what comes after phd degree

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What is academic degree after PhD? [duplicate]

Does your country have any academic degrees after the PhD? If yes, what is it called and how graduating this degree?

Additionally, what is a Post-Doc? Is it a degree or something else? I have seen some people refer to a post-doc in their CV as they would a degree. Is this acceptable?

• international

• I'm closing your main question as it's a duplicate of a previous one. As for your question concerning what is a postdoc, you can have a look at: academia.stackexchange.com/q/2173/102 –  user102 Commented Mar 5, 2013 at 22:51

3 Answers 3

In general, a PhD is the highest degree you can get. A postdoc is simply a research position that is not permanent, i.e. no fixed contract or tenure. There are some exceptions, for example in the German system where you can get your Habilitation, which is a degree after you get your PhD. But in most systems there is nothing beyond a PhD in terms of degrees.

• Thanks for your answer. In our home country we have it. In Mongolia is so called Doctor of Science (ScD). PhD and ScD is very different degree by our rule. –  Uranchimeg Commented Mar 5, 2013 at 21:45

Many countries have higher degrees than the PhD.

In the UK , there's

• Litt.D Doctor of Letters / Literature
• DSc Doctor of Science
• LL.d Doctor of Laws
• D.D. Doctor of Divinity

Each of these typically requires the submission of a body of work - a research portfolio - together with a critique of the work. Or they may be awarded as honorary degrees; see the links above for the requirements for the degrees from the University of East Anglia (Litt.D, DSc, LL.d), and the University of Oxford (D.D.), accordingly.

A post-doc is just an academic research job that's typically done after attaining a PhD. It's not a degree in its own right

• Thanks for answer. It was interesting to read about different Doctor degrees in different country. –  Uranchimeg Commented Mar 6, 2013 at 20:09

As @Paul Hiemstra pointed out, the highest degree level is a Doctorate (Dr) however, with this in mind, there are different academic titles that you can gain if you work at a University or high-educational institute. Here are a few:

Senior Lecturer (Usually appointed to a academic with a level of experience, this is usually how many years they have been at a University).

Master Lecturer (This is usually a rank about a Senior Lecturer)

Reader (This is someone who usually has a vast amount of knowledge and a strong academic background who is employed by the University not so much to lecturer, but, to carry out research for the university).

Professor ( I believe this title is different in the US but this title is given to an academic who has an outstanding background in research and has published books, received a lot of funding for the particular University.) A Professorship is not something that can be studied for, it is something that is achieved and you are selected for by a special panel.

You can find more about titles here

• Thanks for very detailed answer. I am agree with you that Professor is academic person who have own space in any kind of science research field. –  Uranchimeg Commented Mar 6, 2013 at 20:13
• 2 This doesn't answer the quesstion. It's also restricted to the UK; other countries use different terms and/or use some of these terms in different ways. It also seems to be based on a misunderstanding: you say that a reader is employed "not so much to lecture" but even lecturers spend the majority of their time on research at the older, research-based universities. I've never heard of a "master lecturer". –  David Richerby Commented Jul 2, 2015 at 8:37

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From Associate to Doctorate: A Complete Guide to College Degree Levels

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

Considering a college degree? First, you’ll have to understand the types of degrees and college degree levels.

Different degrees prepare you for different career paths. For example, you can’t become a psychologist with just a bachelor’s degree — you’d need a master’s or doctorate in psychology. And you usually can’t become an engineer without at least a bachelor’s degree.

Typically, as your university degree level rises, your earning potential increases, and the unemployment rate decreases. That’s one more reason it’s important to understand the different types of degrees.

What Types of Degrees Are There in College?

There are many types of degrees you can earn in college. College degree levels can be broken down into two categories: undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees.

Here are the college degrees in order, from lowest ranking to highest:

• Associate degree (undergraduate)
• Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate)
• Master’s degree (graduate)
• Doctoral degree (graduate)

While a doctorate is the highest education level, some fields may stop at a master’s. The phrase “terminal degree” refers to the highest degree in a field.

A professional degree is a type of graduate degree — often a doctorate — that prepares you for a professional career in fields like law and medicine.

Popular Online Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

Associate Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-2 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 60

Most associate degrees prepare you to enter the workforce immediately upon graduation. These programs can be found at community and technical colleges and typically last 1-2 years.

An associate degree can also serve as the foundation for a bachelor’s program. You may even be able to transfer some of the credits you earned for your associate degree toward a four-year degree.

Some associate degrees require you to complete an internship or practicum in addition to taking classes. This is particularly common among healthcare and tech degrees.

To apply for an associate degree program , you’ll need a high school diploma or equivalent, like a GED certificate. Some schools may require you to submit standardized test scores, such as the ACT or the SAT, as well.

Featured Associate Programs

What can you do with an associate degree.

An associate degree prepares you for vocational, allied health, and support roles. For example, you can become a medical assistant , paralegal , or vet tech with an associate degree.

The highest-paying careers with an associate degree pay over $80,000 per year. See the table below for salary information on other popular associate degree jobs.

Source: BLS

Types of Associate Degrees

Colleges can offer three kinds of associate degrees:

• Associate of Arts (AA)
• Associate of Science (AS)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS)

Arts, humanities, and creative fields typically offer an AA, whereas social sciences and natural sciences fields often award an AS. Many applied and vocational programs offer an AAS degree.

The type of degree matters if you’re planning to transfer into a bachelor’s program. Colleges normally offer fewer transfer credits for an AAS degree.

Popular Associate Degrees

• Business Administration
• Business Management
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Cybersecurity
• Early Childhood Education
• Graphic Design
• Healthcare Management
• Information Technology
• Medical Assisting
• Medical Billing and Coding
• Pre-Nursing
• Social Work

Bachelor’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 4 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 120

A bachelor’s degree prepares you for many career paths. You’ll generally spend four years earning a bachelor’s degree at a college or university. You’ll take general education classes and courses in your major . You can also choose a minor.

Some colleges offer accelerated bachelor’s programs , which take less time — often 2-3 years. Degree-completion programs can also speed up the timeline by awarding you credit for previous college coursework.

You can earn your bachelor’s degree online as well. An online degree from an accredited college meets the same standards as that of an in-person degree.

You’ll need a high school diploma for admission and may also need to submit SAT or ACT scores.

Featured Bachelor’s Programs

What can you do with a bachelor’s degree.

In diverse industries like business, tech, and education, a bachelor’s degree can prepare you for many entry-level careers. Some of the highest-paying jobs with a bachelor’s degree include roles in finance, management, and tech.

Graduates with a four-year degree can also benefit from high demand in many lucrative fields, like software development and engineering. The table below introduces some popular jobs with a bachelor’s degree.

Types of Bachelor’s Degrees

You can earn a bachelor’s degree in many fields. Some of the most common types of bachelor’s degrees you’ll see include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BS)
• Bachelor of Applied Arts (BAA)
• Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS)
• Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)

The two most popular degrees are a BA and a BS. These degrees cover all arts and sciences majors and some education and engineering degrees.

Popular Bachelor’s Degrees

• Civil Engineering
• Communication
• Computer Programming
• Health Informatics
• Health Sciences
• Human Resources
• Mathematics
• Organizational Psychology
• Political Science
• Public Policy
• Supply Chain and Logistics

Master’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-3 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 30

A master’s degree can help you gain specialized skills and qualify for higher-paying roles. As a graduate student, you’ll work closely with experts in your field to explore advanced topics.

While a master’s degree typically takes two years, some universities offer accelerated one-year master’s programs. You can also enroll in a bachelor’s-to-master’s program to earn both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in less time.

Most master’s programs require a minimum of 30 credits. Admission and graduation requirements vary depending on the program. For example, many arts and sciences master’s programs require GRE scores , while business programs typically require GMAT scores .

Featured Master’s Programs

What can you do with a master’s degree.

With a master’s degree, you can qualify for management-level careers and specialized roles in industries like healthcare, research, and social services. The highest-paying master’s degrees include MBAs and nurse practitioner degrees.

Learn more about the earning potential and demand for popular master’s degree jobs below.

Types of Master’s Degrees

Here are some of the most common types of master’s degrees you can earn:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MS)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Education (M.Ed.)
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Master of Public Administration (MPA)
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Public Policy (MPP)
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)

An MA and an MS are among the most popular master’s degrees. Humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences fields typically award an MA or an MS. Other popular options include an MBA and an M.Ed.

Popular Master’s Degrees

• Creative Writing
• Data Science
• Engineering
• Healthcare Administration
• Library and Information Science
• Network Security
• Public Health
• Supply Chain Management

Doctoral Degrees

• Typical Program Length: 2-10 years
• Typical Number of Credits: Varies

A doctorate represents the highest degree you can get in academia. There are a few types of doctoral degrees you can get.

Professional doctorates train you for a professional career. For example, law school and med school are two common professional paths. A Ph.D., on the other hand — by far one of the most common types of doctorates — emphasizes theory and research.

In a doctoral program, you’ll take graduate-level seminars and courses, take comprehensive exams, conduct original research, and defend a dissertation in front of a faculty committee.

Most applied doctorates take 3-5 years, while a Ph.D. typically requires 4-6 years of coursework. In certain fields, you can earn your doctorate online.

Some doctoral programs require a master’s degree for admission, whereas others admit applicants with just a bachelor’s degree. You may need to submit standardized test scores depending on the program.

Featured Doctoral Programs

What can you do with a doctorate.

If you want to become a physician , professor , or lawyer, you’ll need a doctorate. In many fields, a doctorate translates into higher salaries. Lawyers, pharmacists , and physicists all report median salaries of over $125,000 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The following table shows the earning potential and demand for popular doctoral degree jobs.

Types of Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest education level, but there are still several types of doctoral degrees. Here are some of the most common you can get:

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD)
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
• Juris Doctor (JD)

A Ph.D. is the most popular doctorate. You can earn a Ph.D. in many arts and sciences fields. Other doctorates take their names from the career path associated with the degree.

Popular Doctoral Degrees

• Curriculum and Instruction
• Educational Administration
• Educational Leadership
• Human Services
• Legal Studies
• Organizational Leadership
• Public Administration

Frequently Asked Questions About College Degree Levels

What are the four types of college degrees.

The four types of college degrees are associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, and doctoral degrees. Colleges classify associate and bachelor’s degrees as undergraduate degrees and master’s and doctoral degrees as graduate degrees.

Within those categories, you can earn many types of degrees. For instance, at the bachelor’s level, you could earn a bachelor of arts (BA), a bachelor of science (BS), or a bachelor of fine arts (BFA) degree.

What is a four-year college degree called?

A four-year college degree is called a bachelor’s degree. Another term for this degree type is a baccalaureate degree.

Many careers require a bachelor’s degree for entry-level roles. For example, most careers in business require you to hold a bachelor’s degree. Many roles in tech, education, the public sector, and engineering also require you to have a four-year degree.

Some career paths require a specific major. In many states, you’ll need a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) to become a registered nurse . In other fields, your specific major matters less than the quality of your skills.

What is the highest degree?

The highest degree is a doctorate, also called a doctoral degree. In terms of university degree levels, both master’s and bachelor’s degrees rank below doctorates.

You can earn a doctorate in a wide array of fields, including the social sciences, business, the humanities, education, engineering, and healthcare.

In some fields, however, a master’s degree represents the terminal, or highest, degree. For instance, a master of fine arts (MFA) is the terminal degree for creative writing.

What is the hardest college degree?

Most would agree that the hardest college degree is a doctorate. As the highest education level, a doctorate requires significant expertise in the field.

Many Ph.D. programs take six years or more and require you to write a book-length dissertation based on original research.

Because a doctorate represents the top of the university degree levels, it’s a relatively uncommon degree. Only around 2% of U.S. adults held a doctorate in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau .

What is the quickest degree?

The fastest degree you can get is either a one-year associate degree or a one-year master’s degree. While other types of degrees typically take a minimum of two years, you can earn a master’s degree in one year with an accelerated or fast-track program.

You can sometimes add a master’s degree to your bachelor’s through a 4+1 program, also known as a bachelor’s-to-master’s program. In this case, some of your coursework counts toward both your undergraduate and graduate degrees, meaning you’ll spend an additional year in college to leave with a master’s degree.

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What Next After PhD? Decoding Your Life After a PhD

Acquiring a doctoral degree is undoubtedly a momentous occasion worthy of celebrations—students can relax, unwind, and let go of the many stresses associated with the past few years of hard work. But soon, these celebrations are followed by questions on the steps needed to grow professionally after a PhD. In this post, I hope to guide you toward finding an answer to the question “What comes after a PhD?”

So what does life after a PhD look like? It is inevitable that your PhD will leave you with an array of skills that are transferable across different sectors. These could be technical skills that are domain-specific and, more importantly, broad skills such as project management, data analysis, and effective communication. Often, it takes a while after a PhD for students to acknowledge that they are indeed equipped with these skills. Hence, it is a good idea to create a portfolio, mapping different skills to the projects and tasks that were undertaken during and after your PhD.

Choosing the next step in your career and life after PhD would then trickle down to your personal preferences and leveraging your skills tactfully. If you’ve felt stuck with the question of what to do after a PhD, here are some career options to consider:

• Postdoctoral fellowship. After a PhD, if you are keen to continue doing research, you can pursue a postdoctoral fellowship in an academic institution and then work toward securing a tenure-track professorship. And while this path surely has its perks, especially if you want to set up your own research lab, it may be helpful to know that this is not the only worthwhile career path in life after a PhD.
• Industry research. If you are not keen on research in academia after a PhD, you can opt to join the industry directly or after a few years of academic or industrial postdoctoral fellowship. If you choose this life after a PhD, you may need to invest additional time and energy in understanding the differences in work ethic and culture between industry and academia. However, orientation to these aspects is usually part of the training that you might receive as a new employee. Upon entering the industry, you can expand your portfolio by exploring sales and marketing, product development, and business development options.
• Publication support. If you envision your life after PhD to be closely associated with research, but not directly involved in it, you can opt for careers in publication support, and work with publishers/journals or organizations specializing in scholarly communications.
• Science journalism and social outreach. If after a PhD, you are keen to explore your communication skills and contribute to filling the gap between science and society, you can opt for a career in science journalism/communication and can look for organizations that are involved in science outreach and social engagement.

If you have wondered about your career after a PhD, by now it may be clear that what comes after PhD is not a question you should stress about as there is no dearth of career options. However, here are a few additional points to consider helping you shape your life after PhD and to ensure that your career choice aligns well with your personal preferences.

• Financial aspirations. Financial perks vary drastically across the above-mentioned career options, and it is important to understand your personal financial goals before deciding what to do after PhD. Choosing an option that will help you grow both professionally and financially will keep you happier in the long run.
• Working in a team vs. working solo. As a PhD student, you may be used to working on your own and taking complete ownership of your projects and ideas. You may not always have this option in your life after PhD. It is important to acknowledge your preference regarding the change that might occur in an organization where you are expected to engage in teamwork and share credit for your ideas.
• Fixed work hours vs. flexible work hours . The doctoral journey is filled with unpredictability and you might have started getting used to the flexible work hours. However, after a PhD if you are planning to work in an organization where fixed work hours are a norm, then you might want to relook at your preferences and reconsider what to do after a PhD.
• Hierarchical vs. non-hierarchical work environment. This can be an important point to consider when assessing where you can thrive the most in your life after a PhD. A structured work environment, like an established company with a defined hierarchy may provide you security, stability, and opportunities for a steady rise up the career ladder. On the other hand, working in a non-hierarchical or non-structured environment like a start-up may require you to perform a variety of roles simultaneously, give you the flexibility and chance to explore new domains and acquire new skills regularly, and could be rewarding in its own way after a PhD.

Through this article, we hope you found an answer to the common conundrum of what’s next after a PhD. Ultimately, for a happy and satisfying life after PhD, adopting a growth mindset will take you far in your career, no matter which direction you choose.

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What To Do After a PhD: Exciting Career Options for PhD Graduates

Choosing what to do after your PhD isn’t always easy, particularly when you’re not sure if you want to work in academia. However, that doesn’t mean that there aren’t plenty of career opportunities that come with a PhD – and a good chance it’ll increase your earning potential.

Weve answered some of the most frequently asked questions about PhDs, covering course types, applications, funding and the benefits of further study.

Will a PhD help you get a job or earn a better salary? And what are your career prospects in and outside of academia?

Everything you need to know about part-time and full-time work as a student or recent graduate in the USA.

Everything you need to know about part-time and full-time work in Germany as a student or recent graduate in Germany.

If you’re completing or applying for a PhD, it’s likely that at some point you’ll consider working in academia. Academia is the career path of researchers who work to advance teaching and research in institutes of education. While most academics are employed by universities, institutes could include government-funded experiments or sites of historical preservation, for example.

The main objective of academia is to produce original research. Though not all academics work in university, this page shall focus mainly on the university progression path.

Earning a PhD is a huge accomplishment that requires years of intense study and research. But once you’ve completed your doctoral degree, an important question arises – what’s next? Your PhD has equipped you with highly transferable skills, opening doors to diverse career opportunities. This article explores the many exciting options available for PhD graduates within and beyond academia.

Completing a PhD demonstrates your expertise in a specialized field through rigorous research and analysis. It also cultivates critical soft skills like project management communication, critical thinking and perseverance. With such versatile capabilities, there are diverse possibilities for stimulating post-PhD careers.

Common PhD graduate roles include teaching professionals, natural and social science professionals, research and development professionals, therapy professionals, and business/administrative professionals. But your options expand far beyond these traditional pathways. Whether you desire to stay in academia, transition to industry, or explore unconventional alternatives, this guide outlines promising directions to take your career after PhD graduation.

Academic Careers

For many, a PhD serves as preparation for an academic career centered on research and teaching. Academic environments allow you to utilize your subject-matter expertise and passion for discovery on a daily basis.

Postdoctoral Positions

After earning a PhD, one of the most common next steps is completing one or more postdoctoral appointments. Postdocs involve temporary research positions usually 1-3 years, under the guidance of senior academics. Postdocs build your skills, network, and publications to boost competitiveness for permanent faculty roles.

Research and Teaching Faculty

With postdoctoral experience, you can attain full-time academic positions like lecturer, professor, or researcher. Faculty spearhead courseloads, pursue grants, publish studies, mentor students, and more. Your PhD equips you to shape minds and advance knowledge within your discipline.

University Leadership

Further along your career, you may transition into academic administration as a dean, provost, or university president. These roles oversee university operations, formulate strategic plans, and represent the institution. Your PhD demonstrates the research background necessary to guide universities.

Research-Focused Careers

For those passionate about research numerous career paths allow you to apply your analytical acumen beyond academia. Your advanced methodological skills combined with deep subject-matter expertise make you an asset to research teams and think tanks.

Research and Development (R&D)

R&D drives innovation in various industries and companies by creating new technologies and products. Fields like engineering, computer science, life sciences, and more hire PhDs to lead complex R&D initiatives.

Government Research

Government entities like the CIA, Census Bureau, NIH, and Department of Defense house research divisions that benefit from PhDs’ expertise. Projects can cover wide-ranging topics from public health to national security.

Think Tanks

Think tanks are organizations that undertake in-depth research on policy issues to advise government, academia, businesses, and the public. PhDs often direct projects and author publications for think tanks.

Science and Health Careers

For PhDs in science, technology, engineering, math (STEM), and health fields, your advanced knowledge equips you for specialized technical roles improving society and lives.

Scientific Research and Consulting

PhDs enter private research firms analyzing chemicals, materials, agricultural products, and more to advance innovation. Consultants apply scientific expertise to advise companies on meeting lab standards, regulations, and safety.

Health Care

With a PhD in fields like microbiology, neuroscience, clinical psychology, and public health, you can take on vital health care roles. Options include epidemiology, lab management, hospital administration, and leading research/technical teams.

Business Careers

While less traditional, PhDs also thrive in business settings by leveraging their analytical abilities and mastery of complex concepts. Companies value PhDs for solving problems with critical thinking.

Data Science and Analytics

With expertise in statistical analysis and computational methods from your PhD research, data science roles allow you to uncover game-changing business insights from vast datasets.

Management Consulting

Strategy consulting firms like McKinsey, Bain, and BCG recruit PhDs to tackle multifaceted business challenges like operations optimization, growth strategy, and risk management.

Investment Banking and Finance

PhDs have the quantitative chops to excel in finance, whether analyzing economic trends, developing trading algorithms and risk models, or advising clients on investments as an advisor or portfolio manager.

Policy and Writing Careers

For PhDs in social sciences and humanities, your advanced writing and analytical skills open doors to careers shaping policy, public perception, and discussion through writing.

Policy Research and Analysis

Government entities hire PhDs to research and evaluate policies on topics like economics, education, transportation, and more to optimize effectiveness and outcomes.

Journalism and Publishing

PhDs are equipped for journalism with training in compelling writing and ability to explain complex issues to general audiences. Options include books, newspapers, magazines, websites, and more.

Also mentioned in research careers, think tanks utilize PhDs in social sciences and humanities for policy-focused writing and advising on domestic/foreign affairs, economics, education, and more.

Entrepreneurship

The critical thinking, perseverance, and passion cultivated during your PhD also prime you for entrepreneurship in wide-ranging fields. Your expertise and research skills give you an edge.

Academic Entrepreneurship

Commercialize your research through academic entrepreneurship. Options include starting spinoff companies, patenting/licensing inventions, or joining startups translating research into real-world tech and products.

Mission-Driven Ventures

Bring your PhD experience to mission-driven startups innovating in areas like health, environment, government services, and more. Lead teams applying technology to benefit society.

Start an independent consulting practice offering your specialized expertise to help companies solve complex problems in your field through strategic advising.

A PhD is incredibly versatile, preparing you for diverse, stimulating careers improving companies, societies, and lives. While academia is a common path, roles in research, science, business, policy, writing, entrepreneurship, and more allow you to apply your advanced expertise. Assess your skills, interests and values to determine the best direction for your post-PhD journey. With an open mind, you can land your dream career capitalizing on your PhD capabilities.

What is a fellowship?

Research fellowships are competitive and prestigious positions. Unlike postdocs, you will be funded to complete your own research project. Some positions will also guarantee a permanent academic role after completion. To successfully achieve a fellowship, you’ll need an interesting and viable research project, a history of academic excellence, and experience in writing successful funding or grant applications.

The other type is a teaching fellowship . These roles are not always for early career academics and will be offered to senior researchers so make sure you check the job description.

Non-academic PhD graduate jobs in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences

If your PhD is in an Arts, Humanities or Social Science (AHSS) discipline, the skills you have to offer differ from STEM PhD holders.

Your aptitudes as a AHSS PhD graduate are likely to be suited for industries where communication skills are necessary. The ability to research and write about complex topics will be in-demand across any number of leading companies and sectors. Also, creative thinking will be highly valued by employers in strategic planning or industries such as marketing.

After a PhD what next? | 6 popular options

What is the next stage after PhD?

What comes after a PhD?

What happens after I get my PhD?

What can I do with a PhD?

Writing, lecturing and advocating a business all help market each other, and doing all three in tandem can help build a stable career with your Ph.D. Gaining a Ph.D. means you gain verified proof of your expertise on a subject. With this expertise, you can become a consultant in your field of study.

What can I do after getting a PhD?

Related: 38 Careers That Require a Doctoral Degree After getting a Ph.D., you have multiple options for what you can do next, including: Once you study and complete a Ph.D., you have expert knowledge in a focused portion of the field. As an expert, you can begin writing publications concerning the industry as an authority in the field.

How can I live a better life after a PhD?

If your goal is to live a better life after attaining your PhD in comparison to the one you had during your research, pick a career path that meets two requirements: Choose something you’re passionate about. Make sure the job is well-suited to your lifestyle. For example, consider three people with the same degree.

What can a postdoc do after a PhD?

A postdoc can be a crucial stepping stone to a successful career after completing a PhD. Find out what they are, what they involve and much more. From communication to time management, you will gain a large variety of transferable skills from completing a PhD. Learn what these are and how to use them in your CV. Life After a PhD: What Can You Do?

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• Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Master's vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Published on November 27, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on May 10, 2024.

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

• A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
• A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Table of contents

Master’s vs phd at a glance, which is right for you, length of time required, career prospects, costs and salaries, application process, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about master's and phd degrees.

The table below shows the key differences between the two.

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A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

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Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

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A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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What Comes After a Master's Degree?

Know Your Graduate School Options Beyond a Master's

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After receiving your master's degree, there are still more options to study in graduate school, including an additional master's degree, doctorate programs (Ph.D., Ed.D., and others) and certificate programs to consider. These degree and certificate programs all vary in level, time to complete, and more.

Additional Master's Degrees

If you have already earned a master's degree and wish to continue your studies, you might consider a second master's degree. Since master's degrees tend to be specialized degrees, as you grow within your career you may find that a new specialty is required or that two specialties will make you an even more desirable candidate when job hunting. In education, for example, many teachers earn a Master's of Arts in Teaching degree but may return to the classroom to study for a degree in the field in which they are teaching, such as English or mathematics. They may also wish to pursue a degree in organizational leadership, especially if they are looking to grow into an administrative role in the school.

Master's degrees generally take two, sometimes three, years to complete (after earning a bachelor's degree), but pursuing a second degree in a similar discipline might allow you to carry over some credits and complete the program sooner. There are also some accelerated master's programs that can earn you a degree in less than a year; just be prepared for a lot of hard work. All master's programs entail coursework and exams , and, depending on the field, possibly an internship or other applied experience (for example, in some fields of psychology ). Whether a thesis is required to obtain a master's degree depends on the program. Some programs require a written thesis; others offer an option between a thesis and a comprehensive exam . Some programs provide capstone courses, which are usually semester-long courses that provide a comprehensive overview of everything learned within the program and ask students to complete several small thesis statements to demonstrate mastery.

A meaningful way in which master's programs differ from many, but not all, doctoral programs is in the level of financial aid available to students. Most programs do not offer as much assistance to master's students as they do for doctoral students, and so students often pay most if not all of their tuition. Many top institutions even offer full scholarships for doctoral students, but a doctoral program is usually a much more comprehensive and time-consuming educational program, requiring a full-time commitment, versus the possibility of working your full-time job while going for a master's degree.

The value of the master's degree varies by field. In some areas such as business, a master's is the unstated norm and necessary for advancement. Other fields do not require advanced degrees for career advancement. In some cases, a master's degree may hold advantages over a doctoral degree. For example, a master's degree in social work (MSW) may be more cost-effective than a doctoral degree, given the time and funds required to earn the degree and the pay differential. The admission offices at the schools you're applying to can often help you determine which program is best for you.

Ph.D. and Other Doctoral Degrees

A doctoral degree is a more advanced degree and takes more time (often a great deal more time). Depending on the program, a Ph.D. could take four to eight years to complete. Typically, a Ph.D. in North American programs entails two to three years of coursework and a dissertation — an independent research project designed to uncover new knowledge in your field that must be of publishable quality. A dissertation can take a year or more to complete, with most averaging about 18 months. Some fields, like applied psychology, may also require an internship of one year or more.

Most doctorate programs offer various forms of financial aid , from assistantships to scholarships to loans. The availability and types of support vary by discipline (e.g., those in which faculty conduct research sponsored by large grants are more likely to hire students in exchange for tuition) and by the institution. Students in some doctoral programs also earn master's degrees along the way.

Certificate Programs

Certificates can usually be earned in less than a year and are often significantly less expensive than going after additional degrees. If you're wondering what should come after your master's degree and you're not sure if a doctoral program is right for you, this could be the way to go. Certificates range in scope greatly and can allow you to hyperfocus on the areas in which you wish to excel. Some schools even offer certificate programs that are of a masters degree caliber, so you can walk away better prepared for your career and without breaking the bank. Employers who offer tuition assistance may look favorably on a less expensive certificate program as well.

Which Is the Best?

There is no easy answer. It depends on your interests, field, motivation, and career goals. Read more about your field and consult faculty advisers to learn more about which option best fits your career goals. Some final considerations are as follows:

• What types of jobs do a master's degree, doctoral degree, and certificate holders have? Do they differ? How?
• How much will each degree cost? How much will you earn after obtaining each degree? Is the outcome worth the cost? What can you afford?
• How much time do you have to invest in additional schooling?
• Are you interested enough to pursue many years of schooling?
• Will earning a doctoral degree offer a substantial benefit in your employment and advancement opportunities?

Only you know which is the right degree for you. Take your time and ask questions, then carefully weigh what you learn about each, its opportunities, as well as your own needs, interests, and competencies. What comes after a master's degree is up to you.

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Home > Blog > Tips for Online Students > Tips for Students > Master’s vs PhD — These are the Main Differences

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Master’s vs PhD — These are the Main Differences

Updated: June 19, 2024

Published: October 31, 2019

The consideration between earning a master’s vs PhD is not always an easy choice. While many careers and personal aspirations may be complete with just an undergraduate degree (Associate’s or Bachelor’s), a lot of people continue their higher education to obtain graduate degrees. These include a master’s and/or a PhD.

Neither a master’s degree nor a PhD is considered to be a walk in the park. Therefore, it’s useful to understand why you would earn either and then decide how far to go.

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Definitions: master’s vs phd.

Bost a master’s and PhD are defined as postgraduate degrees, but they require different commitments and styles of learning.

1. Master’s Degree:

Mostly all master’s degrees will require the completion of an undergraduate bachelor’s degree to enroll. They generally all share the same common requirement for a thesis or dissertation to graduate.

Earning a master’s degree through a taught program will result in the completion of a Master of Art (MA), Master of Science (MS), or Master of Philosophy (MPhil). For those who earn their master’s degree through research, they will earn a Master of Research (Mre), in a tailored field of study. There are also degree-specific master’s programs like Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Education (M.Ed).

After earning a master’s degree, the next step is a PhD, which entails both working and performing research at an institution. A PhD is an abbreviation for “Doctor of Philosophy.” It is the highest academic degree one can achieve. As such, it is a time-consuming pursuit that requires a lot of studying and research.

You may be wondering, “Do you need a master’s to get a PhD?”

Technically, the answer is not always. Some students skip a master’s and go straight for their PhD, but they may lack research experience. While it could save money, the transition between a bachelor’s and a PhD is incredibly sharp. It may be harder to complete a PhD without the experience from a master’s.

Yet, some institutions may allow for the possibility to earn both your master’s and PhD in conjunction with one another. This will alleviate the transition between skipping a master’s and going straight to earning a PhD.

Should You Get a Master’s or PhD?

There are many considerations to factor when deciding between a master’s of PhD. For starters, it’s useful to consider the amount of time it will take, the cost, and the benefits and disadvantages of each. It is also of utmost importance to explore your own personal goals and reasons for wanting a graduate degree.

If your desired career of choice requires a PhD, like becoming a university professor, then you have your answer. If you want to start a business and benefit by networking while in school, a Master of Business Administration (MBA) could be a good idea. Consider what you want to pursue as a career and find out the requirements first.

Another useful thing to note is that a master’s degree can be used for a shift in careers. For example, if you attended college and earned a bachelor’s degree in humanities, but now you want to pursue science, you can still earn your master’s degree in a scientific discipline. On the other hand, a PhD is tailored to your field of study and specialty, so it will require that you are sure of your direction when you first earn your master’s degree.

Length of Time

A typical master’s degree program takes about two years full-time. However, there are accelerated programs that can be completed in just a year or so.

A PhD, in general, requires five to six years of studying, teaching, and research. However, it may even take some students up to eight or nine years to graduate. With this significant investment in time, it’s necessary to know if a PhD is right for you before starting.

The cost of both programs varies by institution and enrollment status of part-time versus full-time. However, since a PhD takes longer to complete, it will end up costing more. With that said, if you look into your return on investment, a PhD could end up yielding a higher salary, and therefore end up “costing less.”

Additionally, there is also the possibility of being paid to complete your PhD. Some students may receive an academic stipend, a university fellowship or apprenticeship or a reduced fee to earn their PhD while completing research (or teaching) at an institution. It’s also possible to get financial aid through a scholarship or grant.

As tuition rates continue to rise, it’s useful to look into alternative institutions for affordable education. For example, the University of the People offers a tuition-free master’s program in Business Administration and Education. This means you can study 100% online and graduate for less than the cost of most programs.

Weighing the Benefits

When comparing the two degree types, here are some benefits of each:

• Career-oriented
• Can open the door for more job opportunities
• Costs less than a PhD
• Takes less time than a PhD
• Helps you stand out from those with only an undergraduate degree
• You can perform research in your field of choice
• You become an expert in your field
• The prefix Dr. is added to your name
• You can teach in academia at the highest level

Required Commitment and Reasons to Pursue

Both a master’s and a PhD require a huge amount of hard work and utter commitment. You must be dedicated and motivated to complete either degree. Since most careers only may require a bachelor’s degree, having a master’s or PhD will set you apart from the competition. However, this should not be the sole reason to pursue either.

You may be wondering why would you earn either degree. Here’s a look at some motivational factors:

Reasons to Study for a Master’s

• Your career requires it (see next section)
• You want to advance your subject knowledge
• You want to experience graduate school and network with peers

Reasons to Study for a PhD

• You want to contribute new research to your field of choice
• Your career requires a PhD
• You want to earn the title of Dr.

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Required degrees by career.

Most people are motivated to pursue higher education because their desired careers require they do so. Here, we will break down those fields that require the completion of a master’s degree as it’s high on the list of reasons why to get one.

• Education Administration: To work as an administrator in an educational institution, you need to hold an advanced degree. A Master’s in Education (M.Ed) will provide you with the necessary knowledge and required skills to succeed in the field.
• Executive Level Business: A Master’s in Business (MBA) will not only place you ahead of the competition to land high-level positions in the field of business, but it can also be the jumping off point for becoming your own boss.
• Environmental Science: With issues in climate change and technological advancement, careers in Environmental Science are growing. As with most scientific careers, it requires a master’s degree where you will learn Applied Ecology, Environmental Policy, Environmental Chemistry, and more.
• Mental Health: To become a licensed practitioner and assist in mental health counseling, you will continue your education through a master’s degree in the field.
• Physical Therapy: Employers of physical therapists often prefer them to obtain a master’s degree in the discipline as the field is highly specialized.

Of course, some careers require a PhD. These careers are easy to spot because they have the prefix Dr. in front of them or the suffix like J.D. (Juris Doctor). To become a lawyer, doctor of medicine, veterinary medicine or psychologist/psychiatrist, you must obtain a PhD in the respective field.

Salary Differences Between Master’s and Ph.D. Graduates

According to a study performed by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce , the overall evidence shows that the higher the degree you have, the higher your salary potential. However, the differences vary by subject level and field.

In general, the expected lifetime earnings of those with each degree level is as follows:

• High School Diploma: $973,000
• Bachelor’s Degree: $1.3 million
• Master’s Degree: $2.7 million
• Doctorate Degree: $3.3 million

The Bottom Line

Aside from the financial cost and length of time, the opportunity to earn a master’s and a doctorate degree can offer several benefits.

However, it is an undertaking that requires a lot of dedication and motivation on behalf of the student. As such, it’s important to perform research on your desired career’s requirements, as well as your personal interest in pursuing either a Phd vs master’s.

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If you’re nearing the end of college or you’ve completed college, you’ve probably heard the term “graduate school” thrown around by your peers and teachers. In fact, you’ve probably heard all kinds of graduate-school related terms, like “graduate degree,” “Masters,” “PhD,” and more.

But what is a graduate degree? What is a PhD? What is a doctoral degree? What’s a doctorate? We’ll demystify it all here. (Hint: those last three are all the same thing.)

In this article, we’ll discuss what graduate school is, what graduate degrees you can get, and the difference between graduate and professional school. Then we’ll move on to discussing the benefits and drawbacks of graduate school, funding graduate programs, and how to apply to grad school.

What Is Graduate School?

What is grad school? Well, it’s not so much a specific “school” as a catchall term for some types of academic programs.  Graduate degree programs offer advanced training (beyond a bachelor’s degree) in a specific academic discipline. They very much focus on advancing your subject-specific academic knowledge as opposed to preparing you for a specific career or job. Graduate degree programs often include opportunities to complete original research in the field.

There are a few different types of graduate degrees. We’ll review them in the next section.

What Is a Graduate Degree? The 3 Main Types

There are, generally speaking, three kinds of graduate degrees offered by graduate schools: the Master of Arts, the Master of Science, and the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The MA and MS offer additional schooling in a discipline beyond a bachelor’s degree. A PhD is the most advanced degree in a given academic field. (Note that this is not true of professional fields—we will discuss the difference in the next section.)

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Master of Arts (MA)

What is a Master’s Degree? The Master of Arts is the typical Master’s graduate program for humanities and social science disciplines. They can be fairly general—for example, an MA in Communication or Anthropology, or even Humanities. They can also be highly specialized, like an MA in Folklore or an MA in History of the Book (a real degree!).

Some MA degrees lead specifically to a PhD, while others stand on their own. There are graduate programs designed for those with no prior academic exposure to a field, while others provide further training to those who studied the discipline (or a closely related one) as undergraduates. Some offer original research opportunities, while others focus more on instruction.

Depending on the specific discipline and program, an MA degree generally lasts 1-2 years for a full-time student. Select fields or disciplines may offer a 3-year Master of Arts.

Master of Science (MS)

The Master of Science is the typical Master’s graduate program for scientific and quantitative disciplines. Like the MA, the MS can be fairly general in its focus, like an MS in Biology or Computer Science. They can also be incredibly specialized, like an MS in Predictive Analytics or Agricultural Economics.

Also like the MA, some are designed for those with bachelor’s degrees in the discipline. Others are designed for those trying to get exposure to a new field. Some more closely focus on the student completing original research, while others focus more on delivering in-depth instruction.

An MS degree also generally lasts 1-2 years for a full-time student. In some select fields/programs, it may take 3 years.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

What is a PhD? PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. The PhD is the most advanced degree in a given academic discipline. It’s also known as a doctorate or a doctoral degree.

As the most advanced degree in an academic field, it’s considered a terminal degree. The Doctor of Philosophy prepares students to do academic work in their discipline —research and teaching—and for positions at universities and research institutions.

PhD programs generally expect students to have some preexisting academic training in the discipline or a related field, usually from the student’s undergraduate degree. Most PhDs will not expect incoming students to have Master’s degrees, although some might. However, students with an MA or MS in the discipline might be able to complete the PhD more quickly because they may not need to complete as much coursework.

Furthermore, most PhD programs do expect applicants to have some form of previous research experience and preferably some academic publishing credits. They may not require the student to have the experience and publishing credits in the same discipline as the PhD, but almost all PhD programs will expect some amount of previous research and academic publication experience.

The structure of a PhD typically involves some amount of preliminary coursework, followed by a written and oral exam in the discipline. Then students will begin research and work on their PhD dissertation, an original research project. Throughout this time, students generally teach and/or work as research assistants to make money.

How many years is a doctorate degree? A PhD can take anywhere from three years (if you have a master’s degree and write extremely fast!) to eight years (if you have a lot of coursework to complete and a particularly obscure dissertation topic). But the time it usually takes to complete a PhD is in the 4-6 year range.

Graduate vs. Professional School

You may notice a huge number of degrees you could pursue after your undergraduate degree missing from the list of degrees above—like the MD, the MBA, the MPH, the MFA, the JD, the MEd, and many others.

This is because those degrees are professional degrees.

So what’s the difference between a graduate degree and a professional degree? A graduate degree provides advanced training in an academic discipline. A professional degree provides advanced training for a specific profession. For example, a JD trains you to become a lawyer. An MD trains you to become a doctor. So while a graduate degree focuses on an academic discipline or area of inquiry, a professional degree focuses on professional training.

We should be clear that these are not hard-and-fast distinctions. The line between what is a graduate program and what is a professional program is not always crystal-clear. Many institutions will refer to some (or all) of their advanced degrees as graduate degrees, without distinguishing between graduate and professional schools.

Additionally, professional degrees can lead to academia, and graduate degrees can lead to professional careers. For example, an MFA can prepare students both for academic teaching and inquiry and for professional careers as artists. While an MPH trains you to work as a public health professional, many MPHs go on to work for research institutions or receive PhDs and go into academia. Many professional schools offer MS or MA degrees (for example, a business school may offer an MS in Business Informatics). Additionally, some graduate schools offer MA or MS degrees that primarily focus on building professional skills and contacts.

Gray areas aside, the general distinction is that professional degrees focus on building career and professional skills, while graduate degrees focus on building your knowledge in a particular discipline and your skill in academic inquiry.

5 Top Benefits of Graduate School

Now that we’ve answered the question, “what is graduate school,” you may find yourself wondering: Is grad school worth it? Should I go to graduate school?

Here are five potential benefits to graduate school:

Preparation to Work in Academia

A major reason to go to graduate school—particularly to earn a PhD—is to position yourself to work in academia. If you want to be a professor at a university, you will need a PhD. For lecturer or researcher positions at small or community colleges, an MA or MS may be sufficient.

But in general, if you want to teach at a college level and work on research in a given discipline, a graduate degree of some kind is pretty much necessary.

Higher Earning Potential and Expanded Job Prospects (Sometimes)

A graduate degree will often increase your earning potential. More relevant training typically means more pay in that field. You’ll also be eligible for more jobs, like more senior research positions.

However, you shouldn’t assume that a graduate degree will always expand your job prospects and increase your pay. An MA in Middle English may not really lead to much of anything except increased debt, simply because there’s just not a high demand for people with MAs in Middle English. So, that training isn’t likely to be considered valuable enough for you to earn more or be a more attractive job applicant.

Be sure to do some research into the discipline you are interested in so that you have a realistic idea of how it will expand your job prospects and pay, if at all.

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Pivoting Your Skills

Say your undergraduate degree was in English Literature, but now you want to be a sociologist. Getting a master’s degree is a great way to get training in a new discipline you haven’t had much exposure to. Armed with your shiny new master’s degree and associated skills, you’ll be able to work in a field that was previously closed to you.

Get Published

If you need to develop research skills and publish some academic papers, getting an MA or MS can be a good move. This is particularly true if you want to pursue a PhD and need to beef up   your research experience and publication credits. Getting a master’s in a discipline related to your prospective PhD can be a huge help here. It will also help you build contacts to serve as recommendations.

Strengthen an Application to Professional School

In a similar vein, you may want to get an MA or MS to strengthen an application to professional school. Any research and publication credits you amass there, as well as a strong GPA or good recommendations, will help you stand out.

For example, maybe your heart is set on being a doctor but your undergraduate grades aren’t quite at the level you’d like, or you simply want to stand out more. Really excelling in an MS program can boost your application.

2 Potential Drawbacks to Graduate School

We’ve listed the benefits—but don’t put in your application yet. There are also some potential drawbacks to graduate school to consider. We’ll list two of the most major drawbacks here.

Considerable Expenses

Graduate degrees are expensive! Tuition and fees can easily run past $20,000 a semester at a private university, not to mention living expenses. You may have to take out pretty massive loans to cover all of this, so it’s important that you carefully consider how graduate school will increase your earning potential or job prospects. In more esoteric fields, the expense may not ever pay off in realized earnings. This shouldn’t necessarily dissuade you from pursuing a graduate degree but it is something to be aware of.

However, some programs will cover all or most of your tuition. You’ll also most likely be able to work part-time while completing graduate work, which will help offset expenses. For most PhD candidates, and some masters students, part-time work as teaching staff or research assistants is built into the program.

If you’re completing a part-time master’s degree, you can also maintain a full-time job while you complete the coursework.

Finally, keep in mind that the expense of tuition isn’t the only cost—while you’re in graduate school, you could be making a full salary employed in the workforce. In some cases, your PhD might lead to a higher salary, but it’ll take multiple years for you to recover the full salaries that you lost out on while you were in school.

Poor Job Prospects

There are some graduate disciplines that simply don’t lead to many job opportunities. For example, there are far more philosophy PhD graduates than tenure-track positions in university philosophy departments. In fact, academia in general is hyper-competitive, so unless you are attending a top program, getting an academic job at the end may be almost ludicrously difficult.

Especially if you are paying for the graduate degree yourself, if there isn’t much in the way of job offers at the end, the degree may be a poor investment. This is something to research before committing to the course.

Funding: How to Pay for Graduate School

Finding graduate school funding can be difficult. There are, in general, a lot more people who want to go to school than there is money available to fund them. Funding in the forms of grants, fellowships, and scholarships for master’s programs in particular tends to be incredibly competitive. There are few fellowships and scholarships available at this level, though there is more funding available for students in high-demand STEM fields like engineering and computer science.

On the flip side, it’s more likely that you’ll receive partial or full funding for PhD work. But PhD programs are far, far more competitive for admission than master’s programs.

Sometimes you can be admitted to a PhD program without any funding. (This is called a self-funded PhD.) This is not likely to pay off in the long run unless you have some fairly sizable independent income or savings, as you will almost certainly rack up debt in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. The return-on-investment in this case may not be very high, especially given how competitive it is to get a tenure-track position.

Funding for a given program is likely to be some combination of loans, grants and fellowships, and research or teaching positions. Even if you are a fully funded PhD student, you won’t receive a whole lot of money—generally just enough to cover expenses.

In general, people don’t go to graduate school to make the big bucks, but because they have a very intense passion for the discipline.

Applying to Graduate School: How to Get Into Grad School

If you’ve decided to apply to graduate school, what do you need to be a successful candidate? This will of course vary from program to program, but you’ll need a few general qualifications.

Good GRE Score

You’ll need a GRE score that’s reasonably competitive for the programs you’re interested in. (See more on what’s a good GRE score here ). This will usually involve a high score in the more relevant section of the GRE. So for a math or science graduate degree, you’ll need a high Quant score. For a humanities or social sciences degree, you’ll need a high Verbal score.

Relevant Experience and/or Publication Credits

You’ll need to have the requisite relevant experience for admission. For master’s programs, this can take the shape of some kind of work experience, undergraduate experience, research experience, and/or publication credits. However, for PhD programs, you’ll almost certainly need research experience and academic publication credits to be a competitive applicant. The experience and publications won’t necessarily have to be directly within the discipline you are applying in, but you will need them to show that you have academic chops.

Strong Undergraduate Record

A strong undergraduate record makes for a stronger application. Barring that, solid work or research experience and/or strong grades in another master’s or professional degree can also help you get admitted to the program(s) of your choice.

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Good Recommendations

Highly positive recommendations, especially from notable people within the field, can provide a real boost to your application. You want recommenders who can speak to your interest in the field as well as your suitability for academic work. If you’re an undergraduate at the time of application, professors you’ve worked with are the best option. If you’re a recent graduate, a combination of professional and academic recommendations will probably best capture your skills. And if you have been out of school for some time, your recommendations may be primarily professional, which is fine.

Clear Articulation of Your Interests and Goals

It’s also important that your application clearly communicates why you’re interested in further training in the discipline and what you plan to do with that training. If you can articulate a real passion for the field and clear goals, and you can connect those things to elements of the specific program you are applying to, your application will be much stronger.

Summary: What Is Graduate School?

“Graduate school” is a catchall term for academic programs that provide training in a specific academic discipline or field beyond the undergraduate level.

There are three primary kinds of graduate degrees:

• Master of arts degrees typically provide further training in the humanities and social sciences.
• Master of science degrees usually provide further training in the sciences and quantitative fields.
• PhDs, or doctorates in philosophy, provide the most advanced training available in a given academic discipline. PhDs prepare you to work in academia.

Graduate school is different from professional school. Professional school describes academic programs beyond an undergraduate degree that train you to work in a specific professional field. For example, lawyers get JDs, and doctors get MDs. There are some gray areas between graduate and professional school, but the general distinction is that graduate school furthers your knowledge of an academic field and professional school trains you for a specific career or class of careers.

Here are some of the main benefits of graduate school:

• Graduate degrees are necessary for work in academia.
• Some fields may give you higher earning potential and expanded job prospects.
• You can gain skills in a new area or discipline than your undergraduate degree.
• Graduate school can help you get research experience and publication credits.
• A graduate degree can help you strengthen your application to professional school.

Here are some of the main drawbacks to graduate school:

• Graduate school is expensive!
• Some graduate degrees won’t give you expanded job prospects or a better salary, making them a poor investment.

It can be difficult to get funding for graduate school. You are more likely to get funding for a PhD than a master’s degree, but PhDs are also more competitive. Overall, most people don’t go to graduate school specifically because they are looking for a very lucrative career.

 If you want to go to graduate school, here’s how to make yourself a strong applicant:

• Get a good GRE score
• Have relevant experience and/or publication credits
• Have a strong undergraduate record
• Secure glowing recommendations
• Clearly articulate your interests and goals in the discipline

That’s our overview of graduate school, folks!

What’s Next?

What GRE score do you need for graduate school? Check out our expert analysis of average GRE scores by school and average GRE scores by major . Or maybe you don’t need to take the GRE to get into grad school at all!

If you are taking the GRE, you want to maximize your chances of success. So consider when to take the GRE  and how to make a GRE study plan .

Think you may need to retake the GRE ? Here’s a surefire way improve your GRE scores .

Ready to improve your GRE score by 7 points?

Author: Ellen McCammon

Ellen is a public health graduate student and education expert. She has extensive experience mentoring students of all ages to reach their goals and in-depth knowledge on a variety of health topics. View all posts by Ellen McCammon

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What Is a Postgraduate Degree? Your 2024 Guide

Any degree beyond a bachelor's is typically referred to as a postgraduate (or simply graduate) degree. Learn more about types of postgraduate degrees and whether earning one could impact your career.

Postgraduate degrees are also often simply called “graduate degrees,” a term used to describe master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. According to information from the US Census Bureau, the number of people with postgraduate degrees has more than doubled since 2000, with more than 21 million Americans having a master's degree, and another 4.5 million or more having a doctoral degree [ 1 ]. 

Getting a postgraduate degree may open new career opportunities or increase your earning potential. To help you make the best decision based on your goals and interests, we’ve gathered some key information.

What is a postgraduate degree?

The term “postgraduate degree” covers everything from postgraduate diplomas to master's degrees to doctoral degrees. Essentially, any degree that requires an undergraduate ( bachelor's ) degree as an admissions prerequisite can be considered a postgraduate degree. You might choose to pursue a postgraduate degree for a variety of reasons, including to change career paths , specialize in a highly-technical field, or move into a career in research or education. 

Postgraduate vs. graduate degrees: What’s the difference?

While these can sound like two entirely different terms, they can in fact be used interchangeably. Both refer to degrees that come after a bachelor’s degree, including master’s and PhDs. 

3 types of postgraduate degrees

Pursuing a postgraduate degree can help you gain specialized knowledge, demonstrate your dedication to your field, and even boost your networking capabilities. Postgraduate degrees fall into three main categories: Master’s, professional, and doctoral. Let’s take a closer look at each:

1. Master’s degree

For many students, a master’s degree is typically the next degree pursued after earning a bachelor’s degree. Depending on the university and field of study, you might earn a Master of Arts (MA) or a Master of Science (MS) . You might also find more specialized master’s degrees. Popular options include: 

Master of Business Administration (MBA): Business was the most common field of study for master’s degrees conferred in the 2020-2021 school year, according to the latest data from the National Center for Education Statistics [ 2 ]. Earning an MBA could be useful if you want to work in sales, finance, marketing, accounting, or supply chain management.

Master of Public Health (MPH): Many MPH programs focus on approaches to building healthier communities through public policy. Depending on the program you choose, you may be able to specialize in areas like epidemiology, occupational health, global health, health data analysis, or nutrition. 

Master of Social Work (MSW): If you’re interested in a career as a licensed social worker, you’ll first need to earn an MSW degree from an accredited program. Some programs focus on clinical social work—working directly with clients—while others focus on social work as it relates to community organizing or advocacy. 

Master of Fine Arts (MFA): Many artistic media fall into this category. Earning an MFA might mean undergoing an in-depth study of creative writing, painting, sculpture, photography, or theater. 

Read more: MA vs. MS Degree

What is a professional degree?

Professional degrees are master’s or doctoral programs designed to prepare you for specific career fields. Common examples include master’s degrees (like the Master of Architecture, or MArch), as well as doctorate degrees, like the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), or Doctor of Dental Science (DDS).

2. Doctoral degrees

Doctoral degree programs are the highest academic degree you can earn. Common examples include PhDs and professional doctorates like Doctor of Education or Doctor of Nursing.

3. Postgraduate diploma or certificate

Universities sometimes award postgraduate diplomas or certificates (sometimes called graduate certificates ) as a shorter alternative to master’s degrees. Both can demonstrate to potential employers that you’ve gained advanced skills in a specific area of study, which could make you a more competitive job candidate.

Admissions requirements for postgraduate degree programs

One of the biggest requirements for admission to a postgraduate degree program is already having a bachelor’s degree. There are a few exceptions. For example, a bachelor’s degree/Juris doctorate (law degree) accelerated program may allow you to apply and enroll in law school before completing your undergraduate requirements. 

The typical prerequisites for advanced degree program admissions vary depending on the type of degree you’re seeking. Consider the following: 

For a master’s degree, you'll need to graduate from an accredited college or university. You may also need to take the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT), provide letters of recommendation, write a personal statement, and provide an academic writing sample.

For a professional degree, you typically need to provide your transcripts, take a standardized admissions test like the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), provide letters of recommendation, and write a personal statement. 

For a doctoral degree, you'll need a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from an accredited educational institution. You'll also need to submit references and a personal essay in addition to meeting minimum GPA requirements.

Read more: How to Ask for a Letter of Recommendation (Template + Tips)

How long does a postgraduate degree take?

The amount of time it might take you to earn your postgraduate degree can vary widely depending on a variety of factors. The first consideration is the type of degree you’re pursuing. The average amount of time for earning a master’s degree is 1.5 to two years while the average time it takes to earn a doctoral degree is anywhere from four to six years. Postgraduate diplomas and certificates can take as little as a year to complete.  

The type of advanced degree isn’t the only factor that can affect how long it takes to earn a postgraduate degree. Other notable factors include: 

Whether you attend full-time or part-time

Whether you decide to take time off to gain professional experience or to earn additional money to continue your schooling

Whether you pursue online courses or additional courses between semesters, which may help you graduate faster

Whether you have access to an accelerated degree program or an opportunity to earn micro-credentials, which allow you to earn certificates that you can stack toward your advanced degree

Whether you’ve got ample support from academic advisors and mentors, which can help you complete your schooling faster, particularly in PhD programs

Is earning a postgraduate degree worth it?

If you're wondering if getting a postgraduate degree is right for you, it helps to ask yourself a few questions. There’s no one right approach to a postgraduate education, because it depends on so many factors, most of which are personal to your specific situation. Pursuing a postgraduate degree requires you to make a significant investment of time and money. To evaluate if it might be worth it for you, consider these four questions:

Does it fit your career goals? Not every job and role requires an advanced degree. More importantly, if you're considering a career that does require one, will you be happy with the day-to-day activities, responsibilities, and hours? Take some time to shadow professionals or conduct an informational interview to get a solid feeling for the role you're considering, and to make sure you're choosing a career that will be fulfilling.

What's the earning potential? Graduate school may require you to take out significant loans. To decide if it's worth it, consider whether you'll be ultimately earning enough once you're working to make that debt worth it. Research average starting salaries and job opportunities to inform your choice.

Will it increase your networking opportunities? By enrolling in a postgraduate program, you can sharpen the necessary skills in your field of study with hands-on experience. Additionally, the relationships you create with key industry professionals could help you throughout the rest of your career.

Are there alternatives that might be a better fit? While a postgraduate degree might be the right choice for one person, a professional certification or online course might be a better option for someone else. Look at some job descriptions on sites like LinkedIn to see what common requirements are for the jobs you’re interested in, and let that guide your decision on where to invest your time and effort.

Read more: How to Pay for Graduate School: 8 Ways

How a postgraduate degree may impact earning potential

Many advanced degrees open the door to possibly earning higher salaries, but just as the job outlook varies from job to job, so does your earning potential. Research from the BLS reveals that earnings are highest among people with a master's degree, professional degree, or doctoral degree [ 3 ]. 

According to that data, if you have a bachelor's degree you can expect to earn a median weekly salary of $1,432. With a master's degree, that increases to $1,661. Doctoral degrees and professional degrees are close in earnings potential. If you have a doctoral degree, the median weekly earnings is $2,083, while the median weekly earnings, if you have a professional degree, is $2,080.

*Data adapted from the BLS Current Population Survey [ 3 ]

As you consider the types of postgraduate degrees you might pursue, browse degrees from top universities available on Coursera, including bachelor's and master's degrees , as well as graduate certificates and diplomas in fields like computer science, machine learning, data analytics, and strategic leadership and management.

Article sources

United States Census Bureau. “ Number of People With Master’s and Doctoral Degrees Doubles Since 2000 , https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/02/number-of-people-with-masters-and-phd-degrees-double-since-2000.html.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

National Center for Education Statistics. “ Master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2018-19 , https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_323.10.asp.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “ Education pays, 2020 , https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2023/data-on-display/education-pays.htm.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

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Coursera staff.

Editorial Team

Coursera’s editorial team is comprised of highly experienced professional editors, writers, and fact...

This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

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What Is a PhD? Definition, Types of PhDs, and How to Get One

What is a PhD and is it really worth my time? This is a common question among professionals across a variety of fields, both within and outside academia, who contemplate grad school at some point in their journey. If you’ve ever wondered what a doctorate is and whether you should pursue one to advance your career and gain access to better job opportunities, read on.

This comprehensive guide will walk you through key definitions, including what a PhD actually is, the common requirements you need to complete a PhD degree, and the best degree programs available for a wide range of industries. It will also discuss the main benefits of becoming a Doctor of Philosophy, as well as the most common ways to fund your studies.

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What is a doctorate.

A doctorate is a research-based academic degree. It is considered a terminal degree in most disciplines, meaning it represents the highest level of education a student can obtain in their chosen field.

A doctorate is awarded to students who have undergone a lengthy research process and made a significant contribution to the body of knowledge in their field of study. It takes multiple years to complete, during which students work closely with a supervisor and focus on a specific dissertation topic. Completing a doctorate might also involve teaching and comprehensive examinations.

A doctorate serves as solid proof of a person’s level of knowledge and expertise. It demonstrates that you have mastery over your chosen subject, and helps establish you as an expert. This level of expertise comes with top-tier job opportunities and the potential to earn top salaries in your chosen profession.

Doctorate vs PhD: Key Differences

While many people use the terms doctorate and PhD interchangeably, there are key differences between the two. These differences have to do with the application of these degrees. However, both terms refer to terminal degrees, so they hold the same value.

A Doctor of Philosophy degree, or PhD, is a research-oriented degree that demonstrates a person’s ability to contribute new knowledge to their chosen field. A student who pursues a PhD usually does so to answer a specific question, conduct original research to provide an answer, and use their findings to advance their field.

On the other hand, the term doctorate is broader and typically refers to a professional or clinical degree. This means that a person who obtains it has demonstrated an ability to apply advanced knowledge in a particular field in their professional life. Professional doctorates of this kind are awarded, for instance, to medical doctors or doctors of juridical science.

PhD Requirements: How to Get a PhD

While each PhD degree program will have unique requirements depending on the school and field of study, there are some common requirements you need to complete to get a PhD. Keep reading to find out about the most common requirements to earn your advanced degree.

PhD Statement of Purpose

A PhD statement of purpose is a document that clearly outlines your goals for your PhD, your academic credentials, and the reasons why an academic committee should approve your project. It is typically between 500 to 1,000 words long and gives prospective students an opportunity to explain how their research project will make a relevant contribution to their field.

How Many Credits Is a PhD?

Typically, it takes between 90 and 120 credits to complete your PhD studies. However, this number can be as low as 60, depending on the degree type, area of study, and state, regional, or institutional requirements. Credit hours for graduate students are usually divided between course work, research hours, and dissertation work.

Other Common Requirements for a PhD

• Coursework. While coursework is not the main focus of a PhD, students will usually have to enroll in a few core courses during their first or second year of grad school. They might also have the opportunity to enroll in elective courses, which offer a chance to learn about other fields of study.
• Qualifying exams. A common component of many PhD programs is a set of qualifying exams. Students must successfully pass these comprehensive exams toward the end of their degree in order to demonstrate their level of competence in their field. These tend to be oral exams.
• Teaching. Many PhD programs include a teaching component. Students are required to teach basic courses, typically to fresh undergrad students, which helps them develop teaching skills.
• Research. Conducting original research on a particular subject is typically the main component of a doctorate program, and takes up the bulk of doctoral candidates’ time.
• Dissertation. Throughout their program, PhD candidates need to complete a dissertation based on the original research they’ve conducted. Graduate students do this under the guidance of a qualified faculty member.
• Dissertation defense. Once the dissertation is approved, PhD students need to successfully defend their research in front of a panel of experts in their field before they are awarded their degree. This is the final step in the dissertation process.

How Do PhD Programs Work?

Typically, PhD degree programs work based on a mix of coursework and research conducted over three to four years, although this can last longer depending on the program and the pace at which a student completes their research. Coursework is typically completed towards the beginning of the program, and towards the end, the dissertation or thesis becomes the main focus.

In addition, students must fulfill other program requirements throughout this period. This might include teaching undergraduate students, completing a residency, passing qualifying exams, or attending conferences or colloquia. The final step is usually an oral defense in front of a panel of experts, who are selected to evaluate the quality of the research and the value of the results obtained.

Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD?

No, a master’s degree is not always required to pursue PhD studies. Many programs in the US allow students to apply to a PhD program straight after completing their bachelor’s degree. Other programs offer dual degrees, meaning that you will obtain a master’s degree while you work toward your doctorate.

What Comes After a Doctorate Degree?

In many fields, the usual step after a doctorate degree is a postdoc. This is an option for those wishing to pursue a career in academia and continue doing research in their field. However, an academic career is not the only option. Because a doctorate is a terminal degree, graduates can easily move on to professional positions in other types of organizations in their chosen field.

Best Online Master’s Degree Programs

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PhD Dissertation vs Thesis

The main difference between a dissertation and a thesis is the scope of the research being conducted and the type of degree you are awarded after completing it. Often, the terms are used interchangeably, or they can hold different meanings in European countries, which causes some confusion regarding their nature. Keep reading to understand the differences between a PhD dissertation and a thesis in the US.

What Is a PhD Dissertation?

A PhD dissertation is a piece of scholarly work that presents the original research carried out by a doctoral student during the length of their program. It discusses the scope, methodology, results, and conclusions of the research at length. The end goal of a doctoral dissertation is to produce results that help advance human knowledge in a given field.

PhD Dissertation Defense

A PhD dissertation defense is the process in which a PhD candidate defends their research in front of a panel of experts in their field. During the defense, members of the panel ask questions regarding the information presented, providing the candidate an opportunity to back up their work and demonstrate the level of expertise they’ve achieved after years of dedicated work.

What Is a PhD Thesis?

In the US, as opposed to some European countries, the term thesis refers to a shorter academic paper that is usually presented for the completion of a master’s degree. It can also sometimes be a requirement for honors students completing a bachelor’s degree. The information presented in a thesis is usually drawn from existing sources, rather than from original research conducted by the student.

PhD Thesis Defense

A thesis defense is usually not a mandatory requirement for master’s students, although this varies according to your school and department. The thesis is still an in-depth piece of scholarly writing and serves as a testament to a student’s mastery of a given subject, and a defense serves as an opportunity to engage a panel of experts and defend the contents of your paper.

How Long Does It Take to Earn a Doctorate?

Most doctoral programs are designed to be completed in four to six years. However, it can take up to seven and a half years to earn a doctoral degree from the start of graduate school, according to data presented by the National Science Foundation.

A number of factors can affect how long it takes students to earn their PhDs. They include the structure of their chosen program, the type of research being conducted, and the support provided by the institution. On average, students completing doctoral programs in science and engineering fields finish faster than their counterparts in non-science and engineering fields.

How Hard Is It to Get a PhD?

It can be very hard to get a PhD. Working for several years on a particular dissertation topic can be very trying. Aside from the time commitment, the depth of research that is part of the dissertation process can also be challenging. Admissions to a top education institution can be extremely competitive, as usually there are only a handful of positions available for hundreds of applicants.

What Is the Easiest PhD to Get?

PhDs in the humanities, social sciences, and education are typically regarded as the easiest to obtain. However, this truly comes down to how interested you are in your chosen dissertation topic and your level of commitment to making a relevant contribution to human knowledge, both of which can greatly influence your perception of the difficulty of the degree.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

According to data from the National Center for Education Statistics, the average yearly cost of graduate programs in the US is $19,792. Data from the QS World University Rankings suggest that the yearly cost of a PhD in the US ranges from $28,000 to $40,000. The total cost of a PhD can greatly vary depending on the university, length of the program, and funding options available for doctoral study.

Best PhD Programs

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Benefits of a Doctoral Degree: Why Do a PhD?

There are many concrete benefits to completing a doctorate, such as career advancement opportunities, expertise in your field, and the chance to earn better salaries. Keep reading to find out about some concrete reasons why you should do a PhD to advance your career.

Career Advancement Opportunities

Holding a doctorate can provide you with great opportunities to advance your career. Many top-tier jobs in various industries require applicants to be experts in their field. For instance, a PhD in Business Administration can make you a strong candidate for senior, managerial, or executive positions in world-class companies in the public or private sector, or help you launch an independent career as a consultant.

Even for jobs where this type of formal training is not required, you may still find yourself in fierce competition with other applicants. A PhD can help you stand out as a candidate, as it demonstrates your ability to conduct research, work independently, and succeed in pursuing your long-term goals.

Increased Earning Potential

One of the top benefits of completing your doctoral degree is the potential for earning better salaries. For example, the average yearly income for a professional with a Master’s Degree in Physics is $99,000, while someone with a PhD in Physics can expect to earn up to $119,000 yearly.

Expertise in Your Field

Earning a doctorate helps solidify your status as an expert in your field. If there is a topic that you are deeply passionate about, your PhD is your chance to fully immerse yourself in it. Through this process, you will be making important contributions and developing groundbreaking practices in your area.

Transferable Skills

Aside from your ability to work independently and conduct research in your area of expertise, you will also develop a variety of transferable skills that will be useful to you no matter what you choose to do after graduation.

Throughout your program, you will be participating in committees, teaching, organizing conferences, publishing your work, and meeting other experts. As a result, you will develop multipurpose skills, including time and project management, communication and interpersonal skills, and leadership skills.

While you pursue your academic degree, you will be participating in academic conferences, workshops, seminars, and colloquia. This, in turn, means you will have ample opportunities to connect with other doctoral students in your field and in other areas of knowledge. The connections you make through your PhD can lead to career opportunities and expand your social circle in new and interesting ways.

How to Earn a Doctoral Degree

So, how do you earn a doctoral degree? While there is work to be put in, the process is actually quite straightforward. Keep reading to find out how you can embark on the path toward your PhD.

The first step to earning your doctorate is to complete a bachelor’s degree at the undergraduate institution of your choice. Depending on your chosen field, you might need to obtain a degree in a specific discipline, which can then pave the way for your graduate studies.

If a bachelor’s degree is not an option right away, you can start by obtaining an associate degree , which can even be done through the best online community colleges . While you obtain your undergraduate degree, make sure to seek out career advice from experts who can help you decide how to best use your time and embark on the right academic path.

While earning a master’s degree is not mandatory to apply to a PhD program, doing so can offer you a competitive advantage. It will give you a chance to deepen your knowledge on a particular topic, connect with professors and gather recommendations, and test the waters regarding your chosen field.

In order to successfully apply to a master’s degree program, you will have to provide your GPA, letters of recommendation, and sometimes standardized test scores. For instance, if you’re interested in pursuing a Master’s Degree in Mathematics , you will need to prep for the GMAT and submit your scores. Be sure to check the requirements of your chosen school and department.

Whether you have completed your master’s or are applying straight after your bachelor's, make sure to spend some time choosing your specific research area and the type of PhD you wish to pursue. This is also an excellent time to assess funding opportunities and contact potential supervisors to gauge their interest in and ability to support you during your studies.

In order to enroll in a doctoral program, you will need to provide quite a few documents with your application. Every school is different, but the most common requirements are transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a strong statement of purpose. Make sure you check the specific requirements of your chosen program, and prepare to be interviewed by faculty members.

After being accepted into a doctoral program, you should outline what the next few years will look like. What requirements do you need to complete to earn your PhD? Spend time crafting a realistic timeline that can help you stay on track and complete every step successfully. This includes teaching, participating in conferences, and successfully completing your qualifying exams.

The final step to obtaining your PhD is to successfully complete your research and compile your results in your dissertation. Once it is reviewed and approved by your supervisor and readers, you will have to defend it as well. It can be a trying process, but the results will be worth it.

How to Choose a PhD Program

In order to choose a PhD program that is right for you, there are several factors you should consider. A PhD is a strong commitment both in terms of time and money, so the decision shouldn’t be made lightly. Keep reading to find out how to choose a PhD program.

PhD Acceptance Rates

The PhD acceptance rates of a university give you an idea of how likely you are to be admitted to your chosen program. This number is a reflection of how competitive a program is and the funding the department receives. Use this information to orient yourself to the selection process, as applying to a variety of programs with different acceptance rates can increase your chances of being accepted into one of them.

Keep in mind that acceptance rates are usually measured by department, not university. For instance, Columbia University has an acceptance rate of four to six percent for its psychology PhD program , and an acceptance rate of five to seven percent for its history PhD .

PhD Dropout Rates

PhD dropout rates are important to consider, as they give you an idea of how supported students are in a particular program and how likely you are to complete your doctorate. In the US, PhD attrition rates, or dropout rates, can range from 40 to 50 percent , so take your time to find a university and program with a high success rate to ensure you will be able to finish and obtain your degree.

Faculty Members

One of the key relationships you will have during your time as a PhD student will be with your supervisor. You will also be working closely with other members of your department. As such, make sure to research the faculty to ensure that their interests and research projects align with your own. During the research stage, you can even reach out to them to find out about the department, ask about funding opportunities, and receive relevant career advice.

Funding Opportunities

A PhD can be costly, but there are many ways to offset those costs to make it more manageable. Be it scholarships, grants, or work opportunities, make sure to research all funding opportunities available so you can select a program that aligns with your financial situation. Many universities offer fully-funded programs to outstanding students, so do your homework and find a program that doesn’t leave you financially crippled in the long run.

When you commit to a PhD, you are also committing to several years of work. Unless you are planning to complete your program fully online, you should take into account the place where you will be moving to continue your studies.

Do you prefer big cities or small college towns? Which part of the country would you be willing to relocate to? Take some time to reflect on your preferences so you can choose the best location according to your needs and preferences.

Best Online PhD Programs

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What Can You Get a Doctorate In?

You can get a doctorate in a wide variety of topics. Below is a list of common fields in which you can pursue this type of degree:

• PhD in Psychology
• PhD in Education
• PhD in Nursing
• PhD in Social Work
• PhD in Economics
• PhD in Business
• PhD in Computer Science
• PhD in Data Science
• PhD in Business Administration
• PhD in Accounting
• PhD in Mathematics
• PhD in Statistics
• PhD in Engineering
• PhD in Cyber Security
• PhD in Information Systems

Best PhD Programs and Their Potential Jobs

The best PhD programs offer you the training you need to succeed in your field and access top jobs in your industry. Keep reading to find out about common programs in a variety of fields, both in-person and online, as well as the jobs you’ll have access to once you finish.

A PhD in Psychology provides you with the formal training required to conduct scientific research in the field, practice professionally with patients, or both. With a PhD in Psychology, you will be able to advance human knowledge on behavioral disorders, strategies for diagnosis, and treatment plans that are on par with the latest scientific discoveries.

Psychology PhD Programs

• PhD in Psychology at Stanford University
• PhD in Psychology at University of California, Berkeley
• PhD in Experimental Psychopathology & Clinical Science at Harvard University

Online PhDs in Psychology

• Online PhD in Psychology at Liberty University
• PhD in Counseling & Psychological Studies at Regent University  
• PhD in Counseling Psychology at Loyola University Chicago

PhD Psychology Jobs 

• Organizational Development Director | Average Salary: $118,140
• Research Director | Average Salary: $107,634
• UX Researcher | Average Salary: $88,914

PhD Psychology Salary 

According to statistics presented by PayScale, the average base salary of a professional with a PhD in Psychology is $95,000 per year. This can vary depending on your location, company, position, and level of experience.

A PhD in Education prepares students to conduct education research and is typically chosen by those interested in pursuing a career path in academia. Holders of this type of PhD are qualified to work as curriculum specialists, policymakers, teacher educators, instructional leaders, and, of course, education researchers.

Education PhD Programs

• PhD in Teaching and Learning at New York University, Steinhardt
• PhD in Education Policy at the University of Pennsylvania
• Doctor of Philosophy in Education at Harvard University

Online PhDs in Education

• PhD in Education – Educational Technology and Online Learning at Regent University
• PhD in Education at Concordia University
• Doctor of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

PhD Education Jobs 

• Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals | Average Salary: $98,420
• Postsecondary Education Administrators | Average Salary: $96,910
• Postsecondary Teachers | Average Salary: $79,640

PhD Education Salary 

The average annual salary for a professional with a PhD in Education is $82,000, according to PayScale. Those with jobs as professors in postsecondary or higher education can expect a range between $56,000 and $188,000, while professionals in executive positions can make up to $171,000 per year.

A PhD in Nursing is a perfect option for nurses seeking to work in academia or conduct research. It is the highest degree that can be obtained by professionals in this area who have opted to advance their field from the lab instead of doing so in a clinical setting.

Nursing PhD Programs

• Doctorate of Nursing at Johns Hopkins University
• PhD in Nursing at the Univerity of Washington
• Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Online PhDs in Nursing

• Online PhD in Nursing at the University of Central Florida
• PhD in Nursing Science at Vanderbilt University
• PhD in Nursing at Walden University

PhD Nursing Jobs 

• Dean of Nursing | Average Salary: $113,399
• Nursing Director | Average Salary: $93,943
• Nursing Instructor | Average Salary: $64,253

PhD Nursing Salary 

PayScale estimates that the average annual salary for a professional with a PhD in Nursing is $93,000. A nursing instructor can expect an estimated salary ranging from $53,000 to $93,000, while a nursing director can expect a salary ranging from $85,000 to $156,000.

Students who pursue a PhD in social work gain the skills and knowledge to act as leaders in social work research and social work education. Graduates from these programs are prepared to become involved in the creation and analysis of social policy, planning, and administration. They can work with governments, nonprofit organizations, or in the private sector.

Social Work PhD Programs

• Joint PhD Program in Social Work and Social Science at the University of Michigan
• PhD in Social Work at The University of Chicago
• PhD Program in Social Welfare at the University of Washington 

Online PhDs in Social Work

• Doctorate of Clinical Social Work at the University of Southern California
• Doctorate of Social Work at Rutgers University
• Online Doctor of Behavioral Health – Management at Arizona State University

PhD Social Work Jobs 

• Director of Clinical Services | Average Salary: $90,983
• Executive Director | Average Salary: $81,329
• Nonprofit Program Director | Average Salary: $59,621

PhD Social Work Salary 

The average annual salary for a professional with a PhD in Social Work is $76,000, according to data presented by PayScale. A program director for a nonprofit organization can make between $49,000 and $84,000.

The best doctorates in economics prepare graduates to make decisions that increase the profitability of businesses, maximize the use of resources, and inform public policy. Over years of analyzing economic trends, deepening their knowledge of local and global economics, and conducting research, graduates will be ready to work in the public or private sector.

Economics PhD Programs

• PhD in Economics at Arizona State University
• PhD in Economics at John Hopkins University
• PhD in Economics at Syracuse University

Online PhDs in Economics

• PhD in Public Policy – Economic Policy at Liberty University
• PhD in Business Administration at the University of Maryland – Global Campus
• Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration at Hampton University

PhD Economics Jobs 

• Financial Manager | Average Salary: $131,710
• Economist | Average Salary: $105,630
• Professor of Economics | Average Salary: $97,190

PhD Economics Salary 

According to PayScale, the average annual income for someone with a PhD in Economics is $112,000. Whether you obtain your PhD in person or through an accredited online PhD program , you’ll be able to make an impact and earn well while doing so.

A PhD in Business prepares you to become a successful professional in either the public or private sector. With this type of degree, you can go on to work in corporate finance, international business, or industrial organization. You’ll gain in-depth knowledge about markets, competition, and government regulation.

Business PhD Programs

• PhD in Business Economics at Harvard University
• PhD in Business at Stanford Graduate School of Business
• PhD in Finance at New York University

Online PhDs in Business

• Doctorate in Business Management at Atlantic International University
• Executive Doctorate in Business at Drexel University
• Doctorate of Business Education at Creighton University

PhD Business Jobs 

• Senior Director of Strategy | Average Salary: $156,566
• Chief Operating Officer (COO) | Average Salary: $144,743
• Vice President of Operations | Average Salary: $133,086

PhD Business Salary 

According to data presented by PayScale, the average annual salary of someone holding a PhD in Business is $150,000. This type of degree opens the door to top positions in various industries, almost all of which come with lucrative salaries.

The best PhDs in Computer Science are flexible degrees that open doors in a variety of fields. Whether you choose to get this degree in person or opt for one of the best online PhDs in computer science , you will gain valuable experience and deepen your knowledge of computational science theory, cyber operations, and information assurance.

Computer Science PhD Programs

• PhD in Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University
• PhD in Computer Science at Boston University
• PhD in Computer Science at Arizona State University

Online PhDs in Computer Science

• PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at University of California, Berkeley
• PhD in Computer Science at Indiana University
• PhD in Computer Science at Mississippi State University

PhD Computer Science Jobs 

• Chief Data Scientist | Average Salary: $190.365
• Chief Information Officer | Average Salary: $169,334
• Senior Computer Scientist | Average Salary: $153,972

PhD Computer Science Salary 

According to PayScale, the average salary for a professional holding a computer science PhD is $131,000 per year. As with any other industry, your salary will be determined by your level of experience, your position, and your location.

A PhD in Data Science is a research-intensive degree that helps you cultivate skills and knowledge in programming, statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. With it, you can launch a successful career   

Data Science PhD Programs

• PhD in Data Science, Analytics, and Engineering at Arizona State University
• PhD in Computational Sciences and Informatics at George Mason University
• PhD in Statistics and Data Science at Yale University

Online PhDs in Data Science

• PhD in Data Science at Northcentral University
• PhD in Information Science at the University of North Texas
• Online PhD in Data Science and Technology Management at Northcentral University

PhD Data Science Jobs 

• Computer and Information Research Scientist | Average Salary: $131,490
• Mathematician or Statistician | Average Salary: $96,280
• Medical Scientist | Average Salary: $95,310

PhD Data Science Salary 

PayScale does not offer salary information specifically about data science PhD holders. However, statistics do exist for computer science PhD holders, which is a close match. They show that the average salary for a professional with a PhD in Computer Science is $131,000.

A PhD in Business Administration prepares students for successful careers leading business ventures across all industries. It is a highly interdisciplinary degree that includes aspects of marketing, economics, information systems, finance, and human resource management. Accredited online PhDs in Business Administration offer busy students the opportunity to complete their degree in a fully remote modality.

Business Administration PhD Programs

• PhD in Business Administration at Duke University
• PhD in Business Administration at Harvard University
• Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration at George Washington University

Online PhDs in Business Administration

• Business Administration PhD at Temple University
• Doctor of Business Administration at Liberty University
• Doctor of Business Administration at the University of Maryland Global Campus

PhD Business Administration Jobs 

• Information Systems Manager | Average Salary: $159,010
• Human Resources Manager | Average Salary: $126,230

PhD Business Administration Salary 

The average salary of a professional with a PhD in Business Administration is $105,000, according to PayScale. Salaries for information systems managers with PhDs in this field can be close to $160,000 per year. On the lower end of the spectrum, university professors in the field can take home around $80,000 per year.

A Doctorate in Accounting is typically pursued by students interested in focusing their careers on research rather than the practice of their profession. This can be accomplished both in academic institutions and research organizations. Teaching is another common avenue for those who pursue this type of degree.

Accounting PhD Programs

• PhD in Accounting at the University of Colorado, Boulder
• PhD in Accoutning at Stanford University
• PhD in Accounting at the University of Pennsylvania

Online PhDs in Accounting

• PhD in Accounting at Capella University
• DBA in Accounting at Drexel University
• DBA in Accounting at Liberty University

PhD Accounting Jobs 

• Chief Financial Officer (CFO) | Average Salary: $140,445
• Corporate Controller | Average Salary: $104,674
• Financial Controller | Average Salary: $87,309

PhD Accounting Salary 

Once you obtain your accounting PhD, you’ll be able to earn a salary of $109,000 per year on average, according to data from PayScale. With jobs on the low end of the spectrum, you might earn $59,000 per year on average, while on the higher end of the spectrum you’ll be looking at an average annual salary of around $230,000.

A PhD in Mathematics can be extremely challenging to obtain, and these programs are usually highly competitive and admit only a handful of applicants each year. With this degree, you’ll be using your analytical and critical thinking skills in fields such as education and academic research, technology development and services, or the pharmaceutical industry.

Mathematics PhD Programs

• PhD in Mathematics at Columbia University
• PhD in Mathematics at Harvard University
• Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Science Mathematics Degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Online PhDs in Mathematics

• Doctorate in Mathematics at Atlantic International University
• PhD in Mathematics Education at the University of Wyoming
• PhD in Mathematics at Edith Cowan University

PhD Mathematics Jobs 

• Data Scientist | Average Salary: $108,660
• Actuary | Average Salary: $105,900

PhD Mathematics Salary 

The average salary for a mathematics PhD holder , according to PayScale, is $110,000. If you opt for a career as a data scientist, you can expect a salary ranging between $75,000 and $141,000. As a mathematician, that range can be between $66,000 and $135,000. 

A PhD in Statistics is useful in various fields, such as the medical industry, education, and economics. During this program, you will learn how to better understand data, calculate risk, and successfully measure uncertainty, all of which have applications across fields and in both the public and private sectors.  

Statistics PhD Programs

• PhD in Statistics at Boston University
• PhD in Statistics at Columbia University
• PhD in Statistics at University of California, Berkeley

PhD Statistics Jobs 

• Statistician | Average Salary: $96,280
• Biostatistician | Average Salary: $77,924

PhD Statistics Salary 

The average annual salary of a PhD in Statistics graduate is $116,000, according to PayScale. As a statistician, your average salary can range from $71,000 to $133,000, and as a biostatistician, you can earn a salary ranging from $66,000 to $139,000.

Depending on the university and program you choose, a Doctorate in Engineering might be a PhD, an EngScD, a Doctor of Science in Engineering, or a DEng, Doctor of Engineering. This type of degree is heavily focused on technical research and can branch out into a variety of fields, such as biomedical, electrical, or mechanical engineering. Whatever the specialization, this doctorate will teach you to understand and solve problems using your technical knowledge.

Engineering PhD Programs

• PhD in Biomedical, Computer, or Electrical Engineering at Boston University
• Doctor of Science in Engineering at Columbia University
• PhD in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Online PhDs in Engineering

• PhD in Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Alabama
• PhD in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Maine
• Doctor of Philosophy in Reliability Engineering at University of Maryland

PhD Engineering Jobs 

• Chief Engineer | Average Salary: $86,920
• Manufacturing Process Engineer | Average Salary: $77,452
• Applications Engineer | Average Salary: $74,529

PhD Engineering Salary 

With a PhD in engineering, you can earn an average salary of $147,000 , according to PayScale. As an applications engineer, you can earn a salary ranging from $67,000 to $100,000, while as a chief engineer your salary might range from $105,000 to $273,000.

Cyber security is a growing field, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that there will be a 33 percent growth rate for information security analysts over the next 10 years. A PhD in Cyber Security prepares you for senior-level cyber security jobs across various industries, as well as for research positions. 

Cyber Security PhD Programs

• PhD in Computer Science with a Specialization in Cyber Security at the University of Rhode Island
• PhD in Security at the University of Colorado
• PhD in Computer Science (Cybersecurity) at Arizona State University

Online PhDs in Cyber Security

• PhD in Cybersecurity at Capitol Technology University
• PhD of Science in Cybersecurity at Marymount University
• Online PhD in Technology and Innovation Management – Cybersecurity at Northcentral University

PhD Cyber Security Jobs 

• Chief Information Security Officer | Average Salary: $170,271
• Cyber Security Architect | Average Salary: $129,369
• Lead Security Engineer | Average Salary: $120,827

PhD Cyber Security Salary 

According to data presented by PayScale, you can earn an average annual salary of $172,000 with a PhD in Cyber Security . This type of degree grants you access to senior roles, including director of operations, education program director, chief information security officer, penetration tester, and cyber security architect.

A PhD in Information Systems provides students with the education needed to understand and solve complex information technology problems, as well as conduct relevant research to propose new solutions and innovate in their chosen field.

Information Systems PhD Programs

• PhD in Business Administration With a Concentration in Computer Information Systems at Arizona State University
• PhD in Information Systems at Dakota State University
• PhD in Information Systems and Operations Management at Emory University

Online PhDs in Information Systems

• PhD in Information Systems at Northcentral University
• PhD in Information Technology at the University of the Cumberlands
• PhD in Management With a Specialization in Information Systems Management at Walden University

PhD Information Systems Jobs 

• Computer and Information Systems Manager | Average Salary: $159,010
• Database Administrator or Architect | Average Salary: $98,860

PhD Information Systems Salary 

The average salary for a professional with a PhD in Information Systems is $141,000. As with any other industry, this figure varies according to your position, level of experience, location, and the company you work for.

Can You Get a PhD Online?

Yes, you can get a PhD online. Many reputable universities in the country offer accredited online degree programs in a variety of disciplines. This education format is ideal for students who are unable to relocate or who prefer more flexible learning modalities.

Most Affordable Online PhD Programs

• PhD ​in ​Education ​and ​Educational ​Leadership at Drexel University. Tuition: $140/credit
• PhD in Mathematics Education at University of Wyoming. Tuition: $399/credit (in state)
• PhD in Information Systems at Dakota State University. Tuition: $464.90/credit
• PhD in Information Technology at University of the Cumberlands. Tuition: $500/credit
• PhD in Media and Communication at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Tuition: $516/credit (in state)

Free Online PhD Programs

Unfortunately, there are no free online PhD programs. However, a multitude of funding opportunities do exist to help you cover the cost of your program. These include scholarships and grants, loans, and various forms of financial aid. Fully funded PhD programs also exist in a variety of universities and fields to support outstanding students looking to obtain their degrees.

How to Pay for a PhD

PhD programs are usually quite expensive. Fortunately, there are a variety of ways you can finance your studies. Keep reading to find out about the main ways to fund your PhD.

PhD Scholarships and Grants

Scholarships and grants consist of funds provided to students so they can cover the cost of their doctoral degrees. They can either be need-based or be awarded based on character or merit. Recipients of this type of funds usually do not need to pay the money back. They can be awarded by universities or other institutions, such as charities or research foundations.

PhD Financial Aid

Universities typically offer a wide range of financial aid options to prospective and current students to help them cover the cost of their programs. This might include, but is not limited to, tuition grants, stipends, computer or equipment subsidies, and access to funds for research or travel. Make sure to consult with your department to find out what forms of financial aid might be available to you.

Fully Funded PhD Programs

Many PhD programs are fully funded, meaning they waive tuition and associated fees entirely for outstanding students. Sometimes, the full funding can also include book stipends or funds for travel and research. While these tend to be highly competitive programs, they also offer the best option to complete your doctorate while avoiding the financial burden involved.

What Can You Do With a PhD?

With a PhD, you can gain access to senior, executive, or managerial positions in your industry. You can also have a successful career as a researcher in either the public or private sectors as you continue to expand the body of knowledge in your field. You can also choose to stay in academia and work as a college professor.

How Much Do PhD Professors Make?

On average, PhD professors earn an average salary of $143,823 per year, according to data presented by the American Association of University Professors pertaining to the 2021-22 academic year. This number can vary greatly depending on your field and whether you work for a public, private, for-profit, or not-for-profit institution.

What Jobs Can You Get With a Doctorate Degree?

• Senior Data Scientist | Average Salary: $128,060 . Senior data scientists use data to create strategies and orient the growth of organizations. They also serve as team leaders.
• Senior Software Engineer | Average Salary: $121,578 . Senior software engineers are experts in their field and are tasked with developing innovative information systems to help organizations reach their goals.
• Senior Research Scientist | Average Salary: $106,142 . Senior research scientists work in laboratory settings across various industries. They conduct research and experiments, which can have industrial, commercial, or academic purposes.
• Top Executive | Average Salary: $98,980 . The main task of a top executive, regardless of the industry they work for, is to devise strategies and policies to ensure their organization meets its goals.
• Postsecondary Teachers | Average Salary: $79,640 . Postsecondary teachers instruct students beyond the high school level. The subjects they teach depend on their academic track and areas of expertise.

Conclusion: Is a Doctoral Degree Worth It?

Yes, a doctoral degree is worth it if you want to position yourself as an expert in your field, gain access to senior, executive, or managerial positions, and enjoy higher salaries. It is also a great option if you wish to contribute new knowledge to your field by conducting groundbreaking research on a particular topic.

Completing a doctoral degree requires endurance, commitment, and an ability to overcome obstacles. It involves a strong time commitment of several years, as well as a considerable financial commitment, but it usually pays off. Whether you plan to work in academia, a private research firm, or any other public or private organization, a PhD will arm you with the skills and knowledge you need to help your career flourish.

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Demystifying Graduate Degrees: Comparing Master’s vs. Doctorate

You want a graduate degree — to continue exploring your passions, make discoveries or advance your career — but how do you turn that decision into a plan?

It starts with understanding the difference between a master’s and a PhD in your field. They differ in length, intensity, curriculum and career paths, so you’ll also need a clear idea of why you want to pursue a graduate degree to determine which one you should get.

What Is a Master’s Degree?

If you’ve completed your undergraduate degree, it might be time to ask, “What’s next?”

That’s where Master’s degrees can come in.

Whether you want to specialize in a particular area or get advanced skills in your profession, a master’s degree can help you get there in 1-2 years.

The most common types of master's degrees include:

• Master of Arts (MA),
• Master of Science (MS),
• Master of Business Administration (MBA),
• Master of Education (MEd),
• and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). 

What do you learn in a master’s program?

The short answer? A lot.

Master’s degree programs are designed to build on the foundational knowledge gained during your undergraduate studies, and the curriculum focuses on advanced knowledge and skills in a particular field.

Here’s what you can expect to encounter in a master’s program:

Advanced coursework:  Master's programs provide advanced courses that build upon the foundational knowledge gained during your undergraduate studies. These courses delve deeper into specific topics within your field and often explore the latest research and developments. 

Specialization:  One of the primary goals of a master's program is to allow you to specialize in a particular area. Whether pursuing a Master of Arts, Master of Science, or a professional degree like an MBA, you can focus your studies on a specific subfield or concentration within your discipline. 

Research and analysis:   Many master's programs require you to engage in research projects and analytical work. This could involve conducting independent research under the guidance of a faculty advisor or participating in group research projects with fellow students. Through these research experiences, you’ll develop critical thinking and analytical skills, learn how to gather and evaluate relevant data and draw meaningful conclusions.

Practical applications and internships:  Some master's programs incorporate practical training opportunities like internships, practicums, or field experiences; hands-on experiences allow you to apply the knowledge and skills gained in the classroom to real-world settings.

Collaboration and networking:  A Master's program is a rich collaboration and networking environment. Collaborative projects, group discussions, and professional events allow you to exchange ideas and build connections within your field, often leading to long-lasting professional relationships and potential career opportunities.

Thesis project:   Outside of building skills like project management, problem-solving, project management, and effective communication, thesis projects in master's degree programs serve as a cornerstone for building advanced skills, expanding professional networks, and contributing to the body of knowledge in your respective field. 

Why get a master’s degree?

Career advancement: One primary advantage of getting a master’s degree is an edge in the job market. Employers value the specialized knowledge and advanced skills that come with a master’s degree, opening up new and exciting career opportunities.  The cherry on top? Individuals with a master’s degree often earn more than those without an advanced degree — you can take that to the bank, especially if you set yourself up for financial success during your studies. Flexibility: Another aspect to consider is the flexibility that a master’s degree offers. Many programs offer part-time or online options, allowing you to balance your studies with work or other commitments.  This flexibility can be particularly helpful if you’re already established in your career but want to gain additional qualifications.  Growth opportunities: Depending on your field, a master’s degree can be a stepping stone toward a PhD or other doctoral programs. It gives you a solid foundation in research methods and academic rigor — a boon if you want to pursue a career in academia or conduct advanced research.

What is a Doctoral Degree or PhD?

A doctoral degree is a terminal degree — it represents the pinnacle of academic achievement and is the most advanced degree you can attain. Doctoral students want to become authorities in their chosen fields and develop the skills to conduct independent and original research. 

Doctoral programs usually span 3-6 years of full-time study, during which students complete advanced coursework, pass comprehensive examinations, engage in extensive research and ultimately produce a dissertation that contributes new knowledge to the field. 

There are several types of doctoral degrees based on different academic and professional aspirations, including:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD),
• Doctor of Education (EdD),
• And Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), among others. 

What do you learn in a doctoral program?

When you successfully defend your dissertation and complete your degree, you also become an expert in your field — but it doesn’t happen overnight. Here's what you can expect to encounter in a doctoral program:

Advanced research: If you’re looking for a hard emphasis on research, a doctoral program is the place to be. Over several years, PhD students engage in extensive research activities — including conducting independent research, producing scholarly publications, and contributing to the knowledge base of their field through original research contributions.

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks:  PhDs are an incredible opportunity to deepen your understanding of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in your field of study. You'll critically analyze existing theories, evaluate their applicability, and develop your theoretical frameworks to advance knowledge and understanding in your chosen area of research.

Advanced methodological training:  Because a dissertation is an original research project, you’ll gain advanced training in research methodologies and data analysis techniques, like designing robust research studies, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing valid and reliable conclusions from your research findings.

Critical thinking and intellectual independence: Both academia and industry employers highly value independent thinkers and workers. Doctoral programs foster critical thinking and intellectual independence by challenging you to evaluate existing research, identify gaps in knowledge, and propose innovative research ideas. Teaching and Mentoring Experience: Being a teacher or mentor is a great opportunity to share your hard-earned knowledge, and universities agree. Doctoral programs often provide opportunities to teach and mentor undergraduate students, develop effective pedagogical skills, and contribute to the academic community.

Dissertation project:  Your dissertation is the culmination of years of hard work within your field. By enrolling in a doctoral program, you’re also given the chance to participate in a significant and original research endeavor that demonstrates the expertise you’ve worked so hard to cultivate.

Why Get a Doctorate?

Having a doctorate doesn’t just open doors; it can kick them down. A doctorate might be right for you if you’re looking for a door to these things:

Expertise and specialization:  Doctoral degrees can be a labor of love. They help you delve deeper into a specific subject area, gaining expertise and specialization.

Research opportunities:  Extensive research training, opportunities for conducting original research, and contributing new knowledge to the academic community — these three things make a doctorate coveted by students, universities, and employers.

Salary potential and career advancement: In some fields, having a doctorate can lead to higher earning potential and increased salary opportunities. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , doctoral degree holders made an average of $1,885 per week in 2020, while master’s degree holders made an average of $1,545 per week.

Contribution to society:  Doctoral research often addresses pressing societal issues, contributing to advancements in technology, healthcare, education, and other areas for the benefit of society — for many students, contributing to the greater good is just as rewarding as career advancement or personal development.

What’s the difference between a dissertation and a thesis?

You might have heard “thesis” and “dissertation” used interchangeably, but they’re not quite the same. Here are the general distinctions to consider:

• A thesis is usually associated with a master's degree program. Students undertake a research project in the final stage of their degree.
• It typically involves conducting original research or analyzing existing research to answer a specific research question.
• The length of a thesis varies based on the field and program requirements, but it’s usually shorter than a dissertation.

Dissertation:

• A dissertation is typically associated with a doctoral degree program. It is an extensive, in-depth research project that marks the culmination of a doctoral program.
• in-depth exploration of a research topic
• comprehensive literature review
• methodology section
• data collection and analysis
• substantive discussion of findings and conclusions.
• Dissertations are usually longer than theses and may take several years to complete.
• Once you’ve completed your dissertation, you participate in a formal defense of the research, where you’ll present your findings to a committee of experts in the field.

Key Differences: Master's vs. PhD

Deciding Between Master's vs. PhD Programs

“Should I get a master’s degree or a PhD?”

Answering that question can be exciting — and a bit intimidating. You must consider long-term career objectives, personal interests, and the time you can commit. Plus, the level of specialization you wish to achieve based on your career path is also a factor. Typically, a PhD is a prerequisite for those aspiring to research careers in academia, while professional roles in various industries may require only a master's degree. 

It’s still worth noting that students have the option of completing a master's degree first and then, based on their experiences and career aspirations, deciding whether to pursue a PhD.

Find the right graduate degree at SMU 

A graduate degree is a big investment, so investing in the right program is important.

SMU offers a diverse array of master's and PhD programs tailored to align with your unique interests and career goals, and personalized support, from the applicant to the graduate, is always available. 

Whether you're interested in pursuing a PhD in Chemistry or are almost finished with your MBA, we can help you find the right advanced degree.

This could just be the beginning of your journey. Get a closer look at applying to graduate programs of your choice with our guide, How to Get a PhD: A Guide to Choosing and Applying to PhD Programs .

Learn More About

Doctoral degrees at SMU, and how you can choose the right program and thrive in it, in our Guide to Getting a PhD.

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What to do after getting your phd: 5 next steps, published by steve tippins on february 11, 2019 february 11, 2019.

Last Updated on: 5th June 2024, 03:08 am

What to do after finishing your PhD is a surprisingly common challenge for students who have recently graduated. So if you’re asking this question, you’re not alone.

After years of hard work and passing on enjoyable opportunities to get your writing done, you have finished your dissertation. This is quite an accomplishment. But what do you do now that you’ve finished?

This is something that few doctoral programs prepare you for. How do you take what you have learned and capitalize on it? How do you start your new career or use your PhD to take the next step in your existing one?

What to Do After Getting Your PhD

Based on my own experience and my experience coaching countless recent graduates, I’ve come up with an answer. Here is what to do after PhD is officially part of your title.

Step 1: Take a Breath

It may be tempting to rush right into the next thing. You finally have your PhD, now you get to use it! Apply for a thousand jobs, become a postdoctoral fellow, take a research trip to Indonesia with your favorite professor, launch a consulting firm, and publish a Nobel-Prize-worthy paper in an academic journal. All before breakfast.

Or not. In fact, my advice is to slow down. Not for too long–of course you have to take the next steps in your career. But once you start your career, it’s that much more difficult to take a break. Relax for a moment, and then take a good long deep breath. You are at the summit of one of the largest (proverbial) mountains you’ve ever climbed. Take a moment to appreciate the view. Then, get back to work.

Step 2: Set your Goals

After taking a break, the first thing you need to do is figure out what your goals are . You employed a great deal of discipline to get to this point. Use that skill to determine how you want to move forward. Your doctoral degree is an asset, so try to maximize the return that you get. Getting clear on your goals will determine your next steps and provide a map of what to do after completing your PhD.

When setting your career goals, it’s important to remember your life goals. Remember why you started this journey in the first place. How have you changed? How have your goals changed? What is most important in your life, and how will your next steps support this? Considering how your career fits into your life as a whole will help you make decisions about how to move forward.

Here are some of your options:

Do you want to publish? Think hard about this. You are now an expert on your topic, it would be great if you shared that expertise with the world. Think about your goal in publishing. Is your goal to see your name in print so that your mother can brag about her child being a published author? Do you want to spread the findings of your dissertation across the world to help humanity? Different goals will lead you in different publishing directions.

What a noble profession. Many people want to use their degree to help shape the future by teaching. If this is a path for you, think about the following questions: Do you want to teach full time or part time? Would you prefer to teach online or in a traditional classroom setting? Are you bound to one geographic location or are you willing to go anywhere? Do you want to prioritize teaching over research or vice-versa? Each choice offers various, but different, opportunities.

Outside of Academia

Are there non-academic alternatives available to you? Are you looking for a promotion at your current job? Do you want to speak at conferences? How about a new job? Maybe consulting is the path that you want to take. Your degree puts you in a very small group outside of academia; use it as best you can, remembering that you will be seen as the expert in most settings.

There are many things that you might want to do with your degree. Stop and take the time to determine your goals and then you can see how all of the hard work that you put in to get your degree can get you there. If you find yourself stuck, or want support realizing your full potential, career coaching can help.

Step 3: Prepare your Material

No matter what you choose to do after getting your PhD, you will have to put together a package of material that represents you. This is true whether you want to apply for academic jobs, work outside academia, or start your own business as a consultant. This is the first thing that most employers or potential clients will see of you, so make sure it represents the best of who you are.

You will need a resume and to be ready to answer all kinds of questions. It’s important to update your resume after finishing your PhD, adding relevant accomplishments and experience besides your new degree.

Prepare to answer common questions (for example, “Why did you get a PhD?” “Can you tell me about a situation where you worked well with others?” and “Can you tell me about a situation where you were able to work with someone who was difficult to work with?”).

Also, remember to highlight the unique strengths and skills that you have as a newly minted PhD. Having spent the past few years in the company of other people who either already have PhDs or are trying to get them, it’s easy to lose sight of your uniqueness. Remember the grit and persistence you’ve shown, the critical thinking skills you’ve had to cultivate, and the balanced ability to simultaneously take direction from committee members and forge your own unique research path.

Remember that you are a member of a small group of people with an exceptionally useful skill set, and a degree to prove it. You have proven your capacity to innovate, learn, and work with others. Take a look at Catherine Sorbara’s excellent article on this subject.

Inside of Academia

Work on creating a CV (curriculum vitae) that fits the standards of your discipline. You will probably need to submit documents that cover your teaching philosophy, a list of references, a research agenda, and copies of teaching evaluations, if available.

If you get a campus visit interview, you will need to prepare a presentation about your research and may be asked to teach a class or give a seminar to interested students. Do not take these two steps lightly, as the search committee will get feedback from everyone who participates in these sessions about your suitability for the position.

Find research interest connections at prospective universities. Look within the department you are applying for professors who share your research interests, but also look more widely — to the college and to other colleges within the university — for others doing related studies that may dovetail with your work. The potential for collaborative research and interdisciplinary studies will catch the attention of university administrators and may well give you an edge.

Seek advice. Make sure you are prepared for all of this and get well-acquainted with norms. Your professors and advisors are an excellent resource to help you prepare for this, as are my career coaching services .

Step 4: Search for a Job

When people ask what to do after PhD completion, they’re usually trying to skip ahead to this step–but it’s vital to take the time to set your goals and prepare your material before looking for a job . Now that you’ve done that, you can set your sights on your new (or improved) career. Many people use their PhD as a springboard to an exciting new career path. Here are some insights to help you do that.

The Chronicle of Higher Education is a great place to start. The Chronicle posts jobs daily online for most disciplines. You can also look at HigherEdJobs which tends to have jobs that may not make it to the chronicle.

Conferences within your discipline are a very good place to find out about jobs. Also, the professors within your program may be a good source of contacts who may know about jobs. Remember, most academic jobs start in August/September and postings may come out as much as 11 months before a job starts.

Some professions specifically recruit PhDs. If you are in the sciences this may be the case. Consultancy firms also seek PhDs. Outside of these areas the job search may include networking, sending out resumes, and using the services of recruiters. Your committee chair may be able to connect you with former students in your field who would be willing to make introductions. Most universities have career centers that offer assistance with networking and other job-seeking skills.

Step 5: Stay on Track

Periodically reevaluate your goals–both whether you’re meeting them and whether the goals themselves need to change. Perhaps you started out wanting to pursue research but have fallen in love with teaching. Or maybe you started off teaching but found that consulting is much more enjoyable. Whatever your goals are, they’re subject to change as you learn and grow.

However, if your goal was to teach but you find yourself getting bogged down in research projects due to the pressure to publish, take some time to reflect on how you can better achieve the goals that are most fulfilling to you. Would you prefer an instructor’s position? Or perhaps looking at universities that emphasize teaching over research would be your solution.

What to Do After PhD Completion: A Summary

Getting your PhD is a huge accomplishment. However, if you’re wondering what to do after your PhD is complete, you’re not alone. Once you finish your PhD, take a breath and allow some space in your life. Next, determine your goals and create a plan for how to proceed. Once you are clear on your goals, prepare your materials and apply for jobs. Finally, periodically re-evaluate your goals to see whether you’re meeting them and whether they’re still relevant.

Many recent graduates use a career coach to help them in this process. If you are interested in this kind of coaching, feel free to take a look at my services page or get in touch.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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Fig 1. Comparative analysis of the population in 2013 vs. 2003. Above solid line. The PhD population increased by ~26% = 35,541 PhDs. Below solid line. Percentage of the new population dedicated to the indicated categories. Data obtained from the NSF Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (13). The percent for each category out of the total PhD population in 2013 is indicated on the right. See text for 2013 PhD population numbers for each category.

To further extend these reports, I compared census data on graduate and postgraduate employment between the years 2003 and 2013 (Fig 1).

In the last decade, total number of PhDs increased by ~26% (35,541 PhDs) to a total of 172,139 PhDs (13). If employment increases were to follow the rate of population growth, then all employment sectors should see a ~26% increase. Indeed this was the case for two categories:  out of the workforce PhDs  (stay at home parents and part time employees) with a ~24% increase to a total of ~19,500 PhDs; and  management and administration  with a ~27% increase to a total of ~27,000 PhDs. The only positive change in PhD employment was a ~30% increase in  teaching  to a total of ~25,000 PhDs (including K-12 on up, but excluding research-intensive universities). Troubling changes in PhD employment include a ~50% increase in  non-science related occupations  (e.g., transportation, culinary field, or construction) to a total of ~22,000 PhDs; and a significant ~1.6 fold increase in  unemployment  to a total of ~4,000 PhDs  (Fig 1) .

Importantly, the total number of PhDs engaged in research and development (R&D; all positions in both industry and academia) increased only by ~19% to a total of 72,409 PhDs; which reflects a continued trend in decline (see paragraph preceding Fig 1). Moreover, when looking more in depth at the 2010-2013 transition ) (13) ,  I observed that the number of biological and medical PhDs in science careers decreased by ~4%. These positions include jobs in academia (both faculty and staff scientist) and industry; and the categories include medical scientists, biochemists, biophysicists and biological scientists (e.g., botanists, ecologists, zoologists). This indicates that in recent years PhDs are moving away from research and development positions (Fig 1) .

Indeed, this has been also shown in a couple of recent survey-driven studies examining the career preferences of junior biomedical scientists in more detail. One study followed students during training  in the 2007-2012 period (2), and the other study collected all data in 2009 (6). In both studies, the authors found that the career pathway interests of graduate students changed significantly between starting and finishing their degree. Important changes were observed for a decrease of interest in both teaching-intensive faculty positions (small change), and research-intensive faculty positions (large change). The opposite was found for interest in non-academic research positions (including industry, pharma, biotech, government or startup), and non-research careers (including consulting, policy, scientific writing, technology transfer or business (2,6).

Current estimates indicate that there is approximately only one tenure-track position in the US for every 6.3 PhD graduates (1). This means that 84% of today’s PhD graduates need to pursue careers other than tenure-track faculty positions at research-intensive institutions. Having said that, the employment perspective does not appear to be so gloomy:

A recent study reports a decrease in the biomedical postdoctoral population of ~5% between 2010 and 2013, indicating that PhDs are exploring positions outside of academia, and suggesting we may be reaching the end of the exponential period of biomedical PhD/postdoctoral population expansion (14). However, this could also reflect a decrease in availability of postdoctoral positions due to reduced NIH funding across the board.

And the Bureau of Labor Statistics expects a ~20% increase in total employment in the biomedical sciences for the 2010-2020 decade (15). If the current trends in PhD employment continue, this suggests that by the end of the decade the vast majority of the PhD population would be employed outside of academic/industry research institutions (it was ~40% on 2013).

Clearly the real “alternative career” is pursuing tenure-track faculty positions at research-intensive institutions.

All in all, these statistics are enlightening about the reality PhDs are encountering when trying to find their next position. The challenge we face is to prevent an increase in the unemployment rate and to reduce the shift to non-science related careers paths (e.g., construction, …). Both goals should be attainable in the near future: we should dedicate resources to advertise the reality of employment and remuneration for PhDs in biomedical sciences, we should expose graduate students and postdocs to all employment opportunities beyond academia, and encourage them to engage in internships and make timely and informed employment decisions. Also discussed in (16) and (17) .

As graduate students and postdocs, we should periodically pry ourselves away from the bench, papers and presentations to also attend career development seminars to learn which are other available career paths, and then incorporate this knowledge with our own progress, goals, skills, interests and values when deciding on our next career step (see  Skill Inventory Matrix  and My IDP in following two sections). Engaging in these activities should also benefit those wishing to remain in science. For example, preparing for a career in consulting will give students/postdocs new tools to tackle scientific problems and write better grants (anecdotal).

On transferable skills and self-marketing

Whether you are staying in academia or not, it is very useful to determine what your skill set is. This can also help you identify skills you should improve on or acquire, e.g., management skills to effectively run a laboratory (including conflict resolution and budget managing among many).

Because we are immersed in our research, we often do not realize the valuable skills we have developed. In the book  Networking for Nerds  (18), Alaina Levine describes the use of the  Skill Inventory Matrix  to identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as its use to help define which career path to pursue. To help identify what these seemly intangible transferable skills are, below I assembled a list to help guide you to identify your own set. The credit goes to the sources I used (18-22).

•    experience:
• jobs, research/teaching assistantships, committee assignments,
• College and University academic societies, competitions,
• extracurricular activities: fund raising/management, newspapers, policy, family commitments
• computer literacy: office packages, presentation software, programming skills (e.g., C++, java, perl, mySQL)
•    personal characteristics that define how you operate:
• your values
• detail-oriented vs. results-driven
• disciplined and self-reliant
• ability to work effectively under pressure to meet deadlines
• ability to quickly learn/acquire new skills (quick study)
• ability to work with limited supervision (independence)
•    technical skills:
• scientific:  research methodologies; experimental design; data collection, management and analysis; …
• use of laboratory equipment: confocal microscopy, analytical centrifugation, …
• knowledge of statistics
• specialized packages for data management: SPSS, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, FiJi, Imaris, …
•    analysis and problem solving skills:
• critical appraisal of literature, critical thinker
• problem solver:   define a problem, postulate and test hypotheses, and summarize conclusions
• identify sources of information/experiments to address problems
• design, apply and analyze surveys
• ability to manage large datasets, including sorting and evaluating data
• ability to defend independent conclusions
• application of basic principles in a wider context
•    business skills:
• project management:  manage (a) project(s) from beginning to end, ability to maintain flexibility
• identify and prioritize tasks, determine realistic timeline for completion of tasks
• teamwork, ability to delegate, negotiation skills, and diplomacy
• inventory control, risk management and safety assessment
• effective grant writing
• event planning and management (e.g., Gordon Research Conference/Seminar, local scientific meeting)
•    leadership:
• conduct meetings or facilitate group discussions, motivate others to complete projects
• collaborate on projects, mentor and train lab-mates, respond well to feedback
• conflict resolution, creative problem solving, team building, strategic thinking
•    soft skills:
• organize and orally communicate ideas clearly and to peers and lay people
• ability to prepare concise and logically-written materials: specify the length (abstract, book,…)
• ability to debate issues in a collegiate manner with peers and supervisors
• ability to use logical argument to persuade others
• ability to speak/translate other languages (e.g., careers in law, education, or mass communication)

The next thing to do is to assign love/hate qualifiers to each one (18-22). This is crucial when tailoring your resume and cover letter, and when preparing for job interviews. These tools will help effectively market yourself as the best possible job candidate, as well as help categorize (from best to worst match) all potential job opportunities. Once you have defined the position(s) you are interested in you have to market and sell yourself. For most of us PhDs, self-marketing is distressing; yet, you should become comfortable talking about yourself and asking/accepting networking favors that may push your applications to the top of the pile.

When applying, it is important to research the position(s) you are interested in, not just reading the original posting(s). This also applies to when you are planning to create your own job. You have to read about the company, its financial data (especially when going into finance or consulting), its history (if relevant), its values, the people in the work group you might join, any videos published on YouTube or elsewhere (e.g., interviews with CEOs, TED talks), and any publication coming out from the group and company. Also, rely on your network, LinkedIn, Facebook and Google.

In addition, you have to research the market and identify the competition. This is easier when applied to a product, but a bit harder when applied to your vision. For example, I am interested in commercialization of science. Briefly my options are: 1) offices of technology development; 2) family office, angel network, or venture capital firm needing expertise in biomedical field to make informed decisions; 3) officer at a US Patent and Trademark Office; 4) law firm working on patenting and intellectual property; or 5) create my own job. I lean toward options 1, 2 and 5. Not many options are open in family offices, angel network/venture capital firms and the competition is fierce. There are 5 offices of technology development in the area and I need an internship to support my application (working on it) and there are few openings.

I decided that creating a consulting service to aid university technology transfer offices, private investment offices and startups would be the way to go. This idea is not novel(3), but has not been put into effect in the area, there is a clear demand (determined during many networking interactions), and we have a trained/in-training group that should deliver. Also, this idea is very appealing to me for many reasons: it includes what I want to do, it allows me to be involved in student and postdoc training, and gives me experience in creating and leading a new organization. Still, I keep looking and categorizing options using my  Skill Inventory Matrix  (18).

And finally, when applying make sure to include keywords related to the posting, look at your  Skill Inventory Matrix  and pull the relevant information out. And in your cover letter be sure to briefly describe examples. This is best done by intentionally leaving questions for the interviewer to ask you. In short, sell your best qualities and experiences fitting the job.

Learning about other career paths

I think this could be divided in three subsections: know yourself, do your research, and plan your path.

To get to know yourself I have three suggestions. The first one I read on LinkedIn and lost the reference (sorry); the author suggested asking different people to describe you in 20 words. The second one is to take the  Gallup Strengths  and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®)  assessments. And the last one is to use the  My IDP website  (see below). Together these tools should help identify abilities, qualities, strengths and weaknesses to populate the  Skill Inventory Matrix (18). There is plenty of information on both tests online so I will not further describe them or their outputs. The 20 questions approach is self explanatory and both insightful and humbling.

Next, the research. This part should come easy to us PhDs, it involves reading A LOT about different career paths. There are plenty of websites and books published on the subject. I enjoyed the book  Career Options for Biomedical Scientists (23), and I have also extensively used LinkedIn’s PhD Careers Outside of Academia,  The Versatile PhD ,  Inside Higher Ed ,  BioCareers blog ,  My IDP website  (see below), and –of course– Google. What matters is to compare the employment paths you think you may like with your values, the lifestyle you expect to lead, and with your  Skill Inventory Matrix .

The last part in this section is planning your trajectory. Here, the best advice I have is to follow an IDP,  Individual Development Plan (24), and I suggest using the  Science Careers My IDP website . This great resource takes into consideration your skills, your interests, your values, and your expected-lifestyle to suggest a list of options categorized by probability match, along with several links to informational resources. In addition, the website helps you set goals, implement your plan, and encourages you to go out and gain first hand experience at suggested jobs to sort them into “ good idea ” or “ bad idea .”  The problem is, however, that the website does not help find where and how to gain such experience. This is why mentors and networking are so important.

Network, network and network to find new opportunities and mentors

We do not accomplish anything in a void. We need to assemble our job-search team. Mine is composed of:

• my wife and family, who provide support, guidance and encouragement;
• my postdoctoral mentor, who has been supportive and helpful both at the bench and away from it;
• my contact at the Graduate Career Development office who helped me focus on my goals and interests, inspired me to network to find/create my dream position, and pointed out new opportunities;
• and my business mentor whom I met through networking and has been helping me by pointing out opportunities, introducing me to new contacts and being a sounding board for ideas.

Why is networking important?  It can open the door to unknown opportunities both in making new contacts and finding positions. Alaina Levine, author of  Networking for Nerds  (a suggested read), estimates that about 90% of the “ job market is clandestine,”  meaning that  “it is accessed only through networking and reputation management activities ” (18).

So, what is networking?  In Levine’s words: “ Networking entails providing authentic and genuine information for and between both parties so that you both can contribute value to each other’s projects and interests […] you have to tell people about what you do and the value you can provide them so they understand how an alliance could be mutually beneficial […]  Remember, everyone has problems that need solutions .“  You should “ offer to be of assistance even if you don’t immediately see a potential return on investment ” (18). Such assistance could be a collaboration, direct contribution, suggest a contact they do not know or have not thought of, introducing people, other… This strategy should also be useful when you are applying/interviewing for a position: ask yourself “what can I bring to the company” and emphasize it. In other words, demonstrate value and knowledge about the company while marketing your relevant qualities.

The initial mistake most people make (I made) is to approach people in a one-sided manner. The communication cannot be only about your interests. “ If you approach networking expecting your contact to offer you a job, you will likely be disappointed—most contacts will not know of current or planned openings “ (25). In addition, this may cause potential contacts to shy away from interacting with you again because you are only interested in yourself. “ Instead, try to meet people who can offer advice for your search, answer questions about career choices and provide you with the names of more contacts who may be able to help you get further along in the process of finding a job. They can give you a closer look at the practical aspects of their own jobs and provide details that you may find critical when deciding where to apply “ (25). Once you make a close contact, you may ask for suggestions on how to improve your resume, how to fill any voids your application, and who else to contact to further pursue your interests. Among these close contacts you may find new mentors.

How to network?  This is the topic covered by whole books (18), and several online blog posts and articles. I will summarize what I understand to be most important, but caution the reader that I am by no means an expert.

Craft brief and powerful introductions

The  elevator pitch  is used to effectively and concisely introduce yourself (26-28). Crafting one requires self-evaluation and concisely writing and practicing (over and over) how to deliver this speech in a short period of time (typically 30 seconds), and to do it in a way that interests people and avoids jargon. This pitch should stick to the big picture and hopefully contain a memorable story.

Most times, however, pitches are not appropriate. Therefore, it is important to craft different versions of your introductions to match different audiences , CEO vs. CFO vs. Nobel Laureate), different situations (e.g., elevator, airplane, dinning table, church, playground), different individuals (depending background and common interests), or to fit available time (elevator vs. networking event vs. airplane).

I do not have an elevator pitch; I am wordy (have you noticed?). I wrote the following examples on the fly based on past networking experiences. They need perfecting; yet, I hope they provide an idea of how to tailor introductions depending on your target audience.

When introducing myself to  scientists at Conferences  I would say: “ Hi, my name is Andrés Lorente, and I am a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Melanie Cobb, where we study protein signaling networks. I work on elucidating the crosstalk between calcium and with no lysine [K] WNK signaling pathways, and the role of the WNK pathway in non-canonical pathways, namely cancer. To this end, I am also characterizing novel WNK kinase inhibitors for use in the clinic. What you mentioned in your talk about [ add here ] interests me because [ add here ] “… and then go from there. This introduction did not explain my findings, leading to an easy question. This can be shortened to fit context, time, common research goals, …

When addressing  middle-school students  at an outreach event, I would say: “ Hi, my name is Andrés Lorente, and I am a scientist at UT Southwestern Medical Center. My goal here today is to show you how important lipids are for life. Lipids are fatty molecules that cells use to define themselves: what is in and what is out, it is like your skin. But lipids do much more than that, and understanding [ briefly go into disease, lab findings and drug discovery ].”   Here, my goal is to go to task, not spend much time on myself.

When addressing  adults at family events or at the playground , I would say: [begin here chatting about the kids, easy in, then] “ Hi, my name is Andrés Lorente, and I am a cell biologist. My research goal is to gain a better understanding of how cells operate in health and disease. Currently, I am working on identifying the role of a molecular switch, called kinases, in progression of different cancer phenotypes. At present, I am also characterizing kinase inhibitors, one of which shows promise for potential use in the clinic. ”  Again, I tailor to fit my audience.

And lastly, when addressing a  CEO at a networking event  I would say: “ Hi, my name is Andrés Lorente, and I am a cancer biologist at UT Southwestern Medical Center. I am currently involved in the characterization of novel kinase inhibitors, some of which have shown promise for potential use in the clinic. Toward the future, however, I am looking to transition to the business of science because I want to have a more direct/immediate impact on human health. To this effect I am currently leading the foundation of a new graduate student and postdoc driven consulting group to provide low cost consulting services to universities and the startup community in the Dallas / Fort Worth area. I approached you because [option 1: I am interested in learning how you got to be where you are; option 2: I believe our consulting group could bring value to your company], [ and then add more here ].“   Here I have two hooks: what I am doing in research and my involvement with this new consulting group. Again, there are variations that depend on whether the CEO has scientific background, whether the company is working on cancer drug development, or whether instead of a CEO I am approaching an Angel Investor. Tailoring is always necessary.

• Identify people you are interested in meeting and who may either provide relevant information on your job search or refer you to others who can. Look at your inner circle first: family, outside friends, church and career development offices; and use LinkedIn to identify people in universities and societies you belong to.
• Ask your network for help reaching out to people: introductions work better than sending cold emails.
• Research the background of the people you are interested in meeting. This helps in many ways: it provides an easier way to establish initial contact and shows both knowledge of their environment and sincere interest in who they are and what they do. Not surprisingly, people respond really well to this approach.
• Be honest about who you are and what your value is: “ Your productivity in your field and profession must be sustained at high levels in order to “ (18) be valuable to your contacts.
• When making connections be sure to show “ sincere interest in his or her work and advice ” (24). Here a listener may do better than a talker, but participating in monologues does not lead to establishment of connections.
• Questions to ask. Again, the credit goes to the sources I used (18, 29-30).
• What do you like/dislike most about your work?
• What are your primary job responsibilities?
• What are the toughest problems and decisions you handle?
• Can you tell me about your career path and how it led you where you are?
• What experience did you have to gain in order to get your job?
• What do you wish you had known about your position/field before you started?
• What type of professional and personal skills does it take to succeed at this type of work?

Just as importantly as making new contacts, you should nurture your network by sending thank you notes (better if handwritten), following up with your contacts to update them on your progress, and continually showing sincere interest in their work and advice.

In conclusion

Get to know yourself through 20 questions and/or  Gallup Strengths  and/or  MBTI®  assessments; identify your transferable skills using a  Skill Inventory Matrix  (18) or similar tool; self-evaluate using tools like the  Science Careers My IDP website ; and keep learning about different career paths by reading books/online resources and attending career development seminars.

Whether your goal is to stay in academia to pursue a tenure track position, become a (staff) research scientist in academia or industry, or branch out into a non-academic career, these tools should help identify where you are and what you need to learn or improve, trace a path to follow, and help market yourself effectively to a prospective employer. Also irrespective of the path you want to follow, network, network, and network. The more you network, the better off you will be in terms of available options and mentoring relationships.

And most importantly, persevere, keep plugging away, do not give up, and always, like at the bench, have a backup plan in place.

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How to Become A Doctorate? - Steps, Cost, Eligibility [2024]

Kopal Srivastava Sep 3, 2024 1K Reads

All we know and hear is that Learning is a continuous journey. The saying “Keep learning till our last breath” captures this well. Formal education usually peaks with a Doctorate in your field. However, many Doctorate holders continue their education with post-doctoral courses.

Choosing higher education, like a PhD Program, is a personal decision. Postgraduate students    pursuing a Doctorate have various motivations.

This article addresses questions such as: What is an Online PhD Program? How does one obtain an Online PhD Degree? Why pursue an Online Doctorate Degree? It also explores if you can achieve a Doctorate Degree Online. The answer is ‘Yes.’ Let's dive deeper into these aspects. 

Who Is Eligible For The PhD Doctorate Program In India? 

You must fulfill the mentioned eligibility criteria to apply for a PhD Program:

• Master's degree holders can apply for PhD programs. 
• For some subjects, a Master's in Philosophy is needed. 
• Students must have at least 50-55% marks in post-graduation. 
• Some universities admit students based on interviews, sometimes with a written exam. Candidates with research work experience are preferred.

What Is A Doctorate Degree? 

A Doctorate Degree is the highest academic qualification in any field. This includes areas like Psychology, Engineering, Computer Science, Humanities, Social Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, and Bio-Sciences. A Doctorate program usually takes four years of full-time study.

Doctorates contribute new knowledge to their field or improve existing systems. With more students aiming for dream careers and higher qualifications, the demand for Doctorate degrees is rising. This trend is also seen among students in Africa who want to build specialized careers. In today's world, Doctorate degrees are more relevant than ever.

To become a doctorate you need a master’s degree with a minimum mark of 50-55 percent from a government-recognised university. Moreover, you also need to take an entrance exam which is later followed by the personal interview round. Once you complete PhD program you will become a doctorate.

Who Should Opt For A Doctorate Degree?

Doctorate degrees are mainly for those who want careers in academics or research but you should know that your degree is not only useful to build an academic career but it is also useful in making you a manager in a top organization as it is believed that people having doctorate degree are experts in their fields as they have advanced knowledge and are fond of research and having research skill attract more recruiters and increases your chances of getting placed at top organization.Recently, more students aiming for industry jobs are also pursuing a doctorate. 

Different postgraduates have different reasons for this. Here are some important ones:  

• Intellectual Curiosity
• Academic Career
• Improve Research Skills
• Career Growth Outside Academia
• Private Sector Jobs
• Last Resort
• Personal Satisfaction and Accomplishment
• Recognition and Rewards
• Expertise in Chosen Field

1) Intellectual Curiosity: Many pursue a Doctorate driven by a deep desire to gain advanced knowledge.

2) Academic Career Aspirations: Those aiming to become professors or work in top educational institutions often choose a Doctorate.

3) Career Advancement: Doctorate holders find numerous career opportunities beyond academia, including well-paying private-sector jobs.

4) Desire for Recognition: Some seek societal respect and recognition, which a Doctorate can provide.

5) Job Market Demand: Many pursue a Doctorate to enhance employability, as there are ample opportunities in the private sector.

6) Personal Fulfillment: The satisfaction and sense of accomplishment from mastering new concepts motivates many to pursue a Doctorate.

7) Expert status: Some want to be recognized as experts in their field and influence organizational and social decisions.

8) Career advancement and salary: Better job prospects and higher salaries tend to attract postgraduate doctoral degrees.

Research Doctorates 

A Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or similar research degrees focus on specialized study in a specific field. These programs prepare students for careers in academia, usually as professors or researchers.

Examples of research doctorates include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.)
• Doctor of Arts (D.A.)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)

What Is The Difference Between A Doctorate And A PhD Program? 

No, there is no difference between these two both are doctorate degrees.  A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is one type of doctorate degree. There are several other types of doctorate degrees. Keep reading to learn about the main categories and how they differ from each other.

What are the types of Doctoral Degrees? 

Just like there are different types of undergraduate and graduate degrees, such as a BA versus a BS, or an MBA versus an MPA, doctoral degrees are also divided into categories.

There are two main types of doctorate degrees:

• Professional doctorate degrees
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees

Let's compare and contrast these two types of doctorate degrees.

What Is A Professional Doctorate Degree? 

Professional doctoral degrees, also known as terminal or applied doctorates, focus on practical problem-solving rather than research and analysis. These degrees are crucial for certain careers and these degrees are specially designed for working professionals.

They can opt for these degrees to advance their career and to add a “Dr” title before their name. For example, to become a lawyer, you need a Juris Doctor (JD) degree along with passing the bar exam. Here are four more examples of professional doctorate degrees:

What Is A Doctor Of Philosophy (PhD) Program? 

This category includes a Doctor of Philosophy or PhD degree, it covers many fields such as economics or psychology. For example, a Doctor of Arts (DA) is actually a form of PhD. Moreover, once you complete the program you can add a “Dr” title before your name and it also signifies that you are an expert in your field.

Here are four other examples of PhD degrees:

• Doctor of Public Health (DPH) 
• Doctor of Organizational Innovation (EdD)
• Doctor of Theology (ThD).
• Psychiatrist (PsyD) 

Unlike professional degrees like the JD or DPH, the PhD is research-based. It focuses on transferring new knowledge or ideas through a student’s thesis. This is why PhD programs are called "doctor of philosophy", even though they are not related to philosophy.

What Are The Steps To Obtain A Doctorate?  

Here are the basics of getting a doctorate and what to do in each category:

• Prepare Academically: Start by completing undergraduate and graduate courses to develop the knowledge and skills you need for your doctoral studies.
• Evaluate and implement: Research doctoral programs that align with your career goals. If you feel you qualify, submit your application.
• Completion of academic work: Participate in your academic career, which will include further study in your field and further your skills.
• Dissertation work: Conduct original research and write a dissertation on your chosen topic. This is where you will contribute new insights to your business.

Following all these steps is very important as these steps help you in obtaining your doctorate degree:

Step-1:You Need To Complete Your Undergraduate (Ug) And Post Graduate (Pg) Degree

• Doctorate programs are increasingly popular and competitive, with strict application requirements. You need a bachelor’s or higher degree from an accredited college or university, along with meeting specific criteria set by the institution and their chosen field of study.
• If you're starting your academic journey, consider choosing an undergraduate program that aligns with your future master’s or doctorate plans. For instance, if your goal is a Doctor of Clinical Psychology (PsyD), starting with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) could be a strategic path. Even if you've already completed your undergraduate degree, career changes are still possible.

Step- 2: You Need To Apply To Doctorate Programs

• The doctorate program requires a lot of time, effort, and dedication. It’s important to choose a reputable and accredited plan that offers grants, flexibility, and financial aid options. Look for programs with scholarships, accelerated degree options, and resources for military service members and veterans. 

You can find various universities that offer you a PhD program. Some of the top universities offering a PhD program are mentioned below:

• IIT Bombay 
• ISC Banglore 
• Amity University 
• Aligarh Muslim University 
• Aligappa University 
• Moreover, Choosing online coursework can also be flexible but the only problem is Online PhD is not a valid option in India but you can opt for an online DBA program , and you can complete this doctorate program without even quitting your job. Moreover, if you choose an Online DBA, you will be able to earn your doctorate degree from an International university without even relocating to another country. Furthermore, you get an opportunity to learn from international faculties who have years of experience and have published their work in top journals so they can guide you better.
• One of the biggest advantages of choosing an Online Doctorate program is, that you do not have to take any entrance exam, International universities offer you direct admission if you fulfill the eligibility criteria. Various universities offer you an Online DBA.

Some of them are mentioned below:

Step- 3: You Need To Complete Your Program Course Work

• In a doctoral program, students complete core courses, seminars, practicums, labs, and electives, ending with a dissertation or capstone project. The specific coursework depends on your area of study. For example, Ed.D. students take courses in innovation theory and inquiry methods, while PsyD students study psychopathology, clinical theory, and multicultural awareness.
• Doctorate coursework is rigorous, whether online or in-person. At this stage, you have completed your basic education and moved on to more challenging research. You will tackle complex real-world problems and present innovative solutions.

Step- 4- You Need To Complete Your Dissertation

• Most doctorate programs end with a major research project called a dissertation. In this project, students present their own original theories, research, or data analysis, or expand on previous scholarly work. A dissertation is usually a written paper, generally between 100 and 300 pages long, depending on the data volume and subject complexity.

How Long Does It Take To Complete Your Doctorate Program? 

The time required to complete a doctorate varies, generally from three to eight years. The exact time depends on several factors:

• How your degree program is structured
• You may be working or taking a break between classes
• Attend full-time or part-time
• The time needed to research, write, and prepare your essay
• The specific degree you are seeking

All of these factors influence how long it will take to complete your doctorate.

Moreover, if you opt for an Online DBA program, you can complete this doctorate program in a minimum of 3-5 years. Moreover, you do not have to even quit your job to pursue it. Furthermore, you can even visit the country if you want as many universities offer you weekly campus immersion in which you can even visit the campus for weeks and can experience the joy of the place. 

What Is The Demand For A Doctoral Degree? 

Demand for doctoral degrees is increasing as industries demand specialist skills and advanced research skills. According to the U.S. and according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment in physician-staff-level jobs is expected to grow by about 13% between 2016 and 2026. This is faster than growth in all industries, especially healthcare, education, and technology. 

How Much Do I Need To Expect After Completing A Doctorate Program? 

A doctoral degree brings new challenges and puts you at the forefront of research in your field. Financially, it can qualify you for high-paying, unique positions and help you stand out from other job seekers. So, how much can you earn to get a doctorate?

Statistics from the U.S. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) shows that a doctorate is associated with higher earnings. According to the BLS, the average weekly wage for doctoral degree holders is about $1,900 ( Rs.158755).

By comparison, master’s degree holders earn about $1,570 (Rs.131181) bachelor’s degree holders about $1,330 (Rs.111128), and associate degree holders about $960 (Rs. 80213). While earning a doctorate requires a significant investment in your education, it provides a practical return in increased lifetime earning potential, especially if you qualify for income that will be used to help you or financial aid.

What Are The Specializations Of A PhD Program? 

Employment for PhD candidates depends on their specialization. The PhD program offers various specializations with different career profiles. Some examples include: including PhDs in Management, PhDs in the Arts, PhDs in Engineering, PhDs in Medicine, PhDs in Legal Studies, etc.

The details are mentioned below:

PhD Specialisations and Career Options

• PhD in Management:  HR Manager, Entrepreneur, etc. 
• PhD in Business Administration:  Economist, Professor, etc. 
• PhD in AI:  Data Scientist, Research Scientist, etc. 
• PhD in Psychology: Research Psychologist, Clinical Psychologist, Professor, Therapist
• PhD in law:   Legal Advisor, Lawyer, etc. 
• PhD Medical: Hospital Administrator, Medical Scientist, Professor, Researcher
• PhD Engineering : Research Scientist, Mechanical Design Engineer, Executive Engineer
• PhD Mechanical Engineering: Executive Engineer, Research Scientist, Professor, Mechanical Design Engineer
• PhD in Computer Science:  Data Scientist, Research Scientist, etc. 
• PhD in Data Science:  Website Developer, Software Developer, Hardware Engineer, Network Engineer, etc. 
• PhD in commerce:  Data Analyst, Finance Analyst, etc. 
• PhD Arts: Content Writer, Economist, Professor, Clinical Psychologist
• PhD Marketing: Deputy Manager, Marketing Manager, New Product Manager, Marketing Executive
• PhD Economics: Professor, Banker, Financial Manager, Accountant, Economist
• PhD Mathematics: Accountant, Cashier, Finance Manager, Professor, Loan Counsellor
• PhD Biology: Professor, Microbiologist, Research Biologist.
• PhD Chemistry: Forensic Chemist, Junior Scientist, Chemical Researcher, Medical Technologist.

What Are The Salaries For Different Professions?

 Various PhD specializations and their respective salaries are listed in the table below:

What Are The Benefits Of Pursuing A Doctorate?

Earning a doctorate offers many career advantages. Here are some of the benefits:

• Improved credibility: A doctoral degree increases your credibility and authority in your field, and signifies your expertise and commitment. Doctoral degree holders generally earn more than those with other degrees because of their advanced knowledge and skills.
• Advanced problem-solving skills: The latest coursework and final projects in the doctoral program enhance your problem-solving skills, making you a valuable candidate for employers.
• Career transition: With a doctoral degree, you are eligible for advanced academic and non-academic positions, such as department head or high-level manager
• Job security: Fewer doctoral degree holders are unemployed. In 2021, the unemployment rate for doctoral degree holders is 1.5%, compared to 2.6% for master’s degree holders, 3.5% for bachelor’s degree holders, and 4.6% for associate’s degree holders. 

What Are The Challenges Faced By The PhD Students?

There are various challenges faced by the students who enroll in a PhD program. Some of them are mentioned below:

• Managing Your Time: Strong time management is crucial for doctoral studies. Treat your doctorate like a full-time job, but don't neglect leisure time for your health and success. Plan your campus time carefully, like booking study spaces in advance.
• Time management :It is vital for writing your thesis. Regularly send short pieces of work to your supervisors, giving them enough time to critique. Avoid sending large chunks at once. Balance additional duties like teaching or student representation. If these tasks affect your PhD quality, it's okay to say no.

Supervisor Issues 

A good relationship with your supervisor is key to your PhD's success. However, problems can arise:

• Absence: If your supervisor is often unavailable, ask your second supervisor for more support or demand regular contact.
• Conflict: If you have two supervisors with conflicting advice, meet with them separately but don't take sides.
• Intimidation: If your supervisor is overly involved, ask them to step back.
• Leave: If your supervisor retires or goes on leave, discuss the next steps with your department.

If issues persist, consider changing your supervisor.

• Second-Year Blues: PhD studies can lead to a dip in motivation and morale, known as the "second-year blues." Stay optimistic and talk with other PhD students and your supervisor. Presenting at conferences and pursuing varied tasks can boost your confidence. Training courses and support programs, like those at the University of Reading, can help you strengthen skills and stay motivated. Set realistic expectations from the start to avoid disappointment.
• Starting Your Thesis: Starting your thesis can be tough. Begin with the easiest parts and plan in advance. Learn to critique research effectively, identifying gaps and weaknesses. Some sections you write may not make the final cut, but this is part of the learning process and can be useful for future academic work.
• Feeling Lonely or Stressed: Doctoral research can be isolating. Stay connected with other PhD students by joining clubs and societies. Blogging or podcasting about your research can help you make new contacts.Explain your busy schedule to friends and family. It's okay to say no to social opportunities, but discussing your PhD with a layperson can improve your work.If you feel stressed, check out resources on managing student stress and maintaining mental health at university.

How To Get A Doctorate Without PhD? 

If you are searching for options to get a doctorate without doing a PhD program, then you can opt for its alternative and the best alternative of a PhD is DBA. It stands for Doctor of Business Administration and it is also a doctorate program and adds up the “Dr” title before your name.

Moreover, you can even opt for an Online DBA, it will be a perfect alternative for you if you want to get your doctorate without doing PhD and without even quitting your job.

Moreover, the biggest advantage of choosing an Online DBA is you can earn your doctorate degree from an international faculty and without even relocation to another country.

Furthermore, in a PhD program, you do not get an opportunity to learn from an international faculties but in an online DBA, you will get this opportunity to learn from an international faculty who have years of experience and published their work in top journals they will guide you to publish your papers too.

Various universities offer you an Online DBA, some of them are mentioned below:

• ESGCI International School of Management Paris 
• Rushford Business School 
• Golden Gate Universiy 

There is one more option for you to get your doctorate and that is a Ph.D. for working professionals. This program is specially designed for students who want to do a PhD program but are unable to quit their jobs.

You can opt for this program and can get your doctorate without even quitting your job. Moreover, you can easily attend classes in the evening or classes conducted on the weekend to understand everything clearly. 

What Are The Easy Ways To Get Your PhD? 

I would like to tell you that there is no easy way to get your PhD. PhD is not an easy task it is a lengthy process. First, you need to take an entrance exam which is followed by the personal interview round and if you pass the interview round only then you will admitted to the university.

Moreover, doing a PhD is not easy as it is focused on research, and doing research becomes difficult for one who is not interested in research, so if you are someone who only wants to get recognized by the “Dr” title and does not want to do a PhD, you must opt for an Online DBA program, it is also a doctorate program and adds up the “Dr” title before your name. 

What Do We Need To Prepare For A PhD Entrance Exam? 

The syllabus for PhD entrance exams is based on the candidate's chosen specialization. It majorly includes topics from their UG and PG courses. Many universities also conduct an interview round for PhD admissions in 2024.

How To Get A Doctorate Degree In Business? 

Are you also a working professional looking to advance your career and have relevant working experience then you must opt for a DBA program. These doctorate programs are specially designed for people who are working and can not quit their jobs and who want to advance their careers.

By opting for a DBA program you will be able to advance your career and will be able to get recognized with a “Dr” title just like to get recognized with a “Dr” title after completing PhD program. Moreover, you can opt for an Online DBA program, if you choose an Online DBA, you will be able to earn your doctorate degree from an International university without even relocating to another country.

Furthermore, you get an opportunity to learn from international faculties who have years of experience and have published their work in top journals so they can guide you better. One of the biggest advantages of choosing an Online DBA program is, that you do not have to take any entrance exam, International universities offer you direct admission if you fulfill the eligibility criteria.

How To Get A Doctorate Degree In Psychology?  

The PhD in Psychology is a three-year program that leads to a doctorate and opens up many opportunities in medicine and academics. This doctoral degree focuses on medical science and research projects, making it ideal for students interested in a field of study or research.

For a PhD in Psychology, you need a Masters Degree in Psychology with at least 55% marks from a recognized university. Admission may be based on entrance examination or performance. Course fees range from Rs 20,000 to Rs 2 lakh.

Some of the top universities offering this program in India include Amity University, Lady Sri Rama College for Women, and Madras Christian College. With a PhD in psychology, one can become a professor at leading universities in India and abroad, work as a trained psychologist, and become a researcher and researcher in the field of psychology.

What Is a Ph.D. in Psychology?

Psychology is a vast field with many specialized fields for students to explore and research. Advanced psychology courses help students develop deeper knowledge and are trained to share this information effectively. These courses can improve job performance and improve relationships.

Understanding psychology leads to better human relationships. With mental health on the rise, it is increasingly important for professionals such as counselors, therapists, and psychologists to help those in need.

Here are the top reasons why you should pursue a PhD in psychology:

• Advanced Qualifications : A PhD is the highest academic qualification, giving you the cutting edge of psychology.
• Career opportunities: Graduates can help clients with stress and mental health, and better understand the mind and its problems.
• Earning Prospects : You can earn between Rs 2 lakh and Rs 6 lakh per year after doing a PhD.Private enterprise: A PhD enables you to start your own business or consulting firm.
• Research opportunities: You can research topics such as depression, self-confidence, and decision-making.
• Broad role: Expertise in areas such as neuropsychology, sport psychology, school psychology, industrial psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology, human factors psychology, educational psychology, abnormal psychology, health psychology, and developmental psychology. 

Conclusion 

A Doctorate is the highest academic qualification in any field. This includes areas like Psychology, Engineering, Computer Science, Humanities, Social Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, and Bio-Sciences. A Doctorate program usually takes four years of full-time study. Doctorate degrees are mainly for those who want careers in academics or research but you should know that your degree is not only useful to build an academic career but it is also useful in making you a manager in a top organization as it is believed that people having doctorate degree are experts in their fields as they have advanced knowledge and are fond of research and having research skill attract more recruiters and increases your chances of getting placed at top organization.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

⭐ how long does it take to get a doctorate.

On average, a Ph.D. can take up to three to five years to complete. 

⭐ How do you get a doctorate degree?

Here are the steps to getting a PhD:

• Complete coursework.
• Finish one or more doctoral residency experiences.
• Pass a comprehensive exam.
• Develop and complete an independent research project.
• Get approval for your dissertation manuscript.

⭐ Is getting a doctorate the same as a PhD?

No, a Ph.D. is an academic degree, while a doctorate can be academic or professional. A Ph.D. is highly theoretical and research-focused. A professional doctorate is practical and applies research to specific professional settings.

⭐ Can I complete a PhD in 2 years?

It's very rare but possible. A few students finish their Ph.D. in two years, and some elite students even do it in 12 months. The key is to have a strong academic CV before starting.

⭐ Who is eligible for a PhD?

To pursue a PhD, you need to have completed a master’s degree in the same or a related field. Some colleges may also require an MPhil degree.

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5 Questions with Aniket Aga PhD ’16

Aniket Aga PhD ’16 is Assistant Professor of Geography at SUNY Buffalo. He is the author of Genetically Modified Democracy (Yale, 2021), which won the 2022 Ludwick Fleck Prize from the Society for the Social Studies of Science. With Chitrangada Choudhury, he is the co-director of the documentary film Seed Stories (2024), which has been screened at multiple international film festivals including the Kolkata People’s Film Festival and the Festival delle Terre in Rome. His doctoral thesis was awarded the Sardar Patel Award by the University of California, Los Angeles in 2016, and he won the 2019–20 Bharadwaj-Wolf Prize from the Journal of Peasant Studies for his research on agriculture, political economy, and science and technology studies.

Daevan Mangalmurti: How did you become an anthropologist?

Aniket Aga: My first degree is in electronics engineering from IIT Kharagpur. After I graduated, I worked for two years as a management consultant at McKinsey. I wasn’t charmed by the idea of an MBA, and I had always been interested in the social sciences, but I didn’t know how to get into them. Someone I knew suggested that I try for a PhD in business, and so I applied to US business schools, and came to the University of Southern California. While there I slowly figured out that a sociology or anthropology program would actually be the best fit for me. I reapplied to doctoral programs and was extremely fortunate and privileged to be accepted at Yale. Yale was a great experience. It’s such a vibrant place for South Asian Studies research, with a very strong training in historical anthropology and agrarian studies. Plus there are exciting and interesting visitors from whom one can learn so much.

DM: How did you find your research focus and how has your research evolved?

AA: Before getting into Yale in 2010, I had spent the summer in India in 2009, and at the time, the issue of genetically modified eggplant—“Bt brinjal”—was exploding. I thought to myself, “Here’s a topic that brings together agriculture, science and technology, and politics.” In my first term I approached Shivi [K. Sivaramakrishnan] about this, and he was very receptive to the idea of researching this topic for my dissertation. For my research, I worked for some time in Delhi, doing archival research as well as ethnographic work within government departments. I also did fieldwork with a non-governmental organization in Delhi, in the agricultural laboratories of private companies in Maharashtra, and at a public university in Karnataka. My rural work was in western Maharashtra.

When I went to conduct fieldwork for the first time, I thought I would work in the broad science studies tradition of Bruno Latour. I came back from the field with the realization that questions of political economy remain extremely significant and that the science studies literature is unsatisfactory in terms of its ability to explain exploitation, differentials in power, and the like. For instance, in my book I show how agricultural biotechnology started overshadowing older fields of agricultural sciences. Some of that work requires understanding the kinds of changes happening during the Green Revolution. It requires understanding both global political economic shifts and shifts in the public scientific establishment in India. Latour insists that you trace the threads emerging from a laboratory to understand political and epistemic change. But after my fieldwork, I just did not find that investigative method compelling.

My last five years, which I’ve spent in India, have been extremely generative and fruitful. I’ve come across a range of inspiring movements and figures, some within the academy, but most outside. I’m now looking at how people claim knowledge through the Right to Information Act. How can we understand the right more broadly in terms of its potential to activate struggles over justice and democratization? I hope that this project goes some distance in diagnosing India’s political present. Currently, certain aspects of the political present, such as the cultural politics of the main national parties, are fleshed out. For other aspects, this is less so. I’m interested in understanding the career of an important piece of legislation over the course of 20 years. I hope to use it as a window into certain long-term structural tendencies in Indian political economy. Finally, having just collaborated with Chitrangada Choudhury on  Seed Stories , a film about indigenous rice farming in Odisha, I’m quite excited about using film as a medium for research and public scholarship.

DM: Why did you make  Seed Stories ?

AA: When Chitrangada, the director, conceived of the film, I was drawn to the idea because the kind of agriculture I saw in Odisha was so different from what I had observed in western Maharashtra. In the latter region, a lot of heirloom seeds have been lost and farmers are dependent on external sources for knowledge on farming practices and inputs. Chitrangada and I had written about some of the agricultural dynamics we were seeing in Odisha in the  People’s Archive of Rural India , edited by the noted journalist P. Sainath, which simultaneously publishes stories in multiple regional languages. But the written word doesn’t travel far in largely non-literate communities, for instance, the Indigenous farmers in Odisha we were working with. We thought that a film might be a good way to communicate to multiple audiences and bring our research to rural audiences. And, of course, we wanted to take our work back to the people who had so generously shared their time and insights with us.

DM: Much of your work is concerned with questions of justice. What about those questions motivates you?

AA: Two things: one, I take inspiration from a lot of journalists and activists. Many people dismiss journalists in India as  godi [lapdog] media, failing to see that the people on the ground are in fact doing difficult work and are no more in control of editorial choices than you or I. And second, when I can see that journalists and activists are speaking truth to power, how can I be an academic and not be preoccupied with at least speaking truth, if not speaking truth to power? Fact-finding, reporting, giving prominence to marginalized standpoints, organizing—these are all central planks of any struggle for justice. These tie together academia, journalism, and activism.

DM: What reflections would you want to share with younger scholars?

AA: First, it is important to follow one’s curiosity and become aware of what animates one’s interest in a particular topic. Second, if a career in scholarship is feasible—that is a position of serious responsibility. In that case, there are things that one can do as an individual, such as work towards fulfilling one’s responsibility to the people who enable one’s research. But it’s also important to keep pushing the spaces and structures one inhabits to allow in people who have been and still largely are outside of academic circles.

DM: Thank you!

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Russia’s Attack on Poltava Comes After a Week of Strikes in Ukraine

Moscow appears to have stepped up the tempo of its attacks, resulting in a wave of death and destruction in Ukraine.

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By Matthew Mpoke Bigg

• Sept. 3, 2024

The Russian missile strike that killed more than 40 people in the eastern city of Poltava on Tuesday comes after a difficult few days for Ukraine, in which Moscow appears to have stepped up the tempo of its attacks, resulting in a wave of death and destruction.

At dawn on Aug. 26, residents of Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, and many other cities woke to the sound of a Russian aerial assault . Moscow had launched more than 200 missiles and drones that hit targets in 15 regions of Ukraine. At least seven people were killed.

President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine said that it was one of the largest attacks since Russia’s full-scale invasion began 30 months ago. The strikes knocked out power in some cities, including the capital, continuing a pattern of attacks on the country’s energy infrastructure.

Early the next morning, Russia launched another barrage, and one missile hit a hotel in the central Ukrainian city of Kryvyi Rih , killing four people. There was also a smaller round of strikes on Wednesday.

Moscow, which has been conducting aerial assaults on Ukraine every few weeks, gave no reason for the timing of the strikes, but it came weeks after Ukraine launched a surprise incursion into the southern Russian region of Kursk. President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia had vowed a decisive response.

Russia continued to pound urban areas close to the front lines throughout the week. On Wednesday, a Russian attack killed four members of a family in the tiny community of Izmailivka in the Donetsk region, the state prosecutor said. The settlement is a few miles west of Russian lines and close to the city of Pokrovsk, which Moscow is trying to capture.

Most of the missiles and drones were shot down by Ukraine’s air defense systems, the Air Force said. F-16 fighter jets, recently delivered by the country’s allies in NATO, were deployed in that effort, intercepting and shooting down three cruise missiles and a drone.

But on Thursday, the head of Ukraine’s air force, Lt. Gen. Mykola Oleshchuk, announced that one of the jets had crashed in combat during the operation on Monday and its pilot had been killed. He said that the crash, which came as a shock to many Ukrainians so soon after the deployment of the coveted fighter jets, was being investigated.

The following day, Mr. Zelensky announced that Lt. Gen. Oleshchuk had been fired.

Russian fire was also directed at Ukraine’s second largest city, Kharkiv, which is situated within range of Russian artillery and has been repeatedly assaulted since the start of the full scale war.

On Friday, a Russian glide bomb hit a children’s park and a mid-rise apartment block in the city, killing seven people and wounding nearly 60 others, according to the head of the regional military administration, Oleh Syniehubov.

Two days later, Russian forces bombarded residential areas of the city, wounding more than 40 civilians, Ukrainian officials said. At least 10 explosions had rocked the city.

Matthew Mpoke Bigg is a London-based reporter on the Live team at The Times, which covers breaking and developing news. More about Matthew Mpoke Bigg

The University of Chicago The Law School

Immigrants’ rights clinic—significant achievements for 2023-24.

The Immigrants’ Rights Clinic (IRC) had a busy year with several federal lawsuits and multiple victories for our clients. As always, IRC took on a variety of immigration-related cases, including individual representations, federal impact litigation, challenges to immigration detention, national security-related cases, and applications for humanitarian relief. In addition, IRC welcomed staff attorney Melissa Segarra, an Immigrant Justice Corps fellow. IRC enrolled twenty students, most of whom remained in the clinic for the entire year.

In re Nizar Trabelsi

Nizar Trabelsi is a Tunisian national who was arrested on September 13, 2001, for plotting an attack against a US military base in Belgium. He claims that he is innocent and that he confessed because his interrogators told him if he did not, he would be sent to Guantanamo and tortured. After being convicted in Belgium and serving his ten-year sentence, he was extradited to the United States to be prosecuted for the same crime. During this process, the United States promised Belgium that it would not return Mr. Trabelsi to Tunisia but would instead return him to Belgium due to the risk of torture and the fact that he had been sentenced to a ten-year sentence in absentia for his alleged crime. Belgium presumably believed that he would be convicted and sentenced to life in the United States and it would not have to accept him back.

The European Court of Human Rights subsequently declared his extradition illegal and awarded his family EUR 150,000 in damages and ordered the Belgium government to demand his return after his prosecution. To comply with the court order, Belgium sent a diplomatic note in 2022 demanding his return.

In a shocking turn of events, in July 2023, Mr. Trabelsi was acquitted by a jury in Washington, DC. He was immediately transferred to ICE custody and issued a notice to appear. It appears that the government intends to send him to Tunisia despite the fact that Belgium is required to accept him. IRC was brought in by his federal defender, who sought our experience in national security-related immigration cases.

IRC represented Mr. Trabelsi in his removal proceedings over five days of trial in December 2023 and January 2024 and is awaiting a decision from the immigration judge on whether Mr. Trabelsi can be returned to Tunisia. IRC is also co-counseling with the ACLU National Security Project to bring a habeas petition and challenge to his detention conditions in the Eastern District of Virginia.

Press coverage:

• Ryan J. Reilly and Ken Dilanian, Ex-soccer star accused of plotting terror with Osama bin Laden found not guilty , NBC News, July 14, 2023.
• Rachel Weiner, Accused of terrorism, soccer player is ‘a free man’ but still in limbo , Wash. Post, July 17, 2023.

Navarro v. Will County , N.D.I.L.

In March 2022, IRC filed a motion seeking the release of a Chicago resident being held by Will County on a material witness warrant as an end run around the Illinois Way Forward Act, which prohibits local jurisdictions from detaining non-citizens for civil immigration violations. After the Illinois Attorney General Office intervened, Will County agreed not to turn him over to ICE and released him instead. He has now reunited with his family.

Press Coverage:

• Alma Campos, He Tried to Help Victims of a Deadly Car Accident. Now He’s Being Illegally Detained , Southside Weekly, March 21, 2022.
• Elvia Malagón, Calumet City family reunited with immigrant who had been detained in Will County , Chicago Sun-Times, Mar. 23, 2022.
• María Inés Zamudio, Activists demand the release of a Chicago immigrant being held at the Will County jail , WBEZ, Mar. 8, 2022.
• Jeff Vorva, Advocates claim Calumet City immigrant being illegally detained in Will County, pending a trial for a fatal crash he witnessed , Chicago Tribune, Mar. 10, 2022.

In March 2023, IRC filed a lawsuit against Will County under Section 1983 for the unlawful detention. Centro de Trabajadores Unidos (CTU), one of IRC’s community partners, held a press conference to draw attention to the issue of local non-compliance with Illinois sanctuary laws.

• Andy Grimm, Immigrant jailed while waiting to testify in trial sues Will County Sheriff, Chicago Sun-Times, Mar. 2, 2023.
• Richard Requena, Key witness in trial for 2017 car crash that killed a pregnant woman and her sons now sues Will County, claiming illegal detention, Chicago Tribune, Mar. 2, 2023.
• Evelyn Holmes, Immigrant files lawsuit claiming Will County Sheriff's Office violated Illinois sanctuary laws, Chicago Tribune, Mar. 2, 2023.

The case is currently in discovery and motions to dismiss are pending. This year, IRC students drafted initial disclosures, served and responded to discovery requests, handled meetings with opposing counsel, and filed status reports with the court. Beginning in the summer of 2024, IRC has begun to take depositions of the defendants and other parties.

Caal v. United States , N.D.I.L.

IRC represents a father and son who were separated at the US-Mexico border during the Trump Administration’s Zero Tolerance Policy. Under this policy, the government separated thousands of migrant families as a means of deterring migration and penalizing asylum seekers. Although President Biden officially rescinded this policy in 2021, these families continue to suffer from long-lasting trauma.

Selvin, Sr. and his then sixteen-year-old son, Selvin, Jr., fled Guatemala after receiving multiple credible death threats from local gangs that wanted to force Selvin, Jr. to join their gangs. After an arduous eighteen-day journey on foot, car, and bus to the border to lawfully seek asylum, they were quickly separated and put into different detention facilities in horrendous and inhumane conditions.

The first facility was known as a hielera , or “icebox” in English. The last time they would see each other for twenty-one months was through a window that divided the rooms in this facility. Amongst the crying, yelling, and even fighting within the enclosures, this facility was freezing and provided minimal food and water, no blankets, and no opportunity to brush their teeth or take a shower.

Eventually, they were both transferred separately to what was known as a perrera , or “dog kennel” in English. The smell had grown so foul that people were covering their noses and mouths with their clothing. Soon, Selvin, Sr. had to ask for a new pair of pants because he had lost so much weight from the lack of food. Selvin, Jr. and other children were also physically assaulted by immigration officers who would kick them awake and loudly drag their batons against the chain link fences.

Selvin, Jr. found out about his father’s deportation when he called his family in Guatemala and heard his father’s voice. Selvin, Sr. had been deported after being told by a government official that if he signed a document, his son would get to stay in the United States. The paper was in English, with no Spanish translation, and the official threatened Selvin, Sr. that he would be deported if he did not sign the paper. After Selvin, Sr. signed the paper, he was put on multiple flights and was eventually deported back to Guatemala.

After nearly two years of separation, Selvin, Sr. reunited with his son in Chicago in 2020 after a federal court found his deportation unlawful and permitted him to return to the United States. However, the father and son still suffer from long-lasting physical and emotional trauma.

IRC filed a federal lawsuit in February 2023 under the Federal Tort Claims Act seeking compensation for their extended separation. The parties entered into a settlement in January 2024 for $250,000, which will allow father and son to recover from their trauma and begin their life in the United States. IRC is now representing both father and son in their removal proceedings with the goal of obtaining permanent immigration status for the family so that they can remain in the United States.

• Elvia Malagón, Chicago family files federal lawsuit following separation at border, Chicago Sun-Times, Feb. 1, 2023.

Ameen v. Jennings , Ninth Circuit

Omar Ameen came to the United States as a refugee from Iraq in 2014 and settled in Sacramento with his wife and children. Then, in 2018, he was arrested by the FBI-DHS Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) and placed into extradition proceedings for the murder of a police officer in Iraq. The proceedings, which spanned three years, ended with the magistrate judge refusing to certify the extradition request and ordering Omar released. The court concluded that there was no evidence that he was a member of ISIS as the government alleged and that the evidence incontrovertibly showed that he had been in Turkey applying for refugee status at the time of the murder and could not have committed it. The court further found that the government’s key witnesses were not credible.

The case garnered national attention because of its importance to the Trump Administration’s position that terrorists were entering the United States through the refugee resettlement program. In January 2020, the New York ran a piece called “The Fight to Save an Innocent Refugee from Almost Certain Death,” which reported on how the investigation into Omar had come about and why the government’s witness in Iraq might have had a motive to lie.

After losing the extradition case, the government did not release Omar, but instead placed him in removal proceedings, arguing that he lied on his refugee application and that he had connections to ISIS, which rendered him deportable. After almost a year of removal proceedings, the immigration judge (IJ) found Omar removable on several non-terrorism related misrepresentations on his refugee application (while rejecting the terrorism allegations) and granted him relief under the Convention Against Torture. Both sides have appealed to the BIA.

In January 2022, IRC and Immigrant Legal Defense (ILD) filed a habeas petition challenging Omar’s detention after the IJ denied bond. In April 2022, Judge William Orrick granted the habeas petition in part and ordered the government to give Omar another bond hearing at which the government would bear the burden of proving dangerousness and flight risk by clear and convincing evidence.

Unfortunately, the IJ denied bond a second time and Judge Orrick denied our motion to enforce, in which we had argued that the second bond hearing was also constitutionally deficient. Both sides appealed to the Ninth Circuit. After a lengthy mediation, the parties agreed to a settlement which limited the amount of time that Mr. Ameen will be forced to remain in detention and provided for secure immigration status for his wife and three children. The government is currently looking for a country other than Iraq where Mr. Ameen can be transferred to begin a new life after his ordeal.

Mwendapeke v. Garland , Seventh Circuit

IRC represents Kibambe Mwendapeke, who came to the United States as a refugee from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as a child and later became a lawful permanent resident. In 2016, he was convicted of “complicity to robbery in the first degree” under Ky. Rev. Stat. § 515.020 and sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment (and served eight and a half years). DHS put him in removal proceedings, arguing his conviction was an aggravated felony crime of violence, theft offense, and attempt or conspiracy offense.

In fall 2021, IRC filed a motion to terminate removal proceedings on the grounds that his conviction was overbroad for three different grounds of removability. IRC won on two of the three grounds. However, the immigration judge (IJ) found that Kibambe had been convicted of an aggravated felony crime of violence. Because the IJ found him removable, we had a trial to determine whether Kibambe had any relief from removal. In February 2022, we won our claim of deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture. We appealed the IJ’s finding that he had been convicted of an aggravated felony crime of violence. The case raises important issues related to how overbroad complicity offenses

IRC students briefed a petition for review in spring 2023 and Brantley Butcher, ’24 , argued the case at the Seventh Circuit in September 2023. While the petition was denied, Mr. Mwendapeke can remain in the United States because he was granted relief under the Convention Against Torture.

Afghanistan Humanitarian Parole Project

IRC continues to represent over forty Afghans who were left behind after the US evacuation from Afghanistan in August 2021. In 2021 and 2022, IRC filed applications for humanitarian parole on their behalf, but for several years the government sat on the applications and did not grant or deny them. Just recently, however, six of the applications have been approved and those individuals are in the process of getting travel documents to the United States. IRC anxiously awaits to hear about the applications filed on behalf of the other families.

Reyes-Herrera v. Flaitz , W.D.N.Y. and “A Chance to Come Home Campaign”

IRC represents Macario Reyes-Herrera, a former long-time resident of the United States who was arrested and turned over to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in 2017 as a result of a racially motivated traffic stop. He was subsequently deported to Mexico and separated from his three US citizen children. In 2019, IRC brought a civil action against the state troopers who arrested him under Section 1983 for violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution. Shortly before the trial was set to begin in August 2022, New York state offered a generous settlement to Mr. Reyes-Herrera to settle his claims. The settlement will allow him to send his youngest child to college.

Although Mr. Reyes-Herrera was able to successfully settle his civil lawsuit, he and his wife Isabel, who returned to Mexico to care for him after he was deported, are still in Mexico separated from their children. Their children could sponsor them to come back to the United States. Unfortunately, they are not eligible due to their prior undocumented status and previous deportations. IRC continues to advocate for them to be allowed to return to the United States on humanitarian parole.

IRC has collaborated with the National Immigrant Justice Center (NIJC) on their “A Chance to Come Home” campaign, which asks the Biden Administration to set up an administrative process to allow deported individuals to apply to return to the United States. NIJC has profiled Mr. Reyes-Herrera as part of this campaign and IRC continues to do advocacy with elected officials and political appointees within the Department of Homeland Security.

In addition, IRC is collaborating with Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Caitlin Dickerson of the Atlantic on a book about the subject of deported people. Tentatively titled, The Deported: An American Story , the book will profile Mr. Reyes-Herrera, his family, and the work of IRC.

Individual Representations

IRC represents many individuals whose cases cannot be shared in detail due to safety and privacy concerns. In the past year, IRC represented a lawful permanent resident from Somalia who was placed in removal proceedings after receiving several criminal convictions. The student team spent months identifying and working with experts, gathering evidence, drafting declarations, drafting a pre-trial brief, and preparing witnesses. In May 2024, after a two-day trial, IRC won Convention Against Torture relief for the client, who will be able to avoid deportation to Somalia.

IRC represented a refugee from the Democratic Republic of Congo in his application for asylum. Students prepared the case, identified and worked with experts and drafted declarations. The client is now awaiting an interview at the asylum office.

IRC represented an Afghan family in their applications for asylum and for a special immigrant visa. In December 2023, the family were interviewed by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and in May 2024, every member of the family was granted lawful permanent residence.

IRC represented a crime victim from Mexico in her application for a U-visa, a special visa available for victims of certain violent crimes. In May 2024, she received a bona fide determination and grant of deferred action that will allow her to get work authorization while she is waiting in the queue for a U visa.

IRC represented a man in Nicaragua in his bond hearing in immigration court. IRC students were successful in convincing the immigration court to grant bond and then facilitated help from a bond fund so that he could post bond. He is now home with his family.

Finally, IRC represented a woman from Haiti who won asylum in September 2021 to bring her nine-year-old daughter to the United States as a derivative refugee. The unrest in Haiti, as well as custody issues, has complicated the process. However, her application for humanitarian parole was just approved and she is in the process of getting travel documents to come to the United States.

VOICES Ignored Report

U-nonimmigrant status, also known as the “U-visa,” was created by Congress in 2000 as part of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. The visa is meant to encourage “victims of certain crimes who have suffered mental or physical abuse” to cooperate with law enforcement in the “investigation or prosecution of criminal activity.” Applicants are required to submit a form that has been signed and approved by their local law enforcement agency, certifying that they are a qualifying victim of a crime aiding law enforcement. With a U-visa, victims are eligible for work authorization and after three years, they can apply for lawful permanent residence.

The Voices of Immigrant Communities Empowering Survivors (VOICES) Act is an Illinois law that directs Illinois law enforcement agencies on how to certify victims of crimes for federal immigration benefits. The VOICES Act was passed by the Illinois state legislature on November 30, 2018 with bipartisan support after consistent advocacy from a coalition of immigrant rights organizations, the Campaign for a Welcoming Illinois (CWI). CWI pushed for the VOICES Act because of perceived issues with how law enforcement agencies were handling requests for U-visa certifications, including lack of accountability and uniformity. Before the act was passed, law enforcement agencies could take numerous weeks in responding to victims’ certification form requests, while others refused to complete the form or provide explanations for denial. Some offices did not make changes to policy or certifying officials publicly available, or referred applicants to other agencies, such as the state’s attorney’s office. The VOICES Act attempted to solve these problems by requiring law enforcement agencies in Illinois to designate a certifying official and removing discretion to certify U-visas, requiring that they certify eligible victims within ninety days.

In 2022, at the request of Centro de Trabajadores Unidos (CTU), IRC began putting together a guide for victims detailing how to apply for U-visas in each county. To our surprise, we learned that most law enforcement agencies had never heard of the VOICES Act and definitely were not complying with it. In summer 2023, we set out to more systematically determine whether law enforcement agencies were in compliance, submitting Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to every Sheriff’s Office, State’s Attorney Office, and the largest police department of every county in Illinois. We discovered that non-compliance was systematic and practically universal. In May 2024, IRC published a policy report entitled “Voices Ignored: Illinois’s Failure to Protect Immigrant Victims of Crime.”

• Nell Salzman, Illinois fails to protect immigrant victims of crime, report finds, Chi. Tribune, May 24, 2024.

Missing Migrants (with the Global Human Rights Clinic)

Thousands of Africans go missing each year attempting to cross international borders in search of safety and better opportunities. Despite the broad recognition among states of the importance and need to address the situation of missing migrants, there is a lack of formal coordination and procedures among all relevant stakeholders relating to missing migrants, and in some instances, even within countries, there is a lack of information sharing. Moreover, fragmentation, lack of a coordinated and standardized investigative/forensic approach, mistrust, and lack of contextual knowledge impair the effective identification of missing migrants from Africa.

Groundbreaking initiatives such as the Border Project (Proyecto Frontera) have sought to identify missing migrants from Central America. However, there have been very few efforts to understand migration routes from sub-Saharan Africa to Southwest Europe, and to develop a systematic framework for tracing and sharing information about missing and deceased migrants. As a result, families searching for their loved ones spend years waiting for answers. This project seeks to fill that vital gap and jumpstart work developing a comprehensive framework to address the needs of missing and deceased migrants.

This year, IRC and the Global Human Rights Clinic (GHRC) worked with our partner, the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), to pilot the Border Project in parts of Africa. Students spent the year learning about the issue and drafting a lengthy legal memo that identified the gaps in legal protection for missing migrants and their families. A planned trip to Tunisia to meet with local partners was cancelled because of domestic unrest in the country. However, other trips are being planned. IRC and GHRC are also collaborating on a workshop that will be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in fall 2024.

Migrant Rapid Response Clinics

IRC responded to the overwhelming need of Venezuelan migrants who have arrived in Chicago since September 2022 and conducted four legal clinics during the 2023-2024 academic year. At these clinics, law students assisted migrants living in Hyde Park and Woodlawn with applications for work authorization, Temporary Protected Status, and asylum. The latter two clinics were done in partnership with the Hyde Park Refugee Project, which has been providing support to recently arrived families in Hyde Park. IRC was also able to take on the full representation of several people who had particularly strong claims for asylum.

CTU Legal Clinic

IRC and Centro de Trabajadores Unidos (CTU) run a weekly legal clinic during the academic year that provides brief legal advice and assistance to community members from the south side of Chicago. To date, the clinic has assisted over 200 community members with their immigration issues. This clinic helps CTU recruit new members and organize around issues related to immigration in the city and more broadly.

105-year-old Stanford graduate finally gets her diploma after 80+ year wait

Virginia hislop had waited 83 years for this day, by garvin thomas • published june 18, 2024 • updated on june 22, 2024 at 9:21 pm.

On Sunday morning, commencement exercises for Stanford University's Graduate School of Education started late. The school's undergraduate ceremony had run behind schedule, so the smaller ceremonies for graduate students ended up being pushed back half an hour.

It was a minor inconvenience for most of the 160 students getting their master's degrees and doctorates in education. For one student, though, it was downright inconsequential. Virginia Hislop had waited 83 years for this day, so what were another 30 minutes?

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"My goodness, I've waited a long time," were Hislop's exact words when she accepted her diploma.

The 105-year-old Hislop, who grew up in Southern California and now lives in Yakima, Washington, said she always wanted to go to Stanford. Her mother had attended the school in the 1920s.

"There was a desire to come to Stanford and take advantage of everything I could," Hislop said.

Hislop earned her undergraduate degree in 1940 and by the summer of 1941, Hislop had earned enough credits to qualify for a master's degree in education and only needed to write a thesis to finish meeting the degree requirements. But then, on the eve of the Second World War, her husband George, a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army, was called up to active duty. He was ordered to report to Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

“Not my idea of a place for a honeymoon,” Hislop said. “But I had no choice in the matter.”

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Hislop was soon the mother of two small children, so returning to her studies was not a possibility.

Still, the lack of a master's in education did not stop Hislop from spending a lifetime being involved in education.

"No, it had absolutely no effect," Hislop said.

For decades, Hislop served on boards and committees overseeing every level of schooling, from kindergarten to college in Yakima.

“I gave it a great deal of thought and tried to improve the education where I lived,” Hislop said. 

One thing Hislop did not give a great deal of thought to, however, was that nearly-finished degree. It was such a non-issue her son-in-law had never heard the story until recently. He contacted Stanford to inquire about it and learned something revelatory: sometime after Hislop left Stanford, the thesis requirement for a master's had been dropped. She had earned the degree, after all.

"I was surprised and pleased," Hislop said.

So, by her grand and great-grandchildren, Hislop joined the class of 2024 on the commencement stage and received a well-deserved standing ovation. 

She viewed it as a recognition, not just for her diploma, but for all the work in education she has done in the past 80 years. 

"I feel like I've made a difference in my community," she said.

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