
x /= 2; // Equivalent to x = x / 2; (divides the current value of "x" by 2 and assigns the result back to "x")
Bitwise AND assignment (&=): The bitwise AND assignment operator "&=" performs a bitwise AND operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.
x &= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise AND assignment: x = 1 (Binary: 0001)
Bitwise OR assignment (|=): The bitwise OR assignment operator "|=" performs a bitwise OR operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.
x |= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise OR assignment: x = 7 (Binary: 0111)
Bitwise XOR assignment (^=): The bitwise XOR assignment operator "^=" performs a bitwise XOR operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.
x ^= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise XOR assignment: x = 6 (Binary: 0110)
Left shift assignment (<<=): The left shift assignment operator "<<=" shifts the bits of the value on the left-hand side to the left by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.
x <<= 2; // Binary: 010100 (Shifted left by 2 positions) // After left shift assignment: x = 20 (Binary: 10100)
Right shift assignment (>>=): The right shift assignment operator ">>=" shifts the bits of the value on the left-hand side to the right by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.
x >>= 2; // Binary: 101 (Shifted right by 2 positions) // After right shift assignment: x = 5 (Binary: 101)
Conclusion The assignment operator in C, denoted by the equals sign (=), is used to assign a value to a variable. It is a fundamental operation that allows programmers to store data in variables for further use in their code. In addition to the simple assignment operator, C provides compound assignment operators that combine arithmetic or bitwise operations with assignment, allowing for concise and efficient code.
Q1. Can I assign a value of one data type to a variable of another data type? In most cases, assigning a value of one data type to a variable of another data type will result in a warning or error from the compiler. It is generally recommended to assign values of compatible data types to variables.
Q2. What is the difference between the assignment operator (=) and the comparison operator (==)? The assignment operator (=) is used to assign a value to a variable, while the comparison operator (==) is used to check if two values are equal. It is important not to confuse these two operators.
Q3. Can I use multiple assignment operators in a single statement? No, it is not possible to use multiple assignment operators in a single statement. Each assignment operator should be used separately for assigning values to different variables.
Q4. Are there any limitations on the right-hand side value of the assignment operator? The right-hand side value of the assignment operator should be compatible with the data type of the left-hand side variable. If the data types are not compatible, it may lead to unexpected behavior or compiler errors.
Q5. Can I assign the result of an expression to a variable using the assignment operator? Yes, it is possible to assign the result of an expression to a variable using the assignment operator. For example, x = y + z; assigns the sum of y and z to the variable x.
Q6. What happens if I assign a value to an uninitialized variable? Assigning a value to an uninitialized variable will initialize it with the assigned value. However, it is considered good practice to explicitly initialize variables before using them to avoid potential bugs or unintended behavior.
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C flow control.
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C Precedence And Associativity Of Operators
Bitwise Operators in C Programming
An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition.
C has a wide range of operators to perform various operations.
An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values (constants and variables).
Operator | Meaning of Operator |
---|---|
+ | addition or unary plus |
- | subtraction or unary minus |
* | multiplication |
/ | division |
% | remainder after division (modulo division) |
The operators + , - and * computes addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as you might have expected.
In normal calculation, 9/4 = 2.25 . However, the output is 2 in the program.
It is because both the variables a and b are integers. Hence, the output is also an integer. The compiler neglects the term after the decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25 .
The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a=9 is divided by b=4 , the remainder is 1 . The % operator can only be used with integers.
Suppose a = 5.0 , b = 2.0 , c = 5 and d = 2 . Then in C programming,
C programming has two operators increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an operand (constant or variable) by 1.
Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand.
Here, the operators ++ and -- are used as prefixes. These two operators can also be used as postfixes like a++ and a-- . Visit this page to learn more about how increment and decrement operators work when used as postfix .
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common assignment operator is =
Operator | Example | Same as |
---|---|---|
= | a = b | a = b |
+= | a += b | a = a+b |
-= | a -= b | a = a-b |
*= | a *= b | a = a*b |
/= | a /= b | a = a/b |
%= | a %= b | a = a%b |
C relational operators.
A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.
Relational operators are used in decision making and loops .
Operator | Meaning of Operator | Example |
---|---|---|
== | Equal to | is evaluated to 0 |
> | Greater than | is evaluated to 1 |
< | Less than | is evaluated to 0 |
!= | Not equal to | is evaluated to 1 |
>= | Greater than or equal to | is evaluated to 1 |
<= | Less than or equal to | is evaluated to 0 |
C logical operators.
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C programming .
Operator | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
&& | Logical AND. True only if all operands are true | If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression equals to 0. |
|| | Logical OR. True only if either one operand is true | If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression equals to 1. |
! | Logical NOT. True only if the operand is 0 | If c = 5 then, expression equals to 0. |
Explanation of logical operator program
During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc are converted to bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.
Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.
Operators | Meaning of operators |
---|---|
& | Bitwise AND |
| | Bitwise OR |
^ | Bitwise exclusive OR |
~ | Bitwise complement |
<< | Shift left |
>> | Shift right |
Visit bitwise operator in C to learn more.
Comma operator.
Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:
The sizeof is a unary operator that returns the size of data (constants, variables, array, structure, etc).
Other operators such as ternary operator ?: , reference operator & , dereference operator * and member selection operator -> will be discussed in later tutorials.
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There are different kinds of the operators, such as arithmetic, relational, bitwise, assignment, etc., in the C programming language. The assignment operator is used to assign the value, variable and function to another variable. Let's discuss the various types of the assignment operators such as =, +=, -=, /=, *= and %=.
It is the operator used to assign the right side operand or variable to the left side variable.
Let's create a program to use the simple assignment operator in C.
The operator is used to add the left side operand to the left operand and then assign results to the left operand.
Let's create a program to use the Plus and assign operator in C.
The operator is used to subtract the left operand with the right operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.
Let's create a program to use the Subtract and Assign (-=) operator in C.
The operator is used to multiply the left operand with the right operand and then assign result to the left operand.
Let's create a program to use the multiply and assign operator (*=) in C.
An operator is used between the left and right operands, which divides the first number by the second number to return the result in the left operand.
Let's create a program to use the divide and assign operator (/=) in C.
An operator used between the left operand and the right operand divides the first number (n1) by the second number (n2) and returns the remainder in the left operand.
Let's create a program to use the divide and assign operator (%=) in C.
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Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:
C divides the operators into the following groups:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.
Operator | Name | Description | Example | Try it |
---|---|---|---|---|
+ | Addition | Adds together two values | x + y | |
- | Subtraction | Subtracts one value from another | x - y | |
* | Multiplication | Multiplies two values | x * y | |
/ | Division | Divides one value by another | x / y | |
% | Modulus | Returns the division remainder | x % y | |
++ | Increment | Increases the value of a variable by 1 | ++x | |
-- | Decrement | Decreases the value of a variable by 1 | --x |
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :
The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:
A list of all assignment operators:
Operator | Example | Same As | Try it |
---|---|---|---|
= | x = 5 | x = 5 | |
+= | x += 3 | x = x + 3 | |
-= | x -= 3 | x = x - 3 | |
*= | x *= 3 | x = x * 3 | |
/= | x /= 3 | x = x / 3 | |
%= | x %= 3 | x = x % 3 | |
&= | x &= 3 | x = x & 3 | |
|= | x |= 3 | x = x | 3 | |
^= | x ^= 3 | x = x ^ 3 | |
>>= | x >>= 3 | x = x >> 3 | |
<<= | x <<= 3 | x = x << 3 |
Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.
The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0 , which means true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ). These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.
Comparison operators are used to compare two values.
Note: The return value of a comparison is either true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ).
In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:
A list of all comparison operators:
Operator | Name | Example | Description | Try it |
---|---|---|---|---|
== | Equal to | x == y | Returns 1 if the values are equal | |
!= | Not equal | x != y | Returns 1 if the values are not equal | |
> | Greater than | x > y | Returns 1 if the first value is greater than the second value | |
< | Less than | x < y | Returns 1 if the first value is less than the second value | |
>= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y | Returns 1 if the first value is greater than, or equal to, the second value | |
<= | Less than or equal to | x <= y | Returns 1 if the first value is less than, or equal to, the second value |
You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values, by combining multiple conditions:
Operator | Name | Example | Description | Try it |
---|---|---|---|---|
&& | AND | x < 5 && x < 10 | Returns 1 if both statements are true | |
|| | OR | x < 5 || x < 4 | Returns 1 if one of the statements is true | |
! | NOT | !(x < 5 && x < 10) | Reverse the result, returns 0 if the result is 1 |
Test yourself with exercises.
Fill in the blanks to multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result:
Start the Exercise
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I've asked a similar question on structs here but I'm trying to figure out how C handles things like assigning variables and why it isn't allowed to assign them to eachother if they are functionally the same.
Lets say I have two arrays:
Why won't x = y compile? If they are both the same "signature" like that, then shouldn't you be able to assign them back and forth?
Can I declare these in a way that would allow me to do that in C? It makes sense to me that you would be able to, but maybe there is a way that this can be done? Typedefs for structs seemed to be the solution, would it be the same for array declaration and assignment?
I appreciate your guys help, I'm new to Stackoverflow but it has been a really good resource for me so far!
Simply put, arrays are not assignable. They are a "non-modifiable lvalue". This of course begs the question: why? Please refer to this question for more information:
Why does C++ support memberwise assignment of arrays within structs, but not generally?
Arrays are not pointers. x here does refer to an array, though in many circumstances this "decays" (is implicitly converted) to a pointer to its first element. Likewise, y too is the name of an array, not a pointer.
You can do array assignment within structs:
But you can't do it directly with arrays. Use memcpy .
This compiles and y will be the same as x .
Some messages here say that the name of an array yields the address of its first element. It's not always true:
In order to assign arrays you will have to assign the values inside the array.
ie. x=y is equivalent to
In an attempt to complement Blank's answer, I devised the following program:
When executed, the following is output:
The point is to illustrate how the copy of structures' values occurs.
When saying "int x[10]" is saying, "reserve some room for 10 integers and pass me a pointer to the location". So for the copy to make sense you'd need to operate on the memory pointed by, rather than 'the name of the memory location'.
So for copying here you'd use a for loop or memcpy().
I've used C compilers where that would compile just fine...and when run the code would make x point to y's array.
You see, in C the name of an array is a pointer that points to the start of the array. In fact, arrays and pointers are essentially interchangable. You can take any pointer and index it like an array.
Back when C was being developed in the early 70's, it was meant for relatively small programs that were barely above assembly language in abstraction. In that environment, it was damn handy to be able to easily go back and forth between array indexing and pointer math. Copying whole arrays of data, on the other hand, was a very expensive thing do do, and hardly something to be encouraged or abstracted away from the user.
Yes, in these modern times it would make way more sense to have the name of the array be shorthand for "the whole array", rather than for "a ponter to the front of the array". However, C wasn't designed in these modern times. If you want a language that was, try Ada. x := y there does exactly what you would expect; it copies one array's contents to the other.
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Pointers are one of the core components of the C programming language. A pointer can be used to store the memory address of other variables, functions, or even other pointers. The use of pointers allows low-level memory access, dynamic memory allocation, and many other functionality in C.
In this article, we will discuss C pointers in detail, their types, uses, advantages, and disadvantages with examples.
A pointer is defined as a derived data type that can store the address of other C variables or a memory location. We can access and manipulate the data stored in that memory location using pointers.
As the pointers in C store the memory addresses, their size is independent of the type of data they are pointing to. This size of pointers in C only depends on the system architecture.
The syntax of pointers is similar to the variable declaration in C, but we use the ( * ) dereferencing operator in the pointer declaration.
The above syntax is used to define a pointer to a variable. We can also define pointers to functions, structures, etc.
The use of pointers in C can be divided into three steps:
In pointer declaration, we only declare the pointer but do not initialize it. To declare a pointer, we use the ( * ) dereference operator before its name.
The pointer declared here will point to some random memory address as it is not initialized. Such pointers are called wild pointers.
Pointer initialization is the process where we assign some initial value to the pointer variable. We generally use the ( &: ampersand ) addressof operator to get the memory address of a variable and then store it in the pointer variable.
We can also declare and initialize the pointer in a single step. This method is called pointer definition as the pointer is declared and initialized at the same time.
Note: It is recommended that the pointers should always be initialized to some value before starting using it. Otherwise, it may lead to number of errors.
Dereferencing a pointer is the process of accessing the value stored in the memory address specified in the pointer. We use the same ( * ) dereferencing operator that we used in the pointer declaration.
Dereferencing a Pointer in C
Types of pointers in c.
Pointers in C can be classified into many different types based on the parameter on which we are defining their types. If we consider the type of variable stored in the memory location pointed by the pointer, then the pointers can be classified into the following types:
As the name suggests, these are the pointers that point to the integer values.
These pointers are pronounced as Pointer to Integer.
Similarly, a pointer can point to any primitive data type. It can point also point to derived data types such as arrays and user-defined data types such as structures.
Pointers and Array are closely related to each other. Even the array name is the pointer to its first element. They are also known as Pointer to Arrays . We can create a pointer to an array using the given syntax.
Pointer to Arrays exhibits some interesting properties which we discussed later in this article.
The pointer pointing to the structure type is called Structure Pointer or Pointer to Structure. It can be declared in the same way as we declare the other primitive data types.
In C, structure pointers are used in data structures such as linked lists, trees, etc.
Function pointers point to the functions. They are different from the rest of the pointers in the sense that instead of pointing to the data, they point to the code. Let’s consider a function prototype – int func (int, char) , the function pointer for this function will be
Note: The syntax of the function pointers changes according to the function prototype.
In C language, we can define a pointer that stores the memory address of another pointer. Such pointers are called double-pointers or pointers-to-pointer . Instead of pointing to a data value, they point to another pointer.
Dereferencing Double Pointer
Note: In C, we can create multi-level pointers with any number of levels such as – ***ptr3, ****ptr4, ******ptr5 and so on.
The Null Pointers are those pointers that do not point to any memory location. They can be created by assigning a NULL value to the pointer. A pointer of any type can be assigned the NULL value.
It is said to be good practice to assign NULL to the pointers currently not in use.
The Void pointers in C are the pointers of type void. It means that they do not have any associated data type. They are also called generic pointers as they can point to any type and can be typecasted to any type.
One of the main properties of void pointers is that they cannot be dereferenced.
The Wild Pointers are pointers that have not been initialized with something yet. These types of C-pointers can cause problems in our programs and can eventually cause them to crash. If values is updated using wild pointers, they could cause data abort or data corruption.
In constant pointers, the memory address stored inside the pointer is constant and cannot be modified once it is defined. It will always point to the same memory address.
The pointers pointing to a constant value that cannot be modified are called pointers to a constant. Here we can only access the data pointed by the pointer, but cannot modify it. Although, we can change the address stored in the pointer to constant.
There are also the following types of pointers available to use in C apart from those specified above:
The size of the pointers in C is equal for every pointer type. The size of the pointer does not depend on the type it is pointing to. It only depends on the operating system and CPU architecture. The size of pointers in C is
The reason for the same size is that the pointers store the memory addresses, no matter what type they are. As the space required to store the addresses of the different memory locations is the same, the memory required by one pointer type will be equal to the memory required by other pointer types.
We can find the size of pointers using the sizeof operator as shown in the following program:
As we can see, no matter what the type of pointer it is, the size of each and every pointer is the same.
Now, one may wonder that if the size of all the pointers is the same, then why do we need to declare the pointer type in the declaration? The type declaration is needed in the pointer for dereferencing and pointer arithmetic purposes.
The Pointer Arithmetic refers to the legal or valid arithmetic operations that can be performed on a pointer. It is slightly different from the ones that we generally use for mathematical calculations as only a limited set of operations can be performed on pointers. These operations include:
In C programming language, pointers and arrays are closely related. An array name acts like a pointer constant. The value of this pointer constant is the address of the first element. For example, if we have an array named val then val and &val[0] can be used interchangeably.
If we assign this value to a non-constant pointer of the same type, then we can access the elements of the array using this pointer.
Not only that, as the array elements are stored continuously, we can pointer arithmetic operations such as increment, decrement, addition, and subtraction of integers on pointer to move between array elements.
This concept is not limited to the one-dimensional array, we can refer to a multidimensional array element as well using pointers.
To know more about pointers to an array, refer to this article – Pointer to an Array
The C pointer is a very powerful tool that is widely used in C programming to perform various useful operations. It is used to achieve the following functionalities in C:
Following are the major advantages of pointers in C:
Pointers are vulnerable to errors and have following disadvantages:
In conclusion, pointers in C are very capable tools and provide C language with its distinguishing features, such as low-level memory access, referencing, etc. But as powerful as they are, they should be used with responsibility as they are one of the most vulnerable parts of the language.
Q1. define pointers..
Pointers are the variables that can store the memory address of another variable.
A constant pointer points to the fixed memory location, i.e. we cannot change the memory address stored inside the constant pointer. On the other hand, the pointer to a constant point to the memory with a constant value.
A pointer to a pointer (also known as a double pointer) stores the address of another pointer.
No, the pointer size does not depend upon its type. It only depends on the operating system and CPU architecture.
The following table list the differences between an array and a pointer : Pointer Array A pointer is a derived data type that can store the address of other variables. An array is a homogeneous collection of items of any type such as int, char, etc. Pointers are allocated at run time. Arrays are allocated at runtime. The pointer is a single variable. An array is a collection of variables of the same type. Dynamic in Nature Static in Nature.
Type specification in pointer declaration helps the compiler in dereferencing and pointer arithmetic operations.
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Assignment Operators in C
In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression. The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol ...
7 Assignment Expressions. As a general concept in programming, an assignment is a construct that stores a new value into a place where values can be stored—for instance, in a variable. Such places are called lvalues (see Lvalues) because they are locations that hold a value. An assignment in C is an expression because it has a value; we call it an assignment expression.
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Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. They come under the category of binary operators as they require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=".
The Assignment operators in C are some of the Programming operators that are useful for assigning the values to the declared variables. Equals (=) operator is the most commonly used assignment operator. For example: int i = 10; The below table displays all the assignment operators present in C Programming with an example. C Assignment Operators.
Code language:C++(cpp) The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand. Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the ...
C supports a short variant of assignment operator called compound assignment or shorthand assignment. Shorthand assignment operator combines one of the arithmetic or bitwise operators with assignment operator. For example, consider following C statements. The above expression a = a + 2 is equivalent to a += 2.
C supports following Assignment operators: 1. Simple Assignment = Operator Example. This is one of the simplest assignment operator, it simply assigns the right side value to the left side operand. #include <stdio.h> int main () { int n; //integer variable char ch; //character variable float f; //float variable // Simple assignment operator to ...
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Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language: Simple assignment operator (=): This is the basic assignment operator, which assigns the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side. Example: int x = 10; // Assigns the value 10 to the variable "x". Addition assignment operator (+=): This ...
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Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...
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C Programming Operators
Assignment Operator in C. There are different kinds of the operators, such as arithmetic, relational, bitwise, assignment, etc., in the C programming language. The assignment operator is used to assign the value, variable and function to another variable. Let's discuss the various types of the assignment operators such as =, +=, -=, /=, *= and %=.
4. Yes, you can assign one instance of a struct to another using a simple assignment statement. In the case of non-pointer or non pointer containing struct members, assignment means copy. In the case of pointer struct members, assignment means pointer will point to the same address of the other pointer.
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Practice Questions with Solutions for C Programming
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