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India is part of the continent of Asia. Most of India forms a peninsula, which means it is surrounded by water on three sides.

India is part of the continent of Asia. Most of India forms a peninsula, which means it is surrounded by water on three sides. The world's highest mountain range, the Himalaya, rises in the north. The southeast is bordered by the Bay of Bengal, and the southwest is bordered by the Arabian Sea.

India's terrain varies widely, from the Thar Desert in the west to jungles in the northeast. A fertile area called the Ganges Plain covers much of northern India. This formation was created from soil that was deposited by rivers running from the Himalaya. In some places, this layer of silt is over 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) deep.

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PEOPLE & CULTURE

Society throughout India is divided into social ranks, called castes. Caste is determined by birth and there is almost no way to change it. High castes include priests, landowners, and soldiers. So-called Untouchables have no caste and do the most menial jobs.

India is a very spiritual country. It has no official religion, but more than 80 percent of Indians are Hindu. About 13 percent are Muslim. Other religions include Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, which all began in India.

For thousands of years, since the Hindu religion first evolved, respect for animal life has been an important part of Indians' beliefs. Cows in particular are sacred and cannot be harmed. They are even allowed to wander through city streets, which often causes traffic jams!

India's varied climate zones support about 65,000 animal species, including elephants , pythons, river dolphins, and rhinos, and 12,000 types of flowering plants. It is the only country in the world with both lions and tigers . It's also a bird watcher's paradise.

On the coast of the Bay of Bengal is the Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest. Here, tigers swim in the same rivers as dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, and saltwater crocodiles. This unique landscape is constantly under threat as sea levels rise and humans hunt illegally and clear trees for firewood.

The Himalaya mountains provide a home for some of India's rarest animals and plants. The most elusive animal is the snow leopard. Bears and black buck live lower down, and in the northeast, the tiger and one-horned rhinoceros can be found.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

India's parliamentary government was inherited from the British. After independence in 1947, one party, the Congress Party, and one family, the Nehru family, dominated politics in India for decades. Now, however, many parties compete for elected positions.

India's economy is growing so fast that experts predict it will soon become one of the world's leading markets. Indians are hard workers. And though many are poorly educated, there are many others who are highly trained college graduates.

India's earliest known civilization arose about 5,000 years ago on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. Archaeologists uncovered the remains of two huge cities with brick houses, piped water, and sewer systems. Nobody knows why, but these cities, called Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, were abandoned in 1700 B.C.

The Aryan people were farmers from Central Asia who arrived in India around 1500 B.C. They spoke Sanskrit, one of the world's oldest known languages. The Vedic Scriptures, writings that form the basis of the Hindu religion, were written during the Aryan reign.

In the 200-year reign of the Gupta Empire, starting in the fourth century A.D., arts, crafts, and sciences flourished. During this time, the Indian astronomer Aryabhatta determined that the Earth revolved around the sun. This was long before the Western world accepted the theory.

Beginning in the 16th century, following a series of invasions by Muslim forces, a Mongol leader named Babur founded the Mongol Empire. The Mongols oversaw a golden age of art, literature, and architecture in India between 1527 and 1707. They built roads, mosques, gardens, and enormous tombs, including the grand Taj Mahal.

In the late 1400s, Europeans arrived in India and began setting up trading companies. In 1757, Britain gained control over most of the country. Uprisings against British rule began in 1856. In 1920, the famous Mahatma Gandhi began nonviolent protests to push the British out. In 1947, India had independence.

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The Partition of India

Oct 12, 2014

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August 14, 1947. The Partition of India. Tarif Haque. What is the Partition of India?. The partition of India is the separation of India on Aug. 14, 1947 and Aug. 15, 1947 into the states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India, respectively.

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August 14, 1947 The Partition of India Tarif Haque

What is the Partition of India? The partition of India is the separation of India on Aug. 14, 1947 and Aug. 15, 1947 into the states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India, respectively. India was separated on the day of gaining independence from British, due to tensions between the Hindus and the Muslims living in the country. India gained independence after 350 years of British presence in the country. Above: A current day map of India

Basic Maps of the Partition These two maps show how India was divided after gaining independence from the British in 1947. The first shows India under British rule, before the partition. The second shows how the region was divided after gaining independence and the breakaway of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from West Pakistan (Pakistan today) in 1971 through the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Timeline of Events • 1600- British East India Company is established • 1707- Mughal Empire collapsing; Indian states begin breaking away from Mughal control • 1757- Robert Clive leads victory at Battle of Plassey; begins East India Company (British) leading power in India. • 1800s- Many Indians begin thinking more modernly, changing traditional ideas. Some take ideas wanting to govern themselves. • May 10, 1857- Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny) starts. Challenges East India Company as fierce fighting breaks out. • 1858- British government takes direct command of India, from East India Company. • Late 1800s- Nationalism surfaces in India • 1885- Indian National Congress is formed • 1906- Muslim League forms • 1930- First proposed idea of partition by philosopher Allama Iqbal • Late 1930s- Muslims begin exiting Congress. • 1943- Muslim League proposes “Divide and Quit” plan • July 18, 1947- Mountbatten Partition Plan is finalized • August 14-15, 1947- Independence is gained from Britain. Pakistan is formed immediate next day.

The British East India Company also known as The Honorable East India Company • Britain becomes interested in India for economic reasons in the 1600s. • The British East India company is formed after a charter is issued by Elizabeth I for favorable trading privileges between India and England. • It began originally as a joint venture with the Dutch East India Company. • Trading posts are set up in Bombay (1638), Madras (1639), and Calcutta (1690) by the company. • Because India was ruled by the Mughal empire, at first, European trading in the country was limited. • The company eventually transformed itself from a commercial trade venture to a group that basically ruled India, as you will see in the next few slides. Original flag of East India Company

This map shows European settlements in India from 1498 to 1739. As you can see, the British & Dutch (from joint East India Company) together have the most settlements in the region, which sets the stage for the British to begin ruling the area through the East India Company.

East India Company Gains Powerbeginning over 100 years of British rule of India • In 1617, The company is given trade rights in India by Mughal emperor Jahangir. • By 1707, Dozens of small Indian states begin breaking away from Mughal rule. This sets the perfect time for the British to take over. • In 1717, the British are given clear trading advantage when Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar gives tax and duty free trading to the company in Bengal. • Finally in 1757, the East India Company makes there move. Led by Robert Clive, East India company troops win a authoritative victory at the Battle of Plassey, defeating Indian troops allied with the French. • From 1757 to 1858, the East India Company is the leading power in India.

Impact of British Rule in India Positive Effects A huge railroad system was placed in India by the British, making trade much more efficient and brought together regions. The British modernized India by creating telegraph, telephone, bridges, modern roads, canals and improving public health. Schools and colleges are founded. They also helped put an end to local warfare. Policies and Regulation At first the East India Company ruled with little interference from the British government until the 19th century. The company employed its own army and even had an internal government structure. The British used India for the gain of Britain’s Economy, and set up restrictions that didn’t allow India to operate on its own. Negative Effects The British held almost all political and economic power and set restrictions on Indian owned industries. Many villagers lost self-suffiency due to the British enforcing cash crops. Most British carried racist attitudes towards the Indians in the country, and adopted policies which did not abide by many religious practices in India. Traditional Indian life was threatened due to British superiority.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857also The Sepoy Mutiny • In the 1800s, some Indians begin thinking more modern and want a greater role in governing themselves. • Economic problems began arising for the Indians due to British restrictions. • In 1857, news spread to the sepoys (Indian soldiers employed by British) that there rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork. Hindus and Muslims both resented having to bite off the cartridge ends to use the rifle because religious rules stated that Hindus considered the cow sacred, and Muslims didn’t eat pork. • Almost 90 sepoys refused to accept the cartridges. The sepoys were jailed. • The next day on May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled. Fighting took place across the country both sides trying to slaughter each other’s armies. • The British government sent troops to aid the East India Company. It took over a year for them to regain power and control. Above: A painting of a battle during the Rebellion

British Government Takes Direct Control of India in 1858 • After the Sepoy Mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India, from the East India Company. • Raj was the term used to describe any part of India under British rule, from 1757 to 1947. • Britain promised to respect treaties made to citizens by the East India Company, and promised all Indian states would remain free and independent. However, Britain gained more and more control.

Nationalism Surfaces in India:the Indian National Congress and Muslim League form Nationalist feelings began arising in the country due to modernization and the taking up of western ideas. It wasn’t long before the groups wanting to self govern themselves. Two Major Nationalist Groups formed: The Indian National Congress In 1885, the Indian National Government formed- comprised mainly of Hindus wanting to break free from British rule. The Muslim League In 1906, the Muslim League formed- another nationalist group which focused on specific concerns for the Muslim minority living in India. Above: Current flag of Indian National Congress

Leading up to Partition: 1920-1932 • Not only were Indians struggling to break away from British rule, but they were also struggling internally due to tensions between Hindus and Muslims. • The formation of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League defined a fine line between the two major religions and their views. • The first to propose separate states was writer & philosopher Allama Iqbal in 1930. An excerpt from his conversation with the Muslim League in 1930 appears on the right. Allama Iqbal’s 1930 Address to Mulsim Leage: “The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature… To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.” Left: Allama Iqbal was a key figure in proposing the seperation of India into two states.

Leading up to Partition: 1932-1937 • Not only were the Muslims pushing for separation, but so were the Hindus. • Many Hindus despised the Muslims due to the Muslims formerly ruling India for 300 years under the Mogul Empire. • Hindu organizations such as the Hindu Mahasabha pushed for the division of the country and insisted the chasm between Muslims and Hindus was too great and was in need of separate states. In 1937, Veer Savarkar in his Presidential Address to the Hindu Mahasabha: “India cannot be assumed today to be Unitarian and homogeneous nation, but on the contrary there are two nations in the main — the Hindus and the Muslims.”

Leading up to Partition: 1937-1946 • Although many groups called for the separation of India based on religion, the majority of Congress members were secular and opposed to dividing the country solely based on religion. • By the late 1930s, Muslims begin exiting congress and forming separate groups that were pushing the formation of a new Muslim state: Pakistan. • At this time Britain did not directly rule India, but just oversaw the whole country. Local and Regional governments comprised of full Indian rule. • In 1943, The Muslim League proposes a quick plan to divide and gain independence; also known as “Divide and Quit.” • Soon India was ready to be partitioned. Muslims and Hindus were constantly in quarrels, and a plan was proposed to the British.

Mohandas Gandhi • Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) was one of the major spiritual and political figures in the move for Indian independence • For years, Gandhi struggled to keep the Muslims active in Congress so India would not have to suffer the consequence of separation and losing unity. • Not only did Gandhi use non-violent and non-cooperative methods, but he also ceased much of the radical hate ideas on both the sides of Hindus and Muslims. "Leave India to God. If that is too much, then leave her to anarchy." --Gandhi, May 1942 Above: Mohandas Gandhi pictured in 1930

The Partition • After Britain handed over self governance to India on August 14, 1947, the plan for the partition was put into action. • The Mountbatten Plan is what India was divided according to. The plan was written by Cyril Radcliffe, who wrote it based on a British commissioned report on India. The plan was finalized on July 18, 1947 and was put into action a month later. • India was formed out of the mostly Hindu regions and Pakistan was formed out of the mainly Muslim regions. Pakistan was formed in two dominions- East Pakistan and West Pakistan, which were separated geographically by India. Above: British officials discussing the Mountbatten Plan, with a countdown to handover of power in the back.

Impact and Aftermath of Partition The partition of India left both India and Pakistan devastated. Riots erupted, and looting broke out widespread. Women were raped and battered by both the Hindus and Muslims, and trains full of battered women and children would arrive between the borders of India and Pakistan daily. Over 15 million refugees were forced into regions completely new to them. Even though they shared the same religion of thier new home, they still had not lost the bond to the region their family and ancestors grew up in. The provinces of Bengal and Punjab were divided causing outrage in many Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs alike. Even after almost six decades after the partition, India and Pakistan have still not healed from the wounds left by the partition. India and Pakistan have been to war twice since the partition, and Pakistan suffered the bloody war of the breaking away of East Pakistan into Bangladesh. The two countries are still arguing over the landlocked region of Kashmir. Many believe the partition not only broke the unity of India, but also took away the sense of belonging to many people who were tore apart from their native regions. Left: Refugee train of Sikhs heading to India Right: Man carrying wife and family across the border.

“A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.” -Jawaharlal Nehru, 1st Prime Minister of India

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Background: British raj, Indian independence movement, and Muslim separatism

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partition of India , division of British India into the independent countries of India and Pakistan according to the Indian Independence Act passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947. Set to take effect on August 15, the rapid partition led to a population transfer of unprecedented magnitude, accompanied by devastating communal violence, as some 15,000,000 Hindus , Sikhs , and Muslims rushed to cross the hastily demarcated borders before the partition would be complete. Estimates of the number of people who died during the partition range from 200,000 to 2,000,000. The partition left an indelible mark on the national consciousness of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh , and its legacy continues to influence the countries’ citizens to this day.

Direct British rule of India began in 1858 as a consequence of the Indian Mutiny , a rebellion against the paramountcy of the East India Company . Direct rule was intended to increase Indian representation while preserving British imperial interests, but continued aggravations and injustices in the following decades created an increasingly adamant independence movement. By the 1920s, programs of noncooperation and civil disobedience were placing pressure on the British to grant India self-governance; in 1930 the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), led by Jawaharlal Nehru , promulgated the Purna Swaraj resolution calling for complete independence.

By 1930 a number of Indian Muslims had begun to think in terms of statehood for their minority community separate from a state with a Hindu majority, although many of the most important leaders of the Muslim community, such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Aga Khan III , continued to envisage a single federation of all Indian provinces. Jinnah, the secular leader of the All India Muslim League , hoped that the leadership of the Congress Party would accommodate Muslims’ concerns of a Hindu bias in its high command. By documenting as many incidents as it could gather in reports published during 1939, the league hoped to demonstrate how Congress ministries were insensitive to Muslim demands or appeals for jobs, as well as to their redress of grievances, and had shown partiality toward the Hindu majority.

The divide intensified after the viceroy Lord Linlithgow (governed 1936–43) informed India’s political leaders and populace that they were at war with Germany and Hindu and Muslim leaders split on whether to support the war effort. The first meeting of the Muslim League after the outbreak of World War II was held in March 1940 in Punjab’s ancient capital of Lahore . The famous Lahore Resolution, later known as the Pakistan Resolution, was passed by the largest gathering of league delegates just one day after Jinnah informed his followers that “the problem of India is not of an inter-communal but manifestly of an international character.” The league resolved, therefore, that any future constitutional plan proposed by the British for India would not be “acceptable to the Muslims” unless it was so designed that the Muslim-majority “areas” of India’s “North-Western and Eastern Zones” were “grouped to constitute ‘independent States’ in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.” The rifts deepened further when the Congress Party launched the Quit India movement in 1942 to call for immediate independence and British withdrawal; the Muslim League opposed the call because immediate independence would preclude autonomy for Muslims.

After World War II ended, demands for independence were louder than ever, and the 1945 British parliamentary victory of Clement Attlee , who pledged to grant India independence, lent greater certainty to British withdrawal from the subcontinent. With the stakes rising, the simmering Hindu-Muslim tensions erupted. Jinnah called for a “direct action day” on August 16, 1946, which spiraled into communal rioting that left thousands dead in what was later remembered as the “Great Calcutta Killing.” The event was met soon after with reprisals in a deeply divided Bengal , and the cycle of violence later spread to other provinces.

In March 1947 Louis Mountbatten arrived in India as its last viceroy of the British Empire . He had instructions to oversee the decolonization of the country—ideally, the devolution of power to an Indian government that would include the whole subcontinent —and wide freedom of action to end the British raj on whatever terms he deemed wisest. Mountbatten soon became convinced that the differences between the Muslim League and the Congress Party were irreconcilable in the near term, that speed was of the essence because of the real risks of mutiny among Indian troops or the outbreak of civil war, and that a partition was the only expedient option for independence. Mountbatten’s plan for the partition of India was announced on June 3, 1947.

Britain’s Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on July 18, 1947. It ordered that the dominions of India and Pakistan be demarcated by midnight of August 14–15, 1947, and that the assets of the world’s largest empire—which had been integrated in countless ways for more than a century—be divided within a single month. Racing the deadline, the Boundary Commission , appointed by Mountbatten, worked desperately to partition Punjab and Bengal in such a way as to leave the maximum practical number of Muslims to the west of the former’s new boundary and to the east of the latter’s. It consisted of four members from the Congress Party and four from the Muslim League and was chaired by Cyril Radcliffe—who had never before been to India. With little agreement between the parties and the deadline looming, Radcliffe made the final determination of the borders, which satisfied no one and infuriated everyone.

Dividing Punjab and Bengal, the provinces with a slim Muslim majority, caused tremendous problems, as the demographic distributions of those regions were heterogeneous and diverse . The new borders ran through the middle of villages, towns, fields, and more. When Pakistan was created, East and West Pakistan were separated by about 1,000 miles (1,600 km).

The commission also effectively cut in half the large Sikh population in Punjab. The western half of the community reacted with great concern over potential Muslim rule: the Mughal emperors had persecuted the Sikh Gurus in the 17th century, and the legacy of that persecution remained deeply felt. Although the commission had placed Amritsar , the Sikhs’ most sacred city, under Indian dominion , many other important Sikh shrines and landed estates were set to become part of Pakistan. Some Sikhs of western Punjab tried initially to retain control over their estates by pushing out local Muslims, but their attempts were met with violent reprisals. Nearly the entirety of the Sikh community ultimately fled to areas that would become part of India.

The transfer of power was completed on August 14 in Pakistan and August 15 in India, held a day apart so that Lord Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies. With the birth of the two independent countries, the British raj formally came to an end on August 15, 1947.

The borders of the new countries were not published until August 17, two days after the end of British rule. This set the stage for an immediate escalation of communal violence in areas around the new borders. Many ordinary people did not understand what partition meant until they were in the middle of it, sometimes literally. If a border village was roughly evenly divided between Hindus and Muslims, one community could argue that the village rightly belonged to India or Pakistan by driving out or killing members of the other community.

As soon as the new borders were announced, roughly 15,000,000 Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fled from their homes on one side of the newly demarcated borders to what they thought would be “shelter” on the other. Some people were able to take trains or buses from one country to another, but most were forced to flee on foot, joining refugee columns that stretched for miles. These columns were the target of frequent ambushes , as were the trains that carried refugees across the new borders. In the course of that tragic exodus of innocents, as many as 2,000,000 people were slaughtered in communal massacres (although scarce documentation left a wide range of estimates). Sikhs, settled astride Punjab’s new division, suffered the highest proportion of casualties relative to their numbers.

While the worst of the violence took place during the first six weeks of partition, the consequences of those weeks played out for decades. Even provinces that had initially escaped violence later saw outbreaks of conflict; for example, Sindh struggled to absorb large numbers of refugees ( muhajirs ) from India who, although Muslim, belonged to different ethnolinguistic groups from the local population. Disparities that arose from the hasty creation of Pakistan led ultimately to a devastating war in 1971 between its eastern and western provinces, which resulted in the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh . Territorial disputes between India and Pakistan, particularly the question of the Kashmir region, have also led to multiple wars. Moreover, tensions over the rights of Sikhs and the preservation of their communal integrity have also led to violent confrontations in India, most notably with the storming of the Harmandir Sahib in 1984 and the subsequent assassination of Indira Gandhi .

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'She wanted to live a good life': Parents of Indian doctor raped and murdered on night shift

The rape and murder of a trainee doctor in India’s Kolkata city earlier this month has sparked massive outrage in the country, with tens of thousands of people protesting on the streets, demanding justice. BBC Hindi spoke to the doctor’s parents who remember their daughter as a clever, young woman who wanted to lead a good life and take care of her family.

All names and details of the family have been removed as Indian laws prohibit identifying a rape victim or her family.

"Please make sure dad takes his medicines on time. Don't worry about me."

This was the last thing the 31-year-old doctor said to her mother, hours before she was brutally assaulted in a hospital where she worked.

“The next day, we tried reaching her but the phone kept ringing," the mother told the BBC at their family home in a narrow alley, a few kilometres from Kolkata.

The same morning, the doctor’s partially-clothed body was discovered in the seminar hall, bearing extensive injuries. A hospital volunteer worker has been arrested in connection with the crime.

The incident has sparked massive outrage across the country, with protests in several major cities. At the weekend, doctors across hospitals in India observed a nation-wide strike called by the Indian Medical Association (IMA), with only emergency services available at major hospitals.

The family say they feel hollowed out by their loss.

“At the age of 62, all my dreams have been shattered," her father told the BBC.

Since their daughter's horrific murder, their house, located in a respectable neighbourhood, has become the focus of intense media scrutiny.

Behind a police barricade stand dozens of journalists and camera crew, hoping to capture the parents in case they step out.

A group of 10 to 15 police officers perpetually stand guard to ensure the cameras do not take photos of the victim's house.

The crime took place on the night of 9 August, when the woman, who was a junior doctor at the city's RG Kar Medical College, had gone to a seminar room to rest after a gruelling 36-hour shift.

Her parents remembered how the young doctor, their only child, was a passionate student who worked extremely hard to become a doctor.

“We come from a lower middle-class background and built everything on our own. When she was little, we struggled financially," said the father, who is a tailor.

The living room where he sat was cluttered with tools from his profession - a sewing machine, spools of thread and a heavy iron. There were scraps of fabrics scattered on the floor.

There were times when the family did not have money to even buy pomegranates, their daughter's favourite fruit, he continued.

"But she could never bring herself to ask for anything for herself."

“People would say, ‘You can’t make your daughter a doctor'. But my daughter proved everyone wrong and got admission in a government-run medical college," he added, breaking down. A relative tried to console him.

The mother recalled how her daughter would write in her diary every night before going to bed.

“She wrote that she wanted to win a gold medal for her medical degree. She wanted to lead a good life and take care of us too,” she said softly.

And she did.

The father, who is a high blood-pressure patient, said their daughter always made sure he took his medicines on time.

“Once I ran out of medicine and thought I’d just buy it the next day. But she found out, and even though it was around 10 or 11pm at night, she said no-one will eat until the medicine is here,” he said.

“That’s how she was - she never let me worry about anything."

Her mother listened intently, her hands repeatedly touching a gold bangle on her wrist - a bangle she had bought with her daughter.

The parents said their daughter’s marriage had almost been finalised. "But she would tell us not to worry and say she would continue to take care of all our expenses even after marriage," the father said.

As he spoke those words, the mother began to weep, her soft sobs echoing in the background.

Occasionally, her eyes would wander to the staircase, leading up to their daughter's room.

The door has remained shut since 10 August and the parents have not set foot there since the news of her death.

They say they still can't believe that something "so barbaric" could happen to their daughter at her workplace.

"The hospital should be a safe place," the father said.

Violence against women is a major issue in India - an average of 90 rapes a day were reported in 2022, according to government data.

The parents said their daughter’s death had brought back memories of a 2012 case when a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern was gang-raped on a moving bus in capital Delhi. Her injuries were fatal.

Following the assault - which made global headlines and led to weeks of protests - India tightened laws against sexual violence.

But reported cases of sexual assault have gone up and access to justice still remains a challenge for women.

Last week, thousands participated in a Reclaim the Night march held in Kolkata to demand safety for women across the country.

The doctor’s case has also put a spotlight on challenges faced by healthcare workers, who have demanded a thorough and impartial investigation into the murder and a federal law to protect them - especially women - at work.

Federal Health Minister JP Nadda has assured doctors that he will bring in strict measures to ensure better safety in their professional environments.

But for the parents of the doctor, it's too little too late.

“We want the harshest punishment for the culprit," the father said.

“Our state, our country and the whole world is asking for justice for our daughter."

Raped Indian doctor's colleague speaks of trauma and pain

Protest at indian railway station over alleged abuse of girls, india gang rape victim's death sparks outrage, the rape victim’s mum fighting for india’s daughters, what do delhi rape hangings mean for women.

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Cabinet approves Unified Pension Scheme

The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, today approved the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS).

The salient features of the UPS are:

• Assured pension: 50% of the average basic pay drawn over the last 12 months prior to superannuation for a minimum qualifying service of 25 years. This pay is to be proportionate for lesser service period upto a minimum of 10 years of service. • Assured family pension: @60% of pension of the employee immediately before her/his demise. • Assured minimum pension: @10,000 per month on superannuation after minimum 10 years of service. • Inflation indexation: on assured pension, on assured family pension and assured minimum pension Dearness Relief based on All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW) as in case of service employees • lump sum payment at superannuation in addition to gratuity 1/10th of monthly emoluments (pay + DA) as on the date of superannuation for every completed six months of service

this payment will not reduce the quantum of assured pension

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Reliance AGM 2024 Highlights: RIL on track to double in size by decade's end, says Mukesh Ambani

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani confident in achieving growth milestones

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani reinforced the company’s commitment to delivering on its ambitious value-creation strategy. Emphasising Reliance’s philosophy of “speaking by action rather than words,” Ambani expressed full confidence in the future growth prospects of all Reliance businesses, asserting that the targets outlined will be achieved within the specified timelines. In a move that signals this confidence, Ambani announced that the Board of Directors will meet on 5th September to consider issuing bonus shares in a 1:1 ratio. This potential bonus issue highlights the company’s commitment to rewarding its shareholders as it continues on its growth trajectory, further solidifying Reliance's position as a leader in the global market.

Reliance AGM 2024: RIL on track to double in size by decade’s end, says Mukesh Ambani

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani expressed confidence in the group’s trajectory, stating that the Reliance Group is on course to more than double in size before the end of this decade. Ambani emphasized that this growth is not only achievable but also expected to accelerate in the coming decades, driven by the company’s robust investments in technology, energy, and digital infrastructure. This ambitious expansion aligns with Reliance's strategy to maintain its leadership across industries, leveraging innovation and sustainable practices. As Reliance continues to push boundaries, its growth prospects appear stronger than ever, setting the stage for long-term success and resilience in a rapidly evolving global market.

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani outlines vision for growth of New Energy business

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani emphasized the strong financial foundation supporting the company’s New Energy initiatives. "Our company has a strong balance sheet, robust annual accruals, and access to competitive global capital," Ambani noted. He highlighted that the New Energy business is poised to deliver less cyclical and more predictable cash flows. Ambani expressed confidence that within the next 5 to 7 years, the New Energy sector could achieve earnings comparable to Reliance’s existing O2C business, reflecting a similar growth trajectory and financial stability.

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani announces Jamnagar as new energy hub

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani proudly declared Jamnagar's transformation into a key player in new energy. "By 2025, Jamnagar will become the cradle of our New Energy business," Ambani announced. He highlighted the Dhirubhai Ambani Green Energy Giga Manufacturing Complex, set to be the world's largest and most advanced modular, integrated facility. This complex will reinforce Jamnagar's status as the Energy Capital of the World and drive advancements in green energy technologies.

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani says oil-to-chemical business growing robustly

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani shared key updates on their solar production. "By the end of this year, we will commence the production of our own solar PV modules," Ambani stated. The initial phase of their integrated solar facilities will have a 10 GW annual capacity, covering modules, cells, and more. The giga-factory is designed for quick, cost-effective expansion, and will use indigenised HJT technology from REC Singapore to produce bifacial solar panels with over 26% efficiency.

Mukesh Ambani reveals Reliance Retail’s top global rankings at AGM 2024

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani shared impressive milestones for Reliance Retail. He announced that Reliance Retail is now among the top 5 global retailers by store count, top 10 by market capitalization, top 20 by number of employees, and top 30 by revenue.

"Our unique operating model has been the foundation of the competitive advantage and leadership position of our Retail business," Ambani said.

Reliance AGM 2024: Beginning of a new era, says Mukesh Ambani on RIL-Disney merger

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani announced a landmark partnership with Disney, marking a new chapter in India's entertainment landscape. "This marks the beginning of a new era in India’s entertainment industry," Ambani said. The collaboration will combine content creation with digital streaming, delivering unparalleled content at affordable prices. "Our digital-first approach will deliver unparalleled content at affordable prices," Ambani said.

He also noted that the partnership will cater to every consumer’s tastes and provide world-class digital entertainment across the spectrum. Expressing his excitement, Ambani concluded, "I warmly welcome Disney to the Reliance family," highlighting the anticipated impact of this major alliance.

Reliance AGM 2024: Akash Ambani unveils Jio Phonecall AI

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Akash Ambani introduced Jio Phonecall AI, a groundbreaking service that integrates AI into every phone call. This innovative solution records and stores calls in Jio Cloud, automatically transcribing them from voice to text. Additionally, Jio Phonecall AI can summarize the content of calls and translate them into other languages, making AI as accessible and intuitive as making a phone call.

Reliance AGM 2024: Akash Ambani unveils Jio TvOS, new features for Jio Home

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Akash Ambani introduced Jio TvOS, a 100% home-grown operating system for Jio Set Top Box. Tailored for large screens, Jio TvOS delivers a faster, smoother, and more personalized viewing experience. Ambani also highlighted new features for Jio Home, enhancing connectivity and convenience. Jio continues to lead in digital home services with ultra-fast internet and top OTT applications, aiming to make home entertainment smarter and more connected.

Reliance AGM 2024: Our goal is to make AI accessible to all, says Mukesh Ambani

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani unveiled plans to make AI technology more accessible across India. "Our goal is to create the world’s lowest AI inferencing cost right here in India," Ambani stated. By leveraging expertise in infrastructure and collaborating with global partners, Reliance aims to make AI applications affordable and available to everyone, positioning India as a leader in accessible AI technology.

Reliance AGM 2024 Live: Jio AI-Cloud Welcome Offer announced

At today’s AGM, Mukesh Ambani introduced the Jio AI-Cloud Welcome offer, aligning with the company's "AI Everywhere For Everyone" vision. This initiative will provide Jio users with up to 100 GB of free cloud storage for their digital content, including photos, videos, and documents. Ambani emphasized that Jio will also offer the most competitive prices for additional storage needs. The Jio AI-Cloud Welcome offer is set to launch this Diwali, aiming to deliver powerful and affordable cloud storage and AI services to users nationwide.

Reliance AGM 2024 updates: Mukesh Ambani on 'Jio Brain', RIL's big AI plans

At the recent AGM, Mukesh Ambani introduced Jio Brain, a groundbreaking initiative designed to streamline AI adoption across the Jio network and beyond. "To enhance AI adoption, we are developing Jio Brain, a comprehensive suite of tools and platforms covering the entire AI lifecycle," Ambani explained.

Jio Brain aims to accelerate AI integration within Jio, facilitating quicker decision-making, more precise predictions, and a deeper understanding of customer needs. Ambani also highlighted that Jio Brain is being extended to other Reliance operating companies, aiming to transform their AI capabilities and expedite their journey into the AI landscape.

With Jio Brain, Reliance is setting the stage for a significant leap in AI-driven efficiency and innovation across its diverse business operations.

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani on 5G, Jio AirFiber

At the recent AGM, Mukesh Ambani unveiled Jio’s impressive strides with JioAirFiber, the company’s 5G-based home broadband service launched last October. JioAirFiber has rapidly transformed broadband access across India, delivering high-speed connectivity and surpassing traditional optical fiber speeds. Remarkably, Jio acquired its first million AirFiber customers in just over six months, marking a global record for the fastest customer acquisition.

Ambani highlighted that this success is only the beginning. By leveraging Jio’s deep-tech capabilities and optimizing processes, the company secured its next million AirFiber customers in just 100 days. With ongoing improvements, Jio aims to add one million homes every 30 days, targeting a total of 100 million home broadband customers at an unprecedented pace.

In addition to expanding home broadband, Jio is setting ambitious goals for the business sector, aiming to connect over 20 million small and medium businesses. The company is also focused on enhancing connectivity for India’s educational and healthcare sectors. Ambani expressed excitement about the potential to connect 1.5 million schools and colleges, 70,000 hospitals, and 1.2 million doctors, underscoring Jio’s commitment to advancing digital infrastructure across critical sectors.

Reliance AGM 2024: RIL shares up 2% as Mukesh Ambani address shareholders

Reliance Industries Limited shares were up nearly 2% as Mukesh Ambani addressed shareholders at the company's 47th AGM. RIL shares were up 1.71% at Rs 3,047 at 2:30 pm.

Reliance AGM 2024: Today, Jio stands as a true deep-tech innovator, says Mukesh Ambani

Mukesh Ambani said, "One of the most gratifying aspects of Jio’s journey is that everything we have achieved is powered by our own technology. From the beginning, we understood that leading the digital revolution required innovation, not just integration. Today, Jio stands as a true deep-tech innovator."

Reliance AGM 2024: Today, Jio is a 490-million-strong family, says Mukesh Ambani

Today, Jio is a 490-million-strong family, reflecting the immense trust and loyalty of our customers. And each Jio customer, on average, uses over 30 GB of data monthly, driving a 33% growth in our data traffic over the past year, says Mukesh Ambani.

Reliance AGM 2024: Jio now world's largest mobile data company, says Mukesh Ambani

At the Reliance AGM 2024, Mukesh Ambani announced that Jio has now become the world's largest mobile data company. He highlighted how Jio's network handles nearly 8% of global mobile traffic, surpassing major global operators from even developed markets.

Ambani praised Jio for achieving this milestone while maintaining top-notch service quality and setting new global benchmarks. In just eight years, Jio has not only expanded India’s data market but has also established itself as a leader in the global mobile data arena.

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani on Reliance's FY24 report card

Reliance invested over Rs 3,643 crore (US$ 437 million) in R&D during FY24, bringing its total research spending to over Rs 11,000 crore (US$ 1.5 billion) over the past four years. The company employs more than 1,000 scientists and researchers working on vital projects across various fields, says Mukesh Ambani. 

"Reliance invested cumulatively over Rs 5.28 lakh crore (US$ 66.0 billion) in the last three years. Reliance remained the single largest contributor to the national exchequer, contributing Rs 1,86,440 crore (US$ 22.4 billion) through various taxes and duties in FY 2023-24," he added. 

Reliance AGM 2024: When RIL grows, we reward our shareholders, says Mukesh Ambani

Mukesh Ambani said that RIL has informed the stock exchanges that the company's Board will consider a 1:1 bonus share. 

"Based on this confidence, I would like to share some good news with you today. At 1.45 pm today, Reliance Industries Limited has sent a notice to the stock exchanges that the Board of Directors will meet on 5th September to consider issuing Bonus shares in the ratio of 1:1," Ambani said. 

"When Reliance grows, we reward our shareholders handsomely. And when our shareholders are rewarded handsomely, Reliance grows faster and creates more value. This virtuous cycle has been the guarantor of your company’s perpetual progress," he added. 

Reliance AGM 2024: Mukesh Ambani's address to shareholder begins

RIL Chairman Mukesh Ambani has commenced his address at the 47th Annual General Meeting. He started his addressed by speaking about India's growth under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

He said also said that "Reliance in the business of growing India".

Crestron to Introduce All-New AirMedia Presentation Systems at InfoComm India 2024

~   Experience the Future of Workplace Collaboration at India’s Premier Pro AV and Integrated Experience Solutions Event ~

Crestron , a global leader in workplace technology, will showcase its  AirMedia® Presentation Systems  at  InfoComm India 2024 . Taking place from  3-5 September 2024  at the  Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai , InfoComm India stands as the region’s most significant exhibition for Professional AudioVisual (Pro AV) and integrated experience solutions.

Crestron’s  AirMedia Presentation Systems  are designed to transform the modern workplace by offering a seamless, intuitive, and efficient meeting experience. These wireless presentation devices enable one-touch presentation and meeting control from any collaboration device, making it easier than ever for teams to connect, present, and collaborate. The AirMedia devices are fully integrated with the Crestron Flex digital workplace platform, ensuring a cohesive and powerful solution for enterprise workspaces.

Attendees at InfoComm India 2024 will have the exclusive opportunity to experience Crestron’s state-of-the-art solutions firsthand. Brad Hintze, Executive Vice President, Global Marketing, and Jacques Bertrand, Executive Vice President, Asia, Crestron Electronics Inc., will be present at the event to address attendees and provide insights into how Crestron’s innovations are shaping the future of workplace technology.

“From one beyond intelligent cameras to XIO cloud management system, we will also be showcasing our AirMedia® Presentation Systems at the InfoComm India 2024,”  said   Brad Hintze.  “This event is the perfect platform to showcase how Crestron is driving the evolution of workplace technology, making it easier for teams to collaborate and be productive in any environment.”

The AirMedia Presentation Systems are part of Crestron’s Flex digital workplace platform, which is trusted by enterprises globally to deliver reliable, scalable, and user-friendly solutions for modern collaboration needs.

Jacques Bertrand  added,  “As India continues to embrace cutting-edge technology, Crestron is committed to delivering solutions that meet the unique needs of this dynamic market. We look forward to engaging with our partners and customers at InfoComm India and demonstrating the transformative power of our AirMedia® systems.”

Visitors to InfoComm India 2024 are invited to visit Crestron’s booth H01 for live demonstrations of the AirMedia® systems and engage with the company’s executives to learn more about Crestron’s vision for the future of workplace technology. For more information, please visit the following:

https://www.crestron.com/Inbound/Crestron-AirMedia

https://youtu.be/O5taiBw01KA?si=F7fXyshM9QgywM32

About Crestron

At Crestron we build technology for every way people work, everywhere in the world – from desktop to boardrooms, offices to multi-nationals. Technology that adapts to what you have and prepares you for what you’ll need. Platforms, devices, and systems designed to improve communication and collaboration. All managed by a cloud-based system for easy deployment, monitoring and upgrading. At Crestron we create faster, better, simpler solutions so people can work faster, better, and more productively.

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Canada’s Wildfires Were a Top Global Emitter Last Year, Study Says

The blazes produced more planet-warming carbon than almost any country, researchers found. That could upend key calculations on the pace of global warming.

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By Manuela Andreoni

The wildfires that ravaged Canada’s boreal forests in 2023 produced more planet-warming carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but three countries, research published on Wednesday has found.

Only China, the United States and India produced more emissions from fossil fuels than the Canadian fires, according to the study, which was published in the journal Nature .

The wildfires last year call into question how much carbon the forests will absorb in the future, scientists said. That, in turn, may make it necessary to reconsider calculations of how much more greenhouse gas humans can add to the atmosphere without pushing temperatures beyond current global targets.

The most ambitious limit set in the 2015 Paris Agreement was 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 Fahrenheit, above preindustrial times. Beyond that threshold, scientist say, it will be increasingly difficult for humans to adapt to a hotter planet.

The boreal forests have historically helped to slow climate change by storing carbon as trees grow rather than adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. While the hot and dry weather that fueled the fires in Canada last year was extraordinary when compared with historical records, climate projections suggest it will become common in the 2050s if the world continues on the current trajectory of global warming.

“This brings up a lot of concerns about whether these fires will happen more frequently,” said Brendan Byrne, a carbon cycle scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and one of the authors of the study. “That could potentially have a big impact on the ability of these forests to store carbon.”

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