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CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science

CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 8 Computer Science Worksheets for the students of Class 8. All our CBSE NCERT Class 8 Computer Science practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 8 Computer Science will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 8 Computer Science Number of Worksheets: 8

CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 8 Computer Science important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computers can also use like assignments for Class 8 Computer Science students.

• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Computer Network Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science MS Access Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Assignment 4
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science Assignment 5
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 Computer Science VB Assignment

Advantages of CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 8 Computers Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 8 Computer Science are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 8 Computers revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 8 Computers Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 8

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Computer Programming Class 8 Computer Science Notes and Questions

Please refer to Computer Programming Class 8 Computer Science notes and questions with solutions below. These revision notes and important examination questions have been prepared based on the latest Computer Science books for Class 8 . You can go through the questions and solutions below which will help you to get better marks in your examinations.

Class 8 Computer Science Computer Programming Notes and Questions

Question. Give brief answers to the following questions.

i) What is program? Give few examples of programs. Ans: A set of instructions given to the computer to perform a specific task is called a program. A computer works according to the instruction written in program. Few examples of programs are:

• A program to find area of a circle for a gives radius. A program to find sum and average of five values
• A program to find the grades of students
• A program to find greater of two values

ii) What is the purpose of programming language? Ans: A programming language is designed to develop programs or instructions to communicate with computer to solve various problems. Programming languages are the means of communication between user and computer.

iii) Differentiate between a constant and variable. Ans: A quantity whose value cannot be changed during execution of program is called constant. A quantity whose value can be changed during execution of program is called variable. Variables are the named memory locations that can store data and result of processing. Variables give meaningful names to constants.

iv) Differentiate between Syntax error and logical erro Ans: Syntax error is a type of error that occurs when a program statement does not follow the syntax of programming language. A type of error that occurs due to wrong logic of the program is called logical error.

v) What are the rules for defining/declaring variables in GW -BASIC? Ans: Following are the rules for defining/declaring variables in GW -BASIC:

• Alphabets and numbers can be used for variables.
• The first character of the variable should be an alphabet.
• No special symbol is allowed except Underscore ( _ ).
• Underscore ( _ ) cannot be used as a first or last character.

vi) Name different types of constants with examples. Ans: Constants are classified as string constants and numeric constants.

String constants: These are series of alphabetic or alphanumeric character written in double quotation marks. For example “Pakistan” , “Haider” and “H.No.107” et c.

Numeric constants: These are the numbers, for example 15 , 20.50 , -50 etc.

vii) Give the precedence of the arithmetic operators. Ans: Precedence is the priority that is followed while applying operators in an expression. In other words the order in which operators in an expression are evaluated is known as precedence. It is also known as hierarchy of operators. The precedence of arithmetic operators is given below:

P r i o r it y level

Exponential Operator

   ^

Multiplication, Divide

MOD Operator

Addition or Subtraction

+ OR –

viii) What is the purpose of modulus operator (MOD)? Ans: Modulus operator is used to get the remainder after division. For example if a = 10 and b = 3 , the MOD operator ( a MOD b) will return 1 after performing division.

ix) What is the purpose of following GW-BASIC commands? a. LIST b. RUN c. LOAD d. SAVE Ans: a) LIST Command: List command is used to display all or specific statements of a program from memory on screen. The shortcut key for list command is F1. S y n tax: LIST [line number][- line number] Example: LIST it displays al lines of the program.

b ) RUN Command: RUN command is used to execute the program that is currently loaded in the memory. The shortcut key for RUN command is F S y n tax: RUN Example: RUN it runs the program currently in memory.

c ) LOAD Command: LOAD command is used to load a saved program file from disk to memory. The shortcut key for list command is F3. S y n tax: LOAD filename Example: LOAD “Test.bas” it loads the file “Test.bas” in memory.

d) SAVE Command: SAVE command is used store a program from memory to disk permanently. The shortcut key for list command is F4. Syntax: SAVE filename Example: SAVE “Test.bas” it stores the file “Test.bas” from memory to disk.

Question. (i) What is arithmetic expression? Explain different types of operators with examples. Ans: Arithmetic Expression: An expression that consists of different arithmetic operators, variables and constants is called arithmetic expression. It is evaluated by performing arithmetic operation on numeric values. There are three common types of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators ( +, -, *, /, ^, MOD)
• Assignment Operator (=)
• Relational Operators (< , >, , =)

a ) Arithmetic Operators : These are use to perform mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Their explanation with examples is as follows:

O p e r a t o r symbol

Description

   +

Gives the sum of values

A+B+C, X+50, 67+45

   –

Subtraction

Gives the difference of values

X-56, A-C, 80-56

   *

Multiplication

Gives the product of values

A*B, Y*50, 45*60

   /

Gives the quotient

X/Y, B/40, 125/25

Exponentiation

Raise the value to the power of an exponent

A ^ 10, 5^ 2, A^B

Gives the remainder after division

35 MOD 6, X MOD Y

b) Assignment Operator: An operator which is used to assign a value to a variable is called assignment operator. In programming languages “Equal to sign (=)” is used as an assignment operato For example A=5 , X = A + 2.54 etc.

c ) Relational Operators:  These are used to perform comparisons on two values. The result of comparison is either true (non zero) or false (zero). Following is their description with examples:

   =

Returns true if the values are equal and false if not

Not equal to

Returns true if the values are not equal and false if they are equal.

   > 

Greater than

Returns true if the first number is greater than second and false if not

Returns true if the first number is less than second and false if not

Greater than OR equal to

Returns true if the first number is greater than or equal to the second and false if not

(X+1) >= 7

Less than OR equal to

Returns true if the first number is less than or equal to the second and fal se if not

(v) Explain the purpose of the following GW-BASIC statements with their syntax and examples. a. PRINT b. INPUT c. READ and DATA d. IF-THEN-ELSE Ans:   a) PRINT Statement:  PRINT statement is used to display message or output to the screen. As shortcut”?” can be used for PRINT command. S y n tax:  li n e number  P RIN T  [ string/variables/constants ] S tring:  It indicates the sequence of characters that is displayed on screen. Variables:  It indicates the variables whose values to be displayed on screen.  Constants:  It indicates the constants to be displayed on screen. F o r example:  10 PRINT “I Love India”        will print I Love India                        10 PRINT X, Y, Z                  will print values of variables x, Y and Z                        10 PRINT 205 , -101             will print constant values 205 and -101

b ) INPUT Statement:  INPUT statement is used to take input from the user during the execution of the program. S y n tax:  li n e number  P RIN T  [ string; ]  list of variables S t r i n g is used to prompt the user to enter the required value using keyboard and it is optional. List of variables is used to store the entered values. Example :    10              CLS                    20              INPUT “Enter a number”, X                    30              PRINT “Square of your number is=”, X^2

This program will get value for X from user at execution time and will print its square.

c ) READ and DATA Statement:  READ/DATA statement is a combination of two statements used together when there is a need to process large number of variables with given data. READ statement defines the list of variables while DATA statement contains constant values for these variables in READ statement. Values in READ and DATA statements should be separated by commas. S y n tax :  line number  READ  list of variables separated by commas. line number  DATA  list of constants separated by commas. Example :    10                  READ X, Y, Z, K                    20                  DATA 8, 9, 13, 15

The above program will specify four variables x, y, z and k and assign them values 8, 9, 13 and 15 respectively. If values in DATA statement are more than variables in READ statement then the extra values are ignored but if the variables in READ statement are more than the values in DATA statement then syntax error encounters i.e. “Out of Data”.

d ) IF-THEN-ELSE Statement:  IF-THEN-ELSE is a decision making statement, depending upon the condition, it takes some action or changes the order of execution. It helps the computer to check whether a condition is true or false. S y n tax :  IF  expression/condition  THEN  statement(s)1  ELSE  statement(s)2 If the expression or condition is true then Statement(s)1 will be executed otherwise Statement(s)2 will be executed.

   T

Fl o w c h a r t :

Statement (s)

   F

Enter your marks: 65

You have passed

Example:    10                  CLS

                   2 0                  INPUT “Enter your marks:”; marks

                   3 0                  IF marks >= 40 THEN PRINT “ You have passed”

                   4 0                  END Short Questions other than exercise

i) Explain the use of semicolon with PRINT. Ans:  Two or more variables can be separated in print statement by semicolon. If semicolon is used the second value appears right after the first value. There is no space be tween values. Example: PRINT “Apple” ; “Mango” ; “Orange” Output will be as: AppleMangoOrange

ii) Explain the use of comma with PRINT. Ans:  Two or more variables can be separated in print statement by comma. If com ma is used each value is displayed in 14 spaces. A maximum of five values can be printed in single line using commas. Example: PRINT “Apple” , “Mango” , “Orange” Output will be as:  Apple      Mango      Orange

iii) What is expression? What are its types? Ans:  An expression is a combination of symbols (operands) and operators that represent a value. There are two types of expressions:

• Arithmetic expression uses arithmetic operators to perform arithmetic calculations.
• Relational expression uses relational operators to compare two values.

iv) Define programming. Ans:  Programming is a technique to develop programs. Different programming languages are used to write programs. Simply computer programming is all about developing, implementing and maintaining the programs.

v) How arithmetic expression can be assigned to a variable? Ans:  An arithmetic expression can be assigned to a variable by using assignment operator (=). The variable is written on the left side of assignment operator and expression is written on right side of assignment operator. First expression is evaluated and result is stored in variable e.g. a = c – d * 10

vi) Differentiate between bug and debugging. Ans:  An error in a program is called a bug. The process of finding and removing errors in a program is called debugging. Errors can be found by testing the program.

vii) Differentiate between save and load command. Ans:  SAVE command is used to store a program from memory to the disk permanently whereas load command is used to load a stored program from disk to memory.

viii) How the commands are differ from statements? Ans:  Commands are key words which are used to issue instructions to the computer to perform specific task. They do not need any line number while statements are instructions for the computer program to perform an action. Each statement is started with a line number. Statements are executed according to line number in ascending order.

ix) Differentiate between string constant and numeric constant. Ans:  The string constant may consist of alphanumeric or numeric data and is written in double quotation marks while numeric constant consists of numeric data i.e. only numbers and is written without quotation marks.

x) Why variables are used with INPUT statement? Ans:  The variables are used with INPUT statement to store the input data. Two or more variables must be separated by comma.

xi) Write the use of $ in GW-BAS Ans:  A dollar sign $ is used after a string variable name such as A$ and Address$. The dollar sign indicates that the variable contains a string value.

xii) What is the use of arithmetic operators? Ans:  Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

xiii) What is the use and syntax of CLS command? Ans:   CLS Command:  CLS stands for Clear Screen. It is used to clear the contents of the screen. S y n tax: CLS

xiv) Define precedence. Ans:  Precedence is the priority that is followed while applying operators in an expression. In other words the order in which operators in an expression are evaluated is known as precedence. It is also known as hierarchy of operators.

xv) Define the syntax of programming language. Ans:  The syntax of programming language is the set of rules that defines the combination of symbols used by that language

xvi) What is “Out of Data” error? Ans:  If the variables in READ statement are more than the values in DATA statement then syntax error encounters i.e. “Out of Data”

We hope the above  Computer Programming Class 8 Computer Science  are useful for you. If you have any questions then post them in the comments section below. Our teachers will provide you an answer. Also refer to  MCQ Questions for Class 8  Computer Science

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Assignments For Class 8

Assignments for Class 8 have been developed for Standard 8 students based on the latest syllabus and textbooks applicable in CBSE, NCERT and KVS schools. Parents and students can download the full collection of class assignments for class 8 from our website as we have provided all topic wise assignments free in PDF format which can be downloaded easily. Students are recommended to do these assignments daily by taking printouts and going through the questions and answers for Grade 8. You should try to do these test assignments on a daily basis so that you are able to understand the concepts and details of each chapter in your book and get good marks in class 8 exams.

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8th Class Computers Science Networking Question Bank

Done networking total questions - 25.

A) Star backbone done clear

B)        Bus backbone done clear

C) Ring backbone done clear

D)        Tree backbone done clear

A) Only Statement 1 done clear

B) Only Statement 2 done clear

C) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 done clear

D) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 done clear

A) Star                  done clear

B) Bus done clear

C) Mesh                 done clear

D) Ring done clear

question_answer 4) Which of the following is NOT a type of networking topology?     

A) Bus                               done clear

B) OSI done clear

C) Mesh                 done clear

D)        Ring done clear

A) Partial Mesh done clear

B) Star done clear

C) Bus                   done clear

D) Token Ring done clear

question_answer 6) Which of the following protocols use client server architecture?

A) FTP                              done clear

B) HTTP done clear

C) SMTP               done clear

D)        All of these done clear

question_answer 7) ______ is a 32 bit binary number. It is used to uniquely identify computers and other resources on a TCP/IP network.

A) IP Address         done clear

B) MAC Address done clear

C) Protocol                         done clear

D) URL done clear

question_answer 8) WPA is a wireless security option. WPA stands for ______.

A) Wi-Fi Protection Area      done clear

B) Wi-Fi Protected Address done clear

C) Wi-Fi Protected Access done clear

D) Wi-Fi Protected Area done clear

question_answer 9)  ______ is the most popular LAN protocol.

A) DSML                           done clear

B) Ethernet done clear

C) ISP                               done clear

D) OSI done clear

question_answer 10) Which of the following is not a basic networking component?

A) Network interface card     done clear

B) Device Driver done clear

C) Networking cable done clear

D) Hubs and Switches done clear

question_answer 11) WEP stands for _____.

A) Wired Equivalent Privacy done clear

B) Wi-Fi Equivalent Protection done clear

C) Wired Equipment Protection done clear

D) Wired Equivalent Protection done clear

question_answer 12) A network spanning a physical area such as a city is called a _____.

A) LAN                  done clear

B) PAN done clear

C) WAN                 done clear

D)        MAN done clear

question_answer 13) Which of the following devices connects a LAN to a WAN?

A) NIC                   done clear

B) Bluetooth done clear

C) Hotspot                         done clear

D) Router done clear

question_answer 14) Which of the following is NOT a type of computer network - categorized by its scope or scale?

A) LAN                  done clear

B)        WAN done clear

C) KAN                  done clear

question_answer 15) Which of the following networking topology integrates the star and bus topologies in a hybrid approach to improve network scalability?

A) Ring                  done clear

B) Mesh done clear

C) Tree           done clear

D) Backbone done clear

question_answer 16) Which of the following is necessary to connect just two computers?

A) Category 5 cable done clear

B)        Network interface card done clear

C) Wireless internet done clear

D)        None of these done clear

D) Tree done clear

question_answer 18) When a computer network is built on the top of another network such as peer-to-peer networks and client-server applications, it is called ___________.

A) Bottom-top network        done clear

B) Overlay network done clear

C) Rooted network done clear

D)        One-to-One network done clear

question_answer 19) Which of the following is NOT a type of wireless security protocol?

A) Media Access Control                  done clear

B) Robust Secure Network done clear

C) Wired Equivalent Privacy done clear

D) Wi-Fi Protected Access done clear

question_answer 20) An Ethernet network is also known as a ______ network.

A) Wired          done clear

B) Connector done clear

C) Extension                       done clear

D) Both [A] and [B] done clear

C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 done clear

D) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 done clear

A) TCP/IP        done clear

B)        SMTP done clear

C) FTP                  done clear

D)        NNTP  done clear

A) (1) only         done clear

B) (2) only done clear

C) (3) only             done clear

D) (1), (2) and (3) done clear

question_answer 25) Why are wireless networks flexible?

A) You cannot connect any number of computers to one router. done clear

B) You do not need hardware to set up a wireless network. done clear

C) You do not need an internet connection to connect to the internet. done clear

D) You don't need wires to connect your computer to the router. done clear

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• Introduction to Computer
• Computer Science

What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data and outputs information. An electronic device that takes data as input and transforms it using a set of special instructions known as Programs to produce the desired output. A computer has an internal memory that stores data and instructions that are temporarily awaiting processing, as well as the intermediate result (information) before it is communicated to the recipients via the Output devices

What Does the Computer Require in Order to be Operational?

A Computer requires hardware devices and an operating system in order to be operational.

1. Hardware Devices

Monitor: It is a big television-like screen. It is an output device where you see what is happening on the computer.

Keyboard: It is an input device. It is a way of giving commands to a computer with the help of keys over it.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is a processing unit.It is considered the brain of the computer as it can’t perform any activity without CPU.

Mouse: It is an input device. This is the alternate method for cooperating with your PC. Most mice have two buttons — a right and a left button — and a looking over wheel.

Hardware Devices

2. Operating System (OS)

Operating System

PCs without an OS are precisely similar to TVs without a signal. They will turn on, yet you will be checking a clear screen out without any desire to collaborate with it. The most famous working framework is "Microsoft Windows," and it is used by most PC.

The OS acts as the sensory system of the PC, interfacing the computer processor to all the PC programs. The OS permits you to run other programs, work on projects, and do essentially all the other things that PCs are prepared to do.

There are a wide range of renditions of Microsoft Windows, and a new adaptation is delivered every several years.

How to Operate a Computer

There are three states in which a computer is at any given time.

OFF : This is precisely the exact thing it seems like: The PC is off, and no parts are running or working. The screen is dark (no pictures), there is no "humming" sound from the central processor, and the PC is inert to mouse developments or pressing keys on the keyboard. 

ON : When a PC is on, you ought to see pictures on the screen, conceivably hear a "buzzing" commotion coming from the central processor and the pointer on the screen ought to answer when you move the mouse.

Rest Mode : Most PCs have a mode called "Rest," in which the PC is on, yet has expected an energy-productive, insignificant power mode. To "wake" the PC, basically move the mouse around or press the spacebar on the console, and it will "awaken" and return to the identical spot that it was at the point at which it fell asleep.

Signing on Screen

When you turn the PC on, the PC will go through a progression of mechanized undertakings before it is prepared for you to associate with it; this cycle is called "startup." This cycle will endure somewhere in the range of one and two minutes. Assuming the PC is not working accurately, you might see a blunder message during startup.

After you sign on, the PC will show what is known as your work area inside a couple of moments to a couple of moments. Here you will see a computerized portrayal of something almost identical to real-life office space, complete with a work area, documents and record organizers, and a recycling bin.

Features of Computer

Below mentioned are some of the features of a computer..

When executing mathematical computations, a computer works significantly faster and more accurately than a human.

Speed of Computer

Calculations made by computers are always accurate. Data inaccuracy or consistency might lead to errors.

A computer contains internal storage for data called main memory. Data is also stored on removable media like CDs, pen drives, and other types of secondary storage.

Computer Memory

Reliability

When given the same set of data repeatedly, a computer will consistently provide the same output, demonstrating its dependability.

The computer completes every task automatically, that is, without human interaction.

Computer Automation

Drawbacks of Computer

Although using a computer has numerous benefits, there are also risks and drawbacks. If used improperly, computers can cause a number of health problems.

The computer is emotionless.

It can't function alone. It requires somebody to work on it and give it instructions.

The computer must be supplied with each command.

No choice can be made by a computer on its own.

What is a Machine?

A machine is a tool that facilitates our job.

It helps us save time and effort.

Humans are not as productive as machines .

Machine Examples Include the Following:

For enjoyment, people use televisions.

To iron the clothes, use an iron box.

An automobile is used for transportation.

Calling is done on a mobile device.

Mobile Device

Points to Remember 

Computer is an electronic machine.

The main components required for a computer are mouse, monitor and  keyboard.

The CPU is also known as the “Brain” of the computer.

OS stands for operating system.

The first screen you see when it starts is called the desktop.

Learning by Doing

Choose the correct answer:.

1. Which part of the computer contains the computer's brains?

B. Keyboard

D. All of above

Write True or False

1. Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of Operating devices(True/False)

2. Keyboard is an Input device. (True/False)

Sample Questions

1. Choose the correct statement

A. Computer is an electronic machine

B. It performs arithmetic operation

C. Both A) and B)

2.  What is an OS? 

Ans: OS stands for operating system.The OS permits you to run other programs, work on projects, and do essentially all the other things that PCs are prepared to do.

3. List various primary parts of the computer.

1. A Motherboard

2. A CPU i.e. Central Processing Unit’

3. RAM i.e. Random Access Memory

5. Hard drives

6. Computer Mouse

The monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse, printer, sound system, RAM, hard drive, and many other components make up the computer system's hardware. There are various operating systems in computers such as Microsoft Windows, Linux and so on.

FAQs on Introduction to Computer

1. Which OS does Apple use?

An Apple Computer is called a Macintosh (Mac). Its Operating System is OS X while other PCs use windows.

2. Do computers require the Internet to operate?

A computer does not need to access the Internet in order to run properly. The Internet is a way of connecting to other computer users. You can interface with the web utilizing a telephone line, a link association, or by utilizing a remote interfacing gadget (wi-fi). For most home PC clients, this is a paid help, however you can use the Web for free in a few public areas, similar to the library or a café. A PC will actually want to carry out most normal roles (play music, type records, alter pictures) and run programs without a Web association. Notwithstanding, to see a page or send an email, you will require a Web association. 

3. What “My Computer is Possessed!” means?

“My Computer is Possessed!” It is a common misconception that computers have “a mind of their own.” In spite of the fact that PCs can play out specific assignments significantly more effectively and quicker than people (like counting, performing numerical computations, and so on), they are, eventually, machines and can't have an independent mind. Any reasonable person would agree that the PC can do nothing that you don't advise it to do.

CBSE Notes for Class 8 Computer in Action – Networking Concepts

Computer networks have shrunk the world and brought people together. They have extended the power of a computer beyond the expanse of a room. Advancements in networking techniques, protocols and so on have made a profound impact in areas of communication and learning. The size of computer networks may vary. The Internet is an example of a computer network that spreads all across the world. The Internet is also referred to as the worldwide network of computers and it is growing at a rapid rate. A computer network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources such as printers, exchange files and allow communication. Let us learn more about computer networks.

NEED FOR COMPUTER NETWORKS Nowadays, computer networks are a vital part of any organisation. Some of the advantages of computer networks are:

• Resource Sharing: All computers in a network can share resources such as printers, fax machines, modems and scanners.
• File Sharing and Remote Database Access: A computer network allows sharing of files and access to remote database. We can easily access the files stored on various computers on a network. Also, networking allows many people to work simultaneously on the data stored in a database.
• Ease of Communication: Computer networks allow people to communicate through emails and instant messaging facilities. This makes the transmission of information easier, more efficient and less expensive.

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS The following are the types of networks based on the geographical area covered or scale of the network.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a computer network that usually covers a larger area than a LAN. For example, a network that connects two offices in a city, a neighbourhood area and so on.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN is a computer network that spans a wide geographical area. A WAN may be spread across cities, countries and continents. A WAN is formed by connecting LANs and MANs. Computers or networks across long distances are usually connected with optical fibre cables, satellite radio links or microwave radio links.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Topology refers to the layout pattern in which various computers are connected to one another to form a network. The computers on a network are also referred to as nodes. There are four main types of topologies. They are:

• Bus Topology: In bus topology, all the computers are connected to a single cable called the bus (Fig. 1.6). The transmission of data from any computer travels through the length of the bus in both the directions and can be received by all other computers on the network. If the address of a computer is that of the intended recipient, it accepts the data; otherwise, the data is rejected. The advantage of the bus topology is that it is quite easy to set up. However, a network cannot function if there are breaks in the bus.
• Ring Topology: In ring topology, each computer is connected to two other computers so as to form a closed ring-like structure (Fig. 1.7). In this topology, data is transmitted in one direction only. The disadvantage of the ring network is that the breakdown of any one computer on a ring can disable the entire system or network.
• Star Topology: In star topology, all the computers are connected to a central computer or a central node (Fig. 1.8). The data to be exchanged between any two computers passes through the central node. The central node controls all the activities of the nodes. More computers can be easily added to the network. The breakdown of computers, except the central node, does not affect the functioning of the network. However, the failure of the central node disables the communication across the entire network.
• Mesh Topology: In mesh topology, every computer is connected to every other computer on the network. Full mesh topology (Fig. 1.9) is very expensive to implement. Normally, partial mesh topology is implemented in which a computer is connected to a few other computers in the network  (Fig. 1.10).

TRANSMISSION MEDIA Computers must be connected to each other to form a network. Computers can be connected using wires/cables or they can be connected in a wireless manner.

Wired Transmission Media There are various types of cables that can be used for setting up a network. Some of them are discussed here.

• Twisted Pair Cable: It consists of a pair of insulated wires twisted together. The use of two wires twisted around each other helps to reduce disturbances in the signals. The twisted pair cable is often used in two or more pairs, all within a single cable. Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties—shielded (Shielded Twisted Pair or STP) and unshielded (Unshielded Twisted Pair or UTP) . UTP cable is the most commonly used cable in computer networking. The twisted pair cable is often used in two or more pairs, all within a single cable. Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties—shielded (Shielded Twisted Pair or STP) and unshielded (Unshielded Twisted Pair or UTP). UTP cable is the most commonly used cable in computer networking.
• Coaxial Cable (coax): Coaxial  cable is an electrical cable with a conductor at its centre (Fig. 1.13). The inner conductor is surrounded by a tubular insulating layer. The insulating layer is surrounded by a conductive layer called the shield, which is finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the outside.
• Optical Fibre Cable: Optical fibre cable consists of a central glass core surrounded by several layers of protective material (Fig. 1.14). It transmits data in the form of light rather than electronic signals, thus eliminating the problem of electrical interference. Fibre optic cable is expensive as   compared to coaxial and twisted pair cables but can transmit signals over much longer distances. It also has the capability to carry data at a very high speed.

Wireless Transmission Media In wireless networks, data is transmitted without wires. Some of the ways in which wireless networks may be set up are as follows.

• Infrared: The infrared communication range of the devices communicating through infrared waves is very limited. Infrared waves cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and so there should be no physical barrier between the communicating devices. The communication between a TV set and a remote control happens through infrared waves. Infrared mouse and keyboard are other examples of devices that make use of infrared waves for data transmission.
• Microwave Transmission: Microwave communications are unidirectional. They can be used for terrestrial communication (on ‘the surface of the earth) or for satellite communication. Microwave propagation is line-of-sight communication. So, when used for terrestrial communication, the towers with antennas mounted on them need to be in direct sight of each other. The antennas are usually located at substantial heights above the ground level to extend the range between antennas and to be able to transmit over obstacles. You must have noticed high towers with microwave antennas in your city. Microwaves can pass through the earth’s atmosphere easily and can be used to transmit information between satellites and the earth’s base station
• Radiowave Transmission: Radiowave communications are omnidirectional, which means that they travel in all directions from the source, so that the transmitter and receiver do not have to be carefully aligned physically. Radio waves are easy to generate, can travel long distances and penetrate through buildings easily. So they are widely used for communication both indoors and outdoors (Fig. 1.17). However, at all frequencies, radio waves are subject to interference from motors and other electrical equipment.
• Bluetooth technology: is used for exchanging data over short distances using radio waves. This technology uses low power, has a short range [30 feet (approx.)] and medium transmission speed. Bluetooth technology can be used to transfer songs or pictures between two mobile phones or a Bluetooth headset can be used with a mobile phone.
• WiFi technology: also makes use of radio waves to transmit and receive data. This technology requires more energy but enables the signal to go farther (300 feet approx.) with a faster rate of transmission. This technology is used to set up networks in which a computer’s wireless adapter translates the data into a radio signal and transmits it. A wireless router receives the signal, decodes it and sends it to the Internet using a wired connection.
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access): Its technology is similar to WiFi, but it operates at higher speeds and can cover greater distances and greater number of users as compared to WiFi.

NETWORK DEVICES Various devices are used for setting up a computer network. Let us discuss a few devices that play a crucial role in a computer network.

• NIC (Network Interface Card): It is a hardware device that is attached to a computer to enable it to communicate over the network (Fig. 1.21). The NIC has a ROM chip that contains a unique number, which is the hardware address or the Media Access Control (MAC) This hardware address uniquely identifies a computer on the network.
• Modem (Modulator-demodulator): It is an electronic device that converts the digital signals of a computer into an analog form so that they can travel over a telephone line (Fig. 1.22). At the destination, the receiving modem converts the analog signals back into their digital form so that the destination computer understands them.
• Modems are used for connecting computers to the Internet. Modems are connected to a computer and a telephone line.(Fig. 1.24).
• Hub: A hub is a device that is used to connect computers in a network (Fig. 1.23). In a hub, when one computer sends data on the network, the hub simply forwards the packets to all the other computers connected to it (Fig. 1.26). Each computer is responsible for determining which packets are destined for it and which are to be ignored.
• Switch: A switch is a device that is also used to connect computers in a network (Fig. 1.27). However, a switch is a more intelligent device than a hub. Unlike a hub, the switch sends the incoming data to the desired destination only. It records the addresses of all the computers connected to it. So, when a packet is received, the switch reads the information about the destination address to determine if the destination device is connected to it or not. If the destination device is connected, the switch forwards the packet only to that destination device. In this way, the other computers do not have to read and deal with data that is not meant for them.
• Router: A router is a network device that connects two or more networks. It is commonly used to connect a computer or a network to the Internet. Lines from different networks are connected to a router. Wireless routers are also available. A router examines the address of the packet coming on the line, uses the routing information stored in it and forwards the packet to the next network. In this way, a packet after going through multiple routers reaches its destination.

PROTOCOLS Just the way we follow certain rules while communicating or travelling on the road, similarly rules or protocols have to be followed for effective network communication. Protocol is a set of rules used by computers on a network to communicate with each other. Some examples of protocols are:

• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): It is a protocol used between a web server and a web browser for transferring HTML pages.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): TCP is a protocol that is used along with the IP to send data over the Internet. The information is transmitted across the Internet in the form of bundles called TCP is responsible for dividing the data into packets before they are sent and for reassembling the packets when they arrive at the destination. IP is a set of specifications that determines the best route for the packets across the Internet so that the packets reach their destination address.

PACKET SWITCHING IN NETWORKS Let us explain the process of packet switching in a LAN. Suppose data has to be sent from Computer A to Computer B. The data at Computer A is split into small chunks, called packets. A header is added to every packet. The address of sender i.e. Computer A and address of receiver i.e. Computer B are put in the header. Then Computer A sends the packets to the switch. The switch has in-built software that

reads the header of each packet, determines the port at which the receiver is connected and forwards the packet on the corresponding cable (Fig. 1.29). Such a type of communication in which small units of data (or packets) are routed through a network, based on the destination address contained within each packet, is called packet switching. When packets have to be sent to a computer on a different network, they pass through a number of routers. Every packet is numbered. Packets may follow different paths to reach the destination.

NETWORK SECURITY A computer on a network can be accessed by many users. Security measures have to be taken to protect networks from unauthorised access and to prevent data or information theft.

Threats to Computer Files can be shared between the computers on a network. This makes a computer vulnerable to attacks by viruses, worms, Trojan horses and so on that can easily spread because of the underlying network. Let us discuss some of the common threats to computers.

• Virus: A computer virus spreads itself from one computer to another and interferes with the normal operations of a computer. Viruses attach themselves to any type of file and spread when these infected files are copied to other computers. People unknowingly spread a computer virus by sharing infected files or sending emails with viruses as attachments.
• Worm: A worm is a computer program that uses computer networks to send copies of itself to other computers on a network. A virus requires  human action such as transferring of an infected file to spread itself. A worm can spread without any human action too. It replicates itself without the knowledge of the user. Worms can cause severe harm to a computer network such as blocking the network and reducing the speed of the network.
• Trojan Horse: A computer program that appears to be a useful software but actually causes damage once installed or executed onto your computer system is known as a Trojan horse or a Trojan. After getting installed, it allows unauthorised access to the computer. Trojan horses are very dangerous as they allow your computer to be remotely controlled by someone else and can cause loss of personal and confidential information. Viruses, worms and Trojan horses may harm the data or affect the performance and the speed of a computer.
• Data Theft: It is a very serious problem for computer networks. People break into computer networks to either disrupt their functioning or to steal confidential information. Hackers are the computer experts who can break into computer systems and networks. There are two types of hackers—white hackers and black hackers.
• White hackers: study and break into networks to find and fix security loopholes. They offer their to corporations, public organisations and educational institutions to make their networks more secure.
• Black hackers or crackers: have a criminal intention. Some examples are cracking bank accounts in order to transfer money to their own accounts, stealing confidential information and attacking the computer network of an organisation for money.

Computer Security

• Antivirus Software: Every computer on a computer network must have an antivirus software installed in it and it should be updated on a regular basis. Antivirus software can be used to protect the computer from various types of malware. Antivirus software can detect viruses, worms and so on, and warn you of their presence in your computer. It can also deactivate and clean up the computer of malicious software. There are various types of antivirus software such as AVG, Avira, Norton and McAfee
• Firewall: A firewall is used to prevent unauthorised access to a computer network. A firewall  can be implemented as a software, a hardware or a combination of both. All data or messages entering or leaving a computer network pass through a firewall (Fig. 1.33). A firewall examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

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Class 8 Computer Science Chapter 8 QBasic

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Computer Science Chapter 8 Q-Basic prepared and updated new academic session 2024-25. Grade 8 Computer book chapter 8 explains about the programing methods using Qbasic. It is easy to understand and student work with fun during the use of this type of programing language.

• Class 8 Computer Science Chapter 8 Study Material
• Class 8 Computer Science all Chapters Notes
• Class 8 all Subjects NCERT Solutions

The computer needs the sequence of instructions in a form that it can understand to perform any task. A programming language is a set of words, instructions and symbols that makes a programmer competent to communicate instructions to a computer. Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code is one of the programming language. It was developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurty in 1964 at Dartmouth College. G.W. Basic, QBasic, Visual Basic , Turbo Basic, etc. are various forms of BASIC.

It is very easy so it is very popular programming language. QBasic is a programming language developed by Microsoft. It is used to write, edit, execute and correct a program. It is an ideal programming language for programmers because of its intuitive commands, simple structure and flexibility. In QBasic, loops are made with the help of control statements.

Control statements are very powerful tools for programmers. These are used to control the flow of the program as per your choice. It has many control statements. Some are conditional, some are unconditional and some use counters. The IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF statement Generally all of us use conditional statements to take decisions. Likewise IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF statements are used to check the condition of a program. It is used in decision making process of a program. Program to find the greater of two numbers.

CLS (CLS command is used to clear the screen) INPUT “ENTER NUMBER1”; N1 INPUT “ENTER NUMBER2”; N2 IF N1 > N2 THEN PRINT “BIGGER NUMBER=”; N1 ELSE PRINT “BIGGER NUMBER=”; N2 ENDIF Practice Time Write a program to enter a name. If the name is Saurabh, print “Hi Saurabh” else print “Hi friend”. ENTER NUMBER1? 8 ENTER NUMBER2? 6 BIGGER NUMBER = 5

NESTED IF Statement Sometimes a single program may have many conditions and actions, out of which only one condition will be satisfied. In such a case, the ELSEIF statement is used with IF-THENELSE. Here, more than one IF-THEN- ELSE may be contained within each other. The READ-DATA statement To enter number of data items within a program, the READ-DATA statement is used. This data is automatically read one by one. This statement is used when one wants to avoid entering data manually. Data is provided in the program itself. The DATA statement can be placed anywhere in a program, even before the READ statement. The number of variables in the READ statement should be equal to the number of data items in the DATA statement and also of the same data type.

The built-in programs, which are already present in Qbasic are called Library functions. You cannot write these functions by yourself. Programming is made easier by these functions. The two Library functions present in Qbasic are following: 1. String functions. 2. Numeric functions.

String Functions String Functions are used for string manipulation. They are of many kinds. Such as: LEFT$, RIGHT$, MIND$ SPACE$, STAR$, LEN, VAL GRAPHICS IN QBASIC With the help of circles, lines, etc. you can make the display attractive. All this is done with the help of computer graphics. Computer Graphics is an easy and attractive way of displaying information. SCREEN Command A graphic display mode must be selected before graphics can be drawn on the screen. To do this, use the SCREEN command. SCREEN 12 This selects high resolution (640×480 pixels) graphics, with 16 colours.

WINDOW Command WINDOW command can set your own coordinate system. For example: WINDOW (0, 0) – (1000, 750) This sets the top left hand corner of the screen to be point (0, 0), and the top right corner to be point (1000, 750). Any coordinate system may be defined to suit the task. To set up a coordinate system with (0, 0) in the centre of the screen, and with X and Y axes going from – 1 to + 1, the following command is used: WINDOW (–1, – 1) — (1, 1)

The LINE Command As it is very clear by its name “Line Command”, this command is used to draw the lines. The syntax of the command is LINE (x1, y1) – (x2, y2) Where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are coordinate pair which define the start and end points of the line respectively. They use the coordinate system that has been set up by the WINDOW command. Example: Draw a line starting from (450, 350) to (900, 750). WINDOW (0, 0) – (1000, 750) LINE (450, 350) – (900, 750) You can see that a line is drawn on the screen as the result of the above program. There is also a shorter form of the LINE command which can be used to draw connected straight lines where each line segment is drawn from the end of the previous line segment.

Drawing a circle The CIRCLE Command The CIRCLE command is used to draw a circle. The syntax for circle command is given below: CIRCLE (XC, YC), Here (XC, YC) represents the coordinates of the centre of the circle and r is the radius. Example: Draw a circle with a radius of 200 units. To draw the circle with the above criteria, the following command could be used : CIRCLE (400, 200), 200.

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Class 11 Computer Science Complete Notes

These complete Class 11 Computer Science Notes for every unit are tailored to help you easily grasp the essential topics covered in your CBSE Class 11 computer science curriculum. So, whether you are studying for exams, or working on assignments, these notes provide a clear and straightforward guide about the topics.

This guide covers all 3 units of Class 11 Computer Science, like Computer Systems and Organisation where you get to know all the fundamentals of computer systems. Computational Thinking and Programming where you will learn the basics of programming, including key concepts like variables, data types, and basic algorithms, to help you start coding confidently. And in last, you will learn about Society, Law, and Ethics here you will get to know all about the computer society, IT laws, and ethics.

Introduction to Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation

Welcome to Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation ! This unit is all about understanding computers’ essential components and workings, helping you grasp how they process, store, and manage information. Here’s a quick tour of what we’ll cover:

• Computer System Basics : We’ll start with the foundation of what a computer system is, including both hardware (the physical parts like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices) and software (the programs and operating systems that run on the hardware).
• Hardware : Dive into the major components such as the Central Processing Unit ( CPU ), which acts as the brain of the computer, and the various types of memory—primary ( RAM ), cache, and secondary storage (hard drives and SSDs). We’ll also look at how these elements work together to perform tasks.
• Software : Learn about the different types of software, from system software (like operating systems and utilities) that manage hardware to application software that helps you perform specific tasks such as word processing or web browsing. We’ll also touch on programming tools that help developers create software.
• Boolean Logic : Understand the basics of Boolean logic, including operators like AND, OR, and NOT, and how they form the foundation of computer operations and digital circuits.
• Number Systems : Explore different number systems (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) and how to convert between them. This is crucial for understanding how computers process and represent data.
• Encoding Schemes : Discover how computer characters and symbols are represented using encoding schemes like ASCII , ISCII, and Unicode.

This unit sets the stage for your journey into computing, giving you the tools to understand how computers work and interact with the digital world. Whether you’re curious about the inner workings of your device or eager to dive deeper into programming and technology, this unit provides the essential knowledge you’ll build on throughout your studies.

Introduction to Unit II: Computational Thinking and Programming

Welcome to Unit II: Computational Thinking and Programming ! This unit is designed to introduce you to the fundamental concepts of problem-solving and programming, essential skills for anyone interested in technology and computing. Here’s a quick overview of what you’ll learn:

• Computational Thinking : We’ll begin by exploring computational thinking, a method of problem-solving that involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts. You’ll learn about key strategies such as pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm design, which are crucial for developing efficient solutions.
• Programming Basics : Dive into the world of programming with a focus on understanding how to write and interpret code. You’ll be introduced to basic programming concepts such as variables, data types, control structures (like loops and conditionals), and functions. These are the building blocks of creating software and solving computational problems.
• Algorithms and Flowcharts : Learn how to design algorithms—step-by-step procedures for solving problems—and represent them using flowcharts. This helps in visualizing and organizing your approach to solving a problem before writing code.
• Introduction to Programming Languages : Get familiar with different programming languages and their uses. We’ll cover the basics of popular languages and highlight how they can be applied to various tasks, from web development to data analysis.
• Debugging and Testing : Discover techniques for finding and fixing errors in your code. Understanding how to debug and test your programs ensures they run smoothly and perform as expected.
• Project Development : Apply what you’ve learned by working on practical programming projects. These projects will help you understand how to implement computational thinking and programming concepts to build functional software.

This unit provides the foundational skills needed to tackle computational problems and start programming. Whether you’re interested in building your own apps, solving complex problems, or just understanding how software works, Unit II equips you with the essential tools and techniques to get started in the world of programming.

Introduction to Unit III: Society, Law, and Ethics

Welcome to Unit III: Society, Law, and Ethics ! This unit explores the important intersection of technology with societal norms, legal frameworks, and ethical considerations. Here’s a quick guide to what we’ll cover:

• Digital Footprints : Understand the concept of digital footprints—how your online activities leave traces that can impact your privacy and reputation. We’ll discuss ways to manage and protect your personal information in the digital world.
• Digital Society and Netiquette : Explore the norms and etiquette for interacting online. This includes understanding netiquette (internet etiquette), communication etiquette, and social media behavior to ensure respectful and effective online interactions.
• Data Protection : Learn about intellectual property rights like copyrights, patents, and trademarks. We’ll also cover what happens when these rights are violated through plagiarism, copyright infringement, or trademark misuse, and why respecting these rights is crucial.
• Open Source Software and Licensing : Discover what open-source software is and the various licensing models that govern its use, including Creative Commons, GPL, and Apache licenses. This helps in understanding how software can be shared and used legally.
• Cyber Crime : Get to know different types of cyber crimes , such as hacking, eavesdropping , phishing, ransomware , cyber trolls, and cyberbullying . We’ll discuss their impact and how to stay safe from these threats.
• Cyber Safety : Learn essential practices for safe online behavior, including browsing safely, protecting your identity, and maintaining confidentiality. This section emphasizes practical steps to enhance your security in the digital world.
• Malware : Understand various types of malware, including viruses, trojans, and adware. We’ll explore how they infect systems and what you can do to protect your computer from these malicious threats.
• E-Waste Management : Learn the importance of properly disposing of electronic gadgets to minimize environmental impact. We’ll discuss ways to recycle and manage electronic waste responsibly.

This unit equips you with the knowledge to navigate the digital world responsibly, understand legal and ethical implications, and protect yourself from various online risks. By integrating societal and legal perspectives with technology, you’ll be better prepared to handle the challenges and responsibilities of the modern digital landscape.

In conclusion, these Class 11 Computer Science Notes cover all key topics in the CBSE curriculum, from computer systems basics to programming and digital ethics. Designed to be clear and concise, these notes will help you excel in exams and deepen your understanding of computer science. Use them to confidently master the subject and achieve top grades.

Class 11 Computer Science Notes – FAQs

What topics are covered in the cbse class 11 computer science notes.

The notes cover all key topics in the CBSE Class 11 Computer Science syllabus, including Computer Systems and Organization, Computational Thinking and Programming, Boolean Algebra, Number Systems, and Society, Law, and Ethics in technology.

How can these notes help me prepare for my Class 11 Computer Science exams?

These notes provide a clear, concise, and structured overview of all the topics you need to know for your exams. They simplify complex concepts, making it easier for you to understand and retain information, which is crucial for exam preparation.

Are the notes suitable for beginners in computer science?

Yes, the notes are designed to be student-friendly and easy to understand, making them perfect for beginners who are new to computer science concepts and programming.

Can I use these notes for assignments and classwork?

Absolutely! These notes are well-organized and comprehensive, providing detailed explanations and examples that can help you with both assignments and classwork.

Do these notes include practical examples and exercises?

Yes, the notes include practical examples and exercises to help you apply the concepts you learn, enhancing your understanding and skills in computer science.

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