essay topics for marine biology

• Ocean Topics Topics: 92
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• Climate Change Essay Topics Topics: 314
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124 Marine Life Biology Topics

Want to explore marine life? The captivating world of oceans and seas is full of marine biology research questions. Here, find marine biology topics about an array of species and habitats, the balance of Earth’s environment, and invaluable resources to humanity. Get inspired by marine ecosystems and the challenges they face due to human activities. Let’s dive in!

🌊 TOP 7 Marine Biology Topics

🏆 best marine biology research questions, 🎓 interesting marine biology topics, 👍 catchy marine biology research topics, 💡 simple marine biology topics, ❓ more marine biology research questions.

• Rising Sea Levels: History, Causes and Effects
• North Sea and Baltic Sea Meeting Phenomenon
• Resolute Marine Energy: Power in Waves
• The Impact of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Agents on Marine Mammals
• Chilean Sea Bass on the Menu and Its Impact on the Environment
• Marine Transport System Efficiency Increasing
• Impact of Human Activities on Marine Ecosystems
• Description of the Pacific Ocean The paper states that the Pacific Ocean is tranquil, yet it forms one of the world’s largest homes and assists in regulating the global climate.
• History of Sea Navigation This paper includes a brief description of major milestones in the history of navigation starting from ancient times up to modern days.
• Cyclone Asani in the North Indian Ocean Area Asani is the first cyclone to develop in the North Indian Ocean area of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea in 2022.
• Marine Pollution: Causes and Consequences Changes in marine and ocean conditions can directly affect the global climate because of their close connection to the planet’s energy fluxes and biogeochemical cycles.
• Marine Environmental High Risk Areas Definition Marine Environmental High risk Areas was first used by Lord Donaldson in Report titled Safe Ships, Clean Seas.He defined these areas as locations with high environmental sensitivity.
• Rising Sea Levels: Solutions to Global Concern Global changes in climate have had tangible effects on numerous habitats and their biota. An increase in sea levels is one of the most infamous outcomes of global warming.
• Floating Cities and Rising Sea Levels Global warming is an immense challenge in today’s society. The results of such an issue are the rising sea levels that make many communities flee their homes.
• The WWF’s Environmental Advertisement on Marine and Ocean Pollution Visual image can also make a convincing point, and this is particularly applicable to social and environmental advertising.
• Teleological Insight Into Army of Sea Urchins The teleological argumentative construct focuses on the relationship between the design and the creator akin to the apt performance across the sea’s natural environment.
• The Problem of Ocean Pollution Today One of the main causes of the oceans being polluted is trash that includes various manufactured products like plastic bottles, shopping bags, food wrappers, and cigarettes.
• Trans-ocean Transportation: Environmental Study The ocean has always been an inseparable part of human existence. It serves as a source of food and a transportation network, linking all continents.
• Ocean Research vs. Outer Space Exploration Both the study of the outer space and the research of the processes that take place on Earth, particularly, in the ocean, are crucial for facilitating the safety of the humankind.
• Protection of Marine Environment Under International Law: Treaties and International Legal Instruments Laws touching on the protection of the marine environment have evolved. The evolution is made evident in this paper by analyzing the various international legal instruments.
• Sea Dumping: Legal and Ethical Issues The paper explores legal and ethical issues regarding the sea dumping and examines the approaches used by cruise lines to increase the social responsibility.
• Sea Level Rise: Major Causes and Effects This paper includes a brief description of the major causes and effects of sea level rise, as well as measures people undertake to address the issue.
• Environmental Issues: Plastics in the Ocean The circular economy encourages recycling and reuse and this approach could be used effectively to mitigate the problem of plastic marine pollution in the long term.
• The Raising of Sea Levels in Lithuania This study will explore climate change in Lithuania, providing ways in which a global citizen can help and the role of NGOs in elevating the issue.
• Marine Organisms an Adaptations The important aspects of marine biology is the study of how marine organisms exhibit a variety of physiological adaptation that makes them suitable for the marine environment.
• Marine Sediments Types: Lithogenous, Biogenous, Hydrogenous, and Cosmogenous Sediments Modern science determines four basic types of sediments. These are lithogenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous. They all have unique characteristics that determine their structure.
• Fiji’s Integrated Ocean Policy for Sustainable Blue Economy Examine Fiji’s approach to a sustainable blue economy through an integrated ocean policy, addressing challenges like overfishing and pollution.
• Marine Resource Economics: Value Addition on Tuna Fish By-Products There is a very huge potential for value addition to by-products of Tuna fish around the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean which is untapped.
• Earth Science: The Deep Sea This article discusses the importance of the marine environment to life on the planet and the need to study the impact of deep-sea mining on the marine environment.
• Marine Habitats: Coral Reef Ecosystem The coral reefs’ biodiversity presents a specific interest as one of the most stressed world’s ecosystems with an intricate relationship.
• Aquaculture: Second Chance for Marine Life
• How the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Affected Marine Life in the Surrounding Waters
• Marine Pollution and Its Effect on Marine Life
• Not Finding Nemo: How Climate Change Affects Marine Life
• Environmental Degradation: Primitive Organisms vs Modern Day Marine Life
• Marine Life and Its Systematic Evolution
• Human Impact Upon the Environment: Ocean Pollution and Marine Life
• Marine Life, Ocean Pollution, and Other Human Environmental Impacts
• How You Can Help Protect Marine Life While Diving
• Global Marine Life Affected by the Constant Rise of Water Temperature Due to Global Warming
• 10 Easy Ways to Help Protect Marine Life
• How the Plate Tectonics Theory Help Explains the Existence of Fossilized Marine Life in Rocks Atop the Ural Mountains
• Global Warming and Climate Change: Melting the Marine Life
• Understanding the Detrimental Effects of Harmful Algae in the Scientific Study of Marine Life
• The Alarming Danger Facing the Marine Life
• Humans’ Impact on Marine Life and What We Can Do to Stop Environmental Cataclysmic Effect
• How Water Pollution Affects Marine Life
• Marine Life: Environments and Marine Animals in the Deep Sea
• The Coral Reef Ecosystem: Marine Life and Surviving Underwater
• Mass Extinction, Human Impact, and Effects on Marine Life
• How Human Beings Have Destroyed Marine Life
• Plastic Crises in the Ocean and Effects on Marine Ecosystems The accumulation of plastic waste in the oceans causes physical damage to marine species and habitats, leading to the spread of invasive species and diseases.
• Impact of Human Behavior on Ocean and Ocean Acidification The paper states that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing over the years due to human behavior and actions.
• The Ocean Clean Up Company’s Trial in Guatemala Ocean Clean Up has done an excellent job of creating the first scalable solution to efficiently intercept plastic in rivers before it reaches the oceans.
• The Aral Sea Shrinking Process The Aral Sea is located in Central Asia, and it is a form of a large endorheic lake. The issue surrounding the given body of water is that it has been shrinking since the 1960s.
• The Importance of Marine Spatial Planning The paper states that improvements in marine spatial planning (MSP) can positively impact the economy, society, and the environment.
• The Climate Change Impact on Sea Levels and Coastal Zones This paper summarizes the effects of climate change on seawater levels and subsequent effects on the coastal zones.
• Dangers of Microplastics to Marine Ecosystems To reduce aquatic pollution and its impact, people should keep the environment clean by disposing wisely of the plastics they use.
• How El Niño Affects Ocean Circulation and How Climate Is Impacted Climate change research has progressed to the point that paleoclimatic data may now provide trustworthy information on the responses of the climate system.
• Impact of Marine Plastic Debris on Environment The prevalence of marine pollution by plastics makes the ecosystem dangerous for ocean creatures and human beings.
• Papahanaumokuakea Plastic Sea Pollution This paper discusses the article devoted to the plastic sea pollution affecting Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monuments.
• The Consequences of the Ocean Acidification The paper aims to explore the phenomena of ocean acidification and define human-caused threats to the health of the world ocean and the corresponding consequences.
• Whirlpool in the Sea off the Coast of Scotland Near Ayrshire Due to Waste Water Stunning drone images near Lendalfoot in South Ayrshire captured a glimpse of a mammoth whirlpool off the Scottish west coast.
• The Turtle-Headed Sea Snake’s Habitation Areas The paper aims to know the exact areas that turtle-headed sea snakes inhabit and quantify the number of such species within that vicinity.
• Modelling in the Marine Environment With climate change rendering hurricanes more deadly, it is essential to gain a more in-depth understanding of such phenomenon as storm surge.
• Marine Protected Areas: Sustain of the Marine Ecosystem The current research is expected to address the problem of overfishing and prove that MPAs help to sustain biodiversity.
• Analysis of Sea Lampreys Problem Sea lampreys reduce the fish population, which affects the livelihoods of people. They negatively influence economic activities such as tourism and fishing in lakes.
• Plastic Contamination and Marine Ecosystem Safety Every year humanity creates innovative technologies, some of which have the potential to change the order of life fundamentally.
• West Indian Ocean Coelacanth (Latimeria Chalumnae) Latimeria Chalumnae is an exception – a living fossil and a fish that is closer to tetrapods, including humans, rather than to the ray-finned fish, from an evolutionary standpoint.
• Marine Biology: Description and the Key Features Marine Biology is an open area of the coast line that is exposed to ocean currents and tides. This is a backwater area with occasional flooding of sea water.
• Law of the Sea Treaty: The Use of the World’s Seas The purpose of the treaty was to come up with a comprehensive rules governing the oceans and replacing the previous conventions of 1958 and that of 1961.
• Geologic Time and the World Ocean: Diving a Bit Deeper Studying the history of the Earth’s climate means analyzing the archaeological traces that the previous eras have left; and nowhere is the search for these traces is as efficient as it is in the ocean.
• Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea: Captain Nemo’s Changes Captain Nemo is a sea researcher, inventor, and owner of the “Nautilus” submarine. This character is the embodiment of a true hero, courageous, decisive, and fair.
• Saudi Marine Construction Projects and Risks The Saudi Arabian marine construction works revolve around the establishment of ports and harbors. The ports must be constructed to facilitate tourist arrival.
• Marine Pollution: 21st Century Reality and Technological Threats A range of technological advances and solutions for economic issues pose a tangible threat to environment, and oceans are by far the most vulnerable element of the latter.
• Jewish Community During and Before Christ: Insights from Dead Sea Scrolls William Albright, who is one of the popular archaeologists claimed that the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls was one of the chief breakthroughs in the 20th century.
• International Marine Pollution Law International Marine law is essential in governing the natural resources from illegal acts of pollution that poses dangers to marine life and the life depending on the waters of oceans or seas.
• Marine Pollution in Australia This paper will set out to engage in a detailed discussion about marine pollution in Australia. It will begin by highlighting the major sources of marine pollution.
• How Plastic Pollution Can Impact Both Marine Life and Human Health
• Marine Life Can Bounce Back by 2050 — But Only if We Act Now
• Lebanon Oil Spill Threatens Bird and Marine Life
• How Will Marine Life Adapt to Warmer Oceans?
• Creating Communal Value Through Marine Life Protection
• Chasing the Future: How Will Ocean Change Affect Marine Life?
• Factors That Threaten Marine Life and Solutions to It
• The Structuring Role of Marine Life in Open Ocean Habitat
• Maintaining and Protecting Marine Life
• Pollution: Marine Life’s Number One Enemy Spreads Its Negative Effects on the Oceans
• Marine Life Encounters: Whale Sharks of Isla Mujeres
• How You Can Protect the Ocean and Help Save Marine Life From Home
• Global Warming Hits Marine Life Hardest
• Protecting Marine Life: 7 Reasons Why We Need to Act Now
• Marine Life Is Fleeing the Equator to Cooler Waters: History Tells Us This Could Trigger a Mass Extinction Event
• The Issue of Plastic Harming the Marine Life
• Ocean and Marine Life Protection Acts and Treaties
• Marine Life Is Facing Threats Never Seen Before: The Menace of Overfishing
• Six Ocean-Friendly Habits to Help Protect Marine Life
• The Protection of Marine Life and Its Legal Aspects
• What Are the Threats That Marine Life Is Facing?
• How Can You Protect the Ocean and Help Save Marine Life From Home?
• What Marine Life Is Most Affected by Pollution?
• How Much Marine Life Is Killed by Plastic?
• What Is the Biggest Cause of Marine Life Death?
• How Can We Save and Protect Marine Life?
• What Is Marine Life Conservation?
• Can We Survive Without Marine Life?
• How Is Climate Change Affecting Marine Life in the Arctic?
• What Is Marine Biology and Why Is It Important?
• Will Marine Life Face Mass Extinction if Oceans Continue to Warm?
• Is Marine Biology a Part of Environmental Science?
• What Is the Biggest Threat to Marine Life?
• How Does Marine Biology Affect the Environment?
• What Caused the Extinction of Marine Life?
• How Has Marine Biology Helped the World?
• Why Is Marine Life Important to the Environment?
• How Can Studying Marine Biology Help to Conserve Marine Diversity?
• What Is the Greatest Contribution of Marine Biology?
• Is Marine Biology Important to Humans?
• What Types of Pollution Affect Marine Life?
• How Does Marine Biology Affect Society?
• What Is the Role of Ethics in Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology?
• How Does Marine Biology Help the Environment?
• What Are the Benefits of Marine Biology?

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These essay examples and topics on Marine Life were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 24, 2024 .

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115 Coral Reef Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and fragile ecosystems on our planet. They provide a home to countless species of marine life and play a crucial role in maintaining the health of our oceans. If you are studying marine biology, environmental science, or simply have an interest in coral reefs, writing an essay on this topic can be both educational and enlightening. To help you get started, here are 115 coral reef essay topic ideas and examples:

• The importance of coral reefs in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems.
• The impact of climate change on coral reefs.
• The role of coral reefs in protecting coastlines from erosion.
• The economic value of coral reefs for tourism and fishing industries.
• Coral bleaching: causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
• The effects of pollution on coral reefs.
• The relationship between coral reefs and biodiversity.
• The role of coral reefs in carbon sequestration.
• The impact of overfishing on coral reef ecosystems.
• The role of coral reefs in providing habitats for marine organisms.
• The adaptation of coral reefs to changing environmental conditions.
• The threats faced by coral reefs and possible conservation strategies.
• The cultural significance of coral reefs to indigenous communities.
• The history and evolution of coral reefs.
• The symbiotic relationship between corals and algae.
• The impact of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems.
• The role of coral reefs in supporting local economies.
• The challenges of managing and protecting coral reef ecosystems.
• The potential of coral reef restoration and rehabilitation.
• The relationship between coral reefs and human health.
• The impact of coral reef destruction on local fishing communities.
• The role of coral reefs in providing natural medicines.
• The effects of tourism on coral reef ecosystems.
• The role of coral reefs in providing food security.
• The impact of plastic pollution on coral reefs.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral diseases.
• The importance of public awareness and education for coral reef conservation.
• The role of coral reefs in supporting sustainable fisheries.
• The impact of coral reef destruction on global food security.
• The potential of using artificial reefs to restore coral populations.
• The impact of sedimentation on coral reef ecosystems.
• The role of coral reefs in supporting local livelihoods.
• The relationship between coral reefs and climate change mitigation.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on local economies.
• The role of coral reefs in supporting ecotourism.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral-dependent species.
• The potential of genetic engineering in coral reef conservation.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coastal communities.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on global biodiversity.
• The role of coral reefs in providing recreational opportunities.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on marine food webs.
• The potential of using drones for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated fauna.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent industries.
• The role of coral reefs in providing coastal protection.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent cultures.
• The potential of using citizen science for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated flora.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent ecosystems.
• The role of coral reefs in providing recreational activities.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent economies.
• The potential of using remote sensing for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated microorganisms.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent communities.
• The role of coral reefs in providing educational opportunities.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent tourism.
• The potential of using artificial intelligence for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated invertebrates.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent livelihoods.
• The role of coral reefs in providing cultural heritage.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent industries.
• The potential of using blockchain technology for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated vertebrates.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent food security.
• The role of coral reefs in providing spiritual significance.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent conservation efforts.
• The potential of using virtual reality for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated plants.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent ecosystems services.
• The role of coral reefs in providing aesthetic value.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent research.
• The potential of using machine learning for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated birds.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent educational programs.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for art and literature.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent environmental policies.
• The potential of using underwater robots for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated reptiles.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent conservation organizations.
• The role of coral reefs in providing recreational opportunities for scuba diving.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent scientific research.
• The potential of using satellite imagery for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated mammals.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent educational institutions.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for conservation campaigns.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent tourism industries.
• The potential of using acoustic monitoring for coral reef research.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated amphibians.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent governmental policies.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for environmental activism.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent local communities.
• The potential of using bioacoustics for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated crustaceans.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent non-profit organizations.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for marine conservation.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent traditional practices.
• The potential of using molecular techniques for coral reef monitoring.
• The relationship between coral reefs and coral reef-associated fish.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent government agencies.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for coral reef restoration efforts.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent indigenous communities.
• The potential of using biotechnology for coral reef monitoring.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent environmental organizations.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for sustainable development projects.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent fishing communities.
• The potential of using nanotechnology for coral reef monitoring.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for marine protected areas.
• The impact of coral reef degradation on coral reef-dependent coastal communities.
• The potential of using genetic engineering for coral reef monitoring.
• The effects of coral reef destruction on coral reef-dependent research institutions.
• The role of coral reefs in providing inspiration for sustainable tourism initiatives.

These 115 coral reef essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of aspects related to coral reefs, allowing you to choose a subject that interests you the most. Remember to conduct thorough research and cite credible sources to support your arguments. Good luck with your essay!

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Introductory essay

Written by the educators who created The Deep Ocean, a brief look at the key facts, tough questions and big ideas in their field. Begin this TED Study with a fascinating read that gives context and clarity to the material.

How inappropriate to call this planet Earth when it is quite clearly Ocean. Arthur C. Clarke

Planet Ocean

In the late 1960s, the Apollo Mission captured images of Earth from space for the very first time. These iconic photos gave people around the world a fresh perspective on our home planet — more specifically, its vast and dazzling expanses of blue. It's perhaps unsurprising that science has subsequently established the key roles that the ocean and its marine organisms play in maintaining a planetary environment suitable for life.

While the Apollo astronauts were sending back pictures of our blue planet, a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California was searching for ways to detect life on other planets such as Mars. James Lovelock's investigations led him to conclude that the only way to explain the atmospheric composition of Earth was that life was manipulating it on a daily basis. In various publications, including his seminal 1979 book Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth , Lovelock launched the Gaia hypothesis, which describes how the physical and living components of the natural environment, including humankind, interact to maintain conditions on Earth. During the same period, marine scientists including Lawrence Pomeroy, Farooq Azam and Hugh Ducklow were establishing a firm link between the major biogeochemical cycles in the oceans and marine food webs, particularly their microbial components. In the late 1980s and 1990s, large-scale research programs like the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) explored ocean biogeochemistry and established the oceans' pivotal role in the Earth's carbon cycle.

Research efforts like these underscored the oceans' critical importance in regulating all the major nutrient cycles on Earth. It's now widely recognized that the ocean regulates the temperature of Earth, controls its weather, provides us with oxygen, food and building materials, and even recycles our waste.

The advent of deep-sea science

It seems remarkable that until fairly recently many scientists believed that life was absent in the deep sea. Dredging in the Aegean Sea in the 1840s, marine biologist Edward Forbes found that the abundance of animals declined precipitously with depth. By extrapolation he concluded that the ocean would be azoic (devoid of animal life) below 300 fathoms (~550m depth). Despite evidence to the contrary, scientists supported the azoic hypothesis, reasoning that conditions were so hostile in the deep ocean that life simply could not survive. Extreme pressure, the absence of light and the lack of food were viewed as forming an impenetrable barrier to the survival of deep-sea marine species.

But others were already proving this hypothesis wrong. As Edward Forbes published his results from the Aegean, Captain James Clark Ross and the famous naturalist John Dalton Hooker were exploring the Antarctic in the Royal Navy vessels HMS Terror and HMS Erebus . During this expedition, Ross and Hooker retrieved organisms from sounding leads at depths of up to 1.8km, including urchin spines and other fragments of various marine invertebrates, a number of bryozoans and corals. Ross remarked, "I have no doubt that from however great a depth we may be enabled to bring up the mud and stones of the bed of the ocean we shall find them teeming with animal life." This contention was supported by work of Norwegian marine biologists Michael Sars and George Ossian Sars who dredged hundreds of species from depths of 200 to 300 fathoms off the Norwegian coast.

Further evidence came from natural scientists William Carpenter and Charles Wyville-Thomson, who mounted expeditions in 1868 and 1869 on the vessels HMS Lightening and HMS Porcupine to sample the deep ocean off the British Isles, Spain and the Mediterranean. The findings of these expeditions, which Wyville-Thomson published in his 1873 book The Depths of the Sea , confirmed the existence of animal life to depths of 650 fathoms — including all the marine invertebrate groups — and suggested that oceanic circulation exists in the deep sea.

This convinced the Royal Society of London and the Royal Navy to organize the circumnavigating voyage of HMS Challenger in the 1870s. In part, the expedition's purpose was to survey potential routes for submarine telegraph cables, and so the links between scientific exploration and human use of the deep sea were established in the very early days of oceanography. The Challenger expedition was a watershed for deep-ocean science, establishing the basic patterns of distribution of deep-sea animals, and that their main food source was the rain of organic material from surface waters.

In the 1950s, the Danish Expedition Foundation's Galathea voyage established that life occurred at depths of more than 10km in the Philippines Trench. In 1960 marine explorers Auguste Picard and Don Walsh reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, at a depth estimated to be 10,916 meters--the deepest part of the ocean — where they observed flatfish from the porthole of their pressure sphere. This feat was not repeated until 2012 when James Cameron visited the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the submersible Deepsea Challenger .

Hype or hyper-diversity in the deep sea?

While working at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the late 1960s, scientists Howard Sanders and Robert Hessler developed new types of deep-sea trawls called epibenthic sleds that featured extra- fine mesh in the nets. When the new trawls were tested, they recovered an astonishing diversity of species from the deep sea. It became apparent that the species richness of deep-sea communities actually increased with greater depth to a peak somewhere on the continental slope between 2,000 and 4,000 meters depth. Beyond these depths, diversity appeared to decrease (but not everywhere), or the pattern was unclear.

How to explain this amazing diversity in the deep sea? Initially, scientists credited the species richness to the stability of environmental conditions in the deep ocean, which would support extreme specialization of the animals and thus allow many species to coexist. This is known as the stability-time hypothesis. Some scientists considered that small-scale variations of the sediments of the deep ocean, including reworking of seabed by animals, was important in maintaining microhabitats for many species. In the late 1970s other scientists suggested that conditions in shallow waters allow competitive exclusion, where relatively few species dominate the ecosystem, whereas in deeper waters environmental factors associated with depth and a reduced food supply promote biological communities with more diversity.

Fred Grassle and Nancy Maciolek added substantially to our knowledge of deep-sea biodiversity when they published a study of the continental slope of the eastern coast of the USA in the early 1990s. Grassle and Maciolek based their study on quantitative samples of deep-sea sediments taken with box cores. These contraptions retrieve a neat cube-shaped chunk of the seabed and bring it to the surface enclosed in a steel box. Scientists then sieve the mud and count and identify the tiny animals living in the sediment.

In a heroic effort, Grassle and Maciolek analyzed 233 box cores, an equivalent of 21 square meters of the seabed, identifying 90,677 specimens and 798 species. They estimated that they found approximately 100 species per 100 km along the seabed they sampled. Extrapolations of this figure suggested that there may be 1 - 10 million macrofaunal species in the deep sea.

What's more, some scientists argued that Grassle and Maciolek's estimates represented only a small part of the species diversity in the ocean depths. Dr John Lambshead of London's Natural History Museum pointed out that Grassle and Maciolek had not examined the smallest animals in sediments — the meiofauna — made up of tiny nematode worms, copepods and other animals. These are at least an order of magnitude more diverse than the macrofauna, suggesting that as many as 100 million species may inhabit the deep ocean.

However, given that the latest approximation of the Earth's biodiversity is 10 million species in total, Lambshead's number appears to be an overestimate. Scientists have since realized that there are major problems with estimating the species richness of large areas of the deep sea based on local samples. Today we understand that species diversity in the deep ocean is high, but we still don't know how many species live in the sediments of the continental slope and abyssal plains. We also don't understand the patterns of their horizontal distribution or the reasons for the parabolic pattern of species diversity as it relates to depth. Evidence suggests, however, that the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems depends on a high diversity of animals — although exactly why remains open to conjecture.

The creation of deep-sea environments: "Drifters" and "Fixists"

In 1912, German scientist Alfred Wegener put forward his theory of continental drift to address many questions that engaged the geologists and biologists of his time. For example, why do the continents appear to fit together as though they had once been joined? Why are many of the large mountain ranges coastal? And, perhaps most intriguing, why do the rocks and fossil biotas (combined plant and animal life) on disconnected land masses appear to be so similar?

Wegener's theory provoked a major scientific controversy that raged for more than 50 years between "drifters" and "fixists." Critics of Wegener's — the "fixists" — pointed out that Wegener's proposed mechanism for drift was flawed.

In the search for an alternate mechanism to explain continental drift, British geologist Arthur Holmes suggested that radioactive elements in the Earth were generating heat and causing convection currents that made the Earth's mantle fluid. Holmes argued that the mantle would then rise up under the continents and split them apart, generating ocean basins and carrying the landmasses along on the horizontally-moving currents.

Following World War II, scientific expeditions employing deep-sea cameras, continuously recording echo-sounders, deep-seismic profilers and magnetometers lent support to the arguments of Holmes and his fellow "drifters." Scientists realized that the deep sea hosted a vast network of mid-ocean ridges located roughly in the center of the ocean basins. These ridges were characterized by fresh pillow lavas, sparse sediment cover, intense seismic activity and anomalously high heat flow. Scientists found geologically-synchronous magnetic reversals in the rocks of the ocean crust moving away from either side of the mid-ocean ridges. Added to this was the fact that nowhere could scientists find sediments older than the Cretaceous in age. Together, these findings suggested that new oceanic crust was being formed along the mid-ocean ridges, while old oceanic plates are forced underneath continental plates and destroyed along the ocean trenches. By the late 1960s, the bitter scientific debate between the "fixists" and the "drifters" was finally settled.

Life without the sun

During the next decade, scientists investigating volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges became interested in the associated phenomenon of hot springs in the deep sea. Anomalously high temperature readings over mid-ocean ridge axes led scientists to mount an expedition in 1977 to the 2.5 km-deep Galápagos Rift. From the submersible Alvin, the scientists observed plumes of warm water rising from within the pillow lavas on the seabed. Living amongst the pillows were dense communities of large vesicoyid clams, mussels, limpets and giant vestimentiferan tube worms (Siboglinidae). An abundance of bacteria around the Galápagos Rift site immediately suggested that these communities might be based on bacterial chemosynthesis, or chemolithotrophy, using chemical energy obtained by oxidizing hydrogen sulphide to drive carbon fixation. Subsequent investigation confirmed that the giant tube worms, clams and mussels actually hosted symbiotic sulphur-oxidizing bacteria in their tissues.

The discovery caused huge excitement in the scientific community. Here was life thriving in the deep sea, where primary production — the basis of the food web — was independent from the sun's energy. Furthermore, as scientists discovered additional vent communities and surveyed elsewhere in the mid-ocean ridge system, they found that environmental conditions were extreme, with high temperatures, acidic waters, hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and the presence of toxic chemicals the norm.

The implications of this were enormous and went well beyond the study of the ocean itself. First, it meant that life could exist elsewhere in our solar system in environments previously thought too extreme. Second, it widened the potential area for habitable planets around suns elsewhere in the universe. For example, the discovery in 2000 of the Lost City alkaline hydrothermal vents presented an environment that some scientists suggest is analogous to the conditions in which life evolved on Earth.

Subsequently, chemosynthesis has been discovered in many places in the ocean, including deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps, in large falls of organic matter such as whale carcasses, and from shallow-water sediments associated with, for example, seagrass beds.

Drawing down the oceans' natural capital

Over the past two decades, we've developed a much deeper understanding of the relationship between humankind and the natural world, including the Earth's oceans. In 1997 Robert Costanza and his colleagues published a paper in Nature that estimated the economic value of the goods and services provided by global ecosystems. Costanza and his colleagues argued that the living resources of Earth could be viewed as a form of natural capital with a value averaging $33 trillion per annum, upon which the entire human economy depended. These goods and services were later grouped into supporting (e.g. primary production), provisioning (e.g. food), regulating (climate regulation) and cultural (e.g. education) services.

While this knowledge may have been intuitive for many people, Costanza's recasting of the environment in economic terms forced policymakers, industry leaders and others to recognize the importance of long-term environmental sustainability. With the support of international agencies such as the World Bank, many countries are now implementing natural capital accounting procedures through legislation. The purpose of this is to help monitor and regulate the use and degradation of the environment and to ensure that the critical ecosystem goods and services underpinning economic activity and human well-being are not undermined.

Although it seems like a modern preoccupation, sustainability is actually a centuries-old challenge, particularly as it relates to marine environments. For example, there is evidence that aboriginal fisheries in ancient times may have overexploited marine species. Certainly by medieval times in Europe, a thriving market for fish, coupled with other developments like changing agricultural practices, forced species such as salmon and sturgeon into decline.

The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in hunting fish, seals and whales, thanks to the development of steam- and then oil-powered fishing vessels that employed increasingly sophisticated means of catching animals. Pelagic whaling began in the early 20th century; the development of explosive harpoons, the ability to process whales at sea, and the strong demand for margarine made from whale oil all contributed to dramatic rises in catches. Despite the initiation of the International Whaling Commission in 1946, a serial depletion of whale populations took place from the largest, most valuable species (e.g. blue whale) through to the smallest species (minke whale). The failure to regulate catches of whales led to the establishment of a near-moratorium on whaling in 1986.

Over the same post-war period, fishing fleets underwent a major expansion and deployed increasingly powerful fishing vessels. Improved technologies for navigating, finding fish and catching them led to increasing pressure on fish stocks and the marine ecosystems in which they lived. In 1998, after analyzing catch statistics from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), Daniel Pauly and his colleagues from the University of British Columbia identified a global shift in fish catches from long-lived, high trophic level predators to short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and plankton-eating fish. This was the first evidence that fishing was having a global impact on marine ecosystems, causing major changes in the structure of ocean food webs. Aside from the economic impacts of "fishing down the food web," evidence was accumulating that it also affected the vulnerability and/or resilience of marine ecosystems to shocks such as invasions by alien species and climate-change effects such as mass coral bleaching.

Further evidence came in 2003 from a study by Ransom Myers and Boris Worm. Myers and Worm documented a significant decline over time in the stocks of certain large, predatory fish after analyzing information from research trawl surveys and the catches of the Japanese long-line fleet. Other studies over the same time period suggested that sharks, seabirds and turtles were suffering large-scale declines as they became by-catch in many industrial fisheries. Scientists also asserted that some fishing technologies, such as bottom trawling, were extremely damaging to seabed communities — deep-sea ecosystems in particular — by documenting the devastation of cold-water coral communities.

These studies sparked a bitter war of words between marine ecologists, fishing industry executives and fisheries biologists. While it has now been demonstrated that fish stocks can recover if levels of exploitation by fisheries are reduced through management measures, it's clear that in many parts of the world's oceans this is not happening. Overall, global yields from marine capture fisheries are in a downward trajectory. By-catch of some marine predators, such as albatrosses, still poses a threat of extinction. Habitat destruction resulting from fishing is continuing.

In addition to overfishing, other human activities are damaging marine ecosystems. During the 1960s and 1970s, several major accidents with oil tankers and oil installations resulted in serious oil spills. While oil pollution is still a significant problem, as illustrated by the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, other less-visible sources of pollution are causing large-scale degradation of the ocean.

Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals such as mercury are being recognized as major health issues for marine animals (especially high trophic level predators, such as killer whales and tuna) and also for humans. The oceans are becoming the dumping ground for a wide range of chemicals from our personal care products and pharmaceuticals, as well as those that leach out of all manner of plastics that are floating in our seas. Agrochemicals are pouring into the oceans through rivers; in some cases these artificially fertilize coastal waters, generating blooms of algae which are broken down by bacteria, thus stripping the water of oxygen and creating dead zones.

Our release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), is leading to a profound disturbance in ocean temperatures and ocean chemistry. Since the late 1970s, mass coral bleaching from ocean warming has killed large areas of tropical coral reefs. Marine animals are changing their distribution and the timing of their lifecycles, sometimes with catastrophic effects across the wider ecosystem. Such effects are often propagated from lower levels of food webs up through to predators such as fish and seabirds: witness recent declines in spectacled sea duck populations in the Arctic and the decline of cod populations in the North Sea. The oceans are becoming more acidic, which affects the growth rates of animals with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons and has other negative impacts on animal physiology. Many of these different stresses on marine species interact in a form of "negative synergy", inducing more severe effects than if they had presented in isolation. At the ecosystem level these stresses reduce the resilience of marine ecosystems to "shocks" arising from large-scale effects, such as anomalous warming events associated with climate change.

Ocean future

The TEDTalks in The Deep Ocean illuminate many current topics in marine science and oceanic exploration. These include the call for better conservation management in the face of unprecedented threats to marine ecosystems, the discovery and application of as-yet-untapped natural resources from the ocean depths, and the quest for improved technologies to support both of these endeavors. As Sylvia Earle eloquently reminds us in her 2009 TEDTalk, the oceans are critically important to maintaining the planet in a condition that is habitable, and better cooperative, international management of marine ecosystems is essential. However, as other TED speakers like Robert Ballard and Craig Venter argue, the oceans should also interest us because they contain vast untapped resources: unexploited mineral resources as well as genes, proteins and other biomolecules of marine life, which may furnish the medicines and industrial materials of the future.

Smart management of these natural resources requires knowledge, as do our efforts to ensure the oceans' ongoing species richness and their critical function in maintaining the Earth system. In their TEDTalks, explorers and scientists Edith Widder, Mike deGruy and Craig Venter share some of the amazing physical and biological features of ocean habitats and describe how new technologies allow more careful study and exploitation of deep-sea environments.

Despite these advances, there are still enormous gaps in our knowledge. In a TEDTalk he gave in 2008, Robert Ballard noted that many parts of the ocean remain entirely unexplored and he advocated for increased resources for organizations like NOAA. As many of the TED speakers in The Deep Ocean argue, marine science is more important than ever because the oceans are under serious threat from a range of human impacts including global-scale climate change.

However, these speakers also offer a message of hope, underscoring that there is still time to alter the current trajectory of degradation. Scientists including TED speaker John Delaney present a vision for the future where ecosystem-based management, coupled with the advent of new technologies that allow us to monitor ocean health in real time, provide us with tools to heal marine ecosystems. This may allow us to restore their capacity to provide goods and services for humankind over the long term. Measures such as marine-protected areas can maintain the oceans' important biogeochemical functions, but will also conserve the remarkable and beautiful marine ecosystems that have culturally enriched the human experience for millennia.

We'll begin our journey into The Deep Ocean with legendary explorer and oceanographer Sylvia Earle, who shares disturbing data about the decline of marine ecosystems and proposes one method to protect what she calls "the blue heart of the planet."

Sylvia Earle

My wish: protect our oceans, relevant talks.

Craig Venter

On the verge of creating synthetic life.

David Gallo

Underwater astonishments.

Edith Widder

Glowing life in an underwater world.

John Delaney

Wiring an interactive ocean.

Mike deGruy

Hooked by an octopus.

Robert Ballard

The astonishing hidden world of the deep ocean.

91 Coral Reef Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best coral reef topic ideas & essay examples, 🥇 most interesting coral reef topics to write about.

• 🎓 Simple & Easy Coral Reef Essay Title

❓ Research Questions About Coral Reefs

• Coral Reefs Destruction, Its Causes and Effects Investigation of the causes and effects of the destruction of CRs is a significant and interesting topic. The effects of CR destruction are connected with the people and the environment.
• Coral Reef and Biodiversity in Ecosystems Coral reefs are formed only in the tropical zone of the ocean; the temperature limits their life – are from +18 to +29oS, and at the slightest deviation from the boundaries of the coral die.
• The Great Barrier Reef The System Analysis Diagram of the Current Situation The first diagram indicates that the effects of human activities on the GBR may not be necessarily direct, and sometimes they are very difficult to trace.
• Biomes and Ecosystems: Aquatic & Coral Reefs In some of them, the protection is enhanced by the presence of anemones on the shell. Currently, under the influence of anthropogenic factors, there is a reduction in biological diversity due to the elimination of […]
• Divers Practices and Associated Effects on Coral Reefs However, in a bid to preserve the good marine life and the coral with excellent visibility in the Sharm el-Sheikh, it is necessary to control the crowding of divers because may damage the coral reefs. […]
• Coral Reefs Protection: Academic Sources Analysis The authors published the work on behalf of the United States Department of Commerce and provided only objective information in the form of statistical calculations; therefore, the level of bias is low.
• Hydrosphere: Coral Reefs and Their Protection The theme of this paper is to discuss the coral reefs ecosystem and the favorable environment required for the growth and maintenance of the corals.
• Biology: Coral Reef and Its Diseases The stresses that affect coral reefs can include changes in water temperature, differences in the amount of ultraviolet radiation they are exposed to and the amount of sedimentation and pollutants that settle in and around […]
• Protected Marine Areas: Great Barrier Reef To protect the Great Barrier Reef the administration has put in place several policies to protect this region. In this plan, A panel of scientists was to advise on the quality of waste.
• Ecology of Coral Reefs Review However, there are also places in the ocean such as the seafloor slopes up toward the continental shelf and the oceanic islands where the marine life is concentrated due to the availability of sunlight and […]
• Review of the Quaternary History of Reefs in the Red Sea With Reference to Past Sea-Level Changes Some of the changes have occurred on the very grandest of scales, such as the Merging and ensuing breaking up of huge supercontinents, or the decimation of the dinosaurs by extra-terrestrial impacts.reefs are not invulnerable […]
• Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef The economic implications of the inclusion of the large figures in this report may lead the reader to inquire why the losses are so significant in the case of coral reefs.
• Coral Reefs in Australia Following the ecological importance of the coral reefs, under the management of Australia and Queensland government, zoning of the coral area was done along the coastline, thus creating the Great Barrier Reef.
• Great Barrier Reef: Flood Alleviation Solutions In the first presentation, solutions to protect the Great Barrier Reef, which is endangered from rising acidity levels due to methane extraction, were given while the second, third and fourth presentations focused on the measures […]
• Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Reefs This essay addresses some of the disturbances which have been experienced in the coral reefs of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary together with measures which have been implemented to salvage the ecosystem.
• Global Warming and Coral Reefs The frightening evidence of the devastating tendencies in coral reef reduction can be illustrated by the case of the coral cover of the Rio Bueno, a coral reef site on the North East of Jamaica […]
• Coral Bleaching and Its Impact on Coral Reefs Ecosystems
• Improving Water Quality and Protect Coral Health in the Great Barrier Reef
• Coral Reef Ecosystems Under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
• Coral Reef Bleaching and the Impact on the Marine Ecosystem
• Benefits and Related Threats of Coral Reef Ecosystem Services
• Coral Reef Monitoring, Reef Assessment Technologies, and Ecosystem-Based Management
• Benthic Oxygen and Nitrogen Exchange on a Cold-Water Coral Reef
• Coral Reef Building Organisms and Form the Reef Framework
• Beyond Reef Restoration: Next-Generation Techniques for Coral Gardening, Landscaping, and Outreach
• Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermuda’s Tourism Industry
• Building Coral Reef Resilience Through Spatial Herbivore Management
• Coral Reef Carbonate Chemistry Variability at Different Functional Scales
• Selectivity of Fishing Gears in a Multi-Species Indonesian Coral Reef Fishery
• Coast Guards Should Prevent Divers From Going Near a Living Coral Reef
• Co-management Strategy for the Sustainable Use of Coral Reef Resources
• Coral Reef Degradation Differentially Alters Feeding Ecology of Co-occurring Congeneric Spiny Lobsters
• Reconstructing Four Centuries of Temperature-Induced Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef
• Tropical Fish Diversity Enhances Coral Reef Functioning Across Multiple Scales
• Conserving Coral Reef Organisms That Lack Larval Dispersal
• Coral Biodiversity and Bio-Construction in the Mesoamerican Reef System

🎓 Simple & Easy Coral Reef Essay Titles

• Quantifying Coral Reef Resilience to Climate Change and Human Development
• Thermally Variable, Macrotidal Reef Habitats Promote Recovery From Mass Coral Bleaching
• Role of Larval Connectivity Among Coral Reef Islands in an Era of Global Change
• The Link Between Ecological Goods and Services of Coral Reef Ecosystems
• Analysis of Optics and Ecophysiology of Coral Reef Organisms
• Emerging Technologies and Coral Reef Conservation: Opportunities, Challenges, and Moving Forward
• Few Herbivore Species Consume Dominant Macroalgae on a Caribbean Coral Reef
• Fine-Scale Coral Connectivity Pathways in the Florida Reef Tract
• Great Barrier Reef: Impacts of Sea Temperature on Coral Bleaching
• Managing Local Stressors for Coral Reef Condition
• Multiple Stressors and Ecological Complexity Require a New Approach to Coral Reef
• The Importance of Partner Abundance in Reef Coral Symbioses
• The Effects of Climate Change on Coral Reef Ecosystems
• Science, Diplomacy, and the Red Seas Unique Coral Reef: Its Time for Action
• Small Scale Genetic Population Structure of Coral Reef Organisms
• The Analysis of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia’s Coral Reefs
• Time Preferences and the Management of Coral Reef Fisheries
• Warmer Water Affects Immunity of a Tolerant Reef Coral
• What Can Artificial Intelligence Offer Coral Reef Managers?
• What Is Happening to Coral Reefs as a Result of Ocean Acidification?
• How Does Human Overpopulation Affect Coral Reefs?
• Why Are Coral Reefs Dying?
• Are Coral Reefs Beneficial to the Ecosystem and Mankind?
• How Can People Prevent Coral Reefs From Disappearing?
• Why Is Coral Reef the Most Productive Ecosystem?
• How Does Climate Change Affect Coral Reefs?
• What Is the Impact of Humans on the Resilience of Coral Reefs?
• How Is Plastic Waste Linked to Diseases on Coral Reefs?
• What Is the Variety of Coral Reefs?
• How Far and How Often Do Fish on Coral Reefs Disperse?
• What Are the Effects of Coral Reefs on Populations in the Atlantic and Caribbean Region?
• How Are Coral Reefs Related to Shark Extinction?
• What Will Happen if the Coral Reefs Are Destroyed?
• What Threatens the Decomposition of Coral Reefs?
• Is It Correct to Believe That Coral Reefs Are the Source of Life in Our World?
• What Is the Impact of Coral Reefs on the Environment?
• What Problems Do Cruise Liners Cause for Coral Reefs?
• How Are Coral Reefs Formed?
• How Are Coral Reefs Related to Other Underwater Life Forms?
• Coral Reefs: Are They the Rainforests of the Sea?
• How Does Coral Bleaching Affect Coral Reefs?
• What Is the Current and Future Status of Coral Reefs in Malaysia?
• How Does the Sugar Industry Affect Florida’s Coral Reefs?
• Is There a Connection Between Global Warming and Coral Reefs?
• How Are Coral Reefs Classified?
• Can Restocking Herbivorous Fish Populations Be a Tool for Coral Reef Restoration?
• How Can We Save Them Coral Reefs?
• What Factors Play an Important Role in Fish Production in Coral Reefs?
• How Are Coral Reefs Managed in the South China Sea?
• Environmental Sustainability Essay Ideas
• Climate Change Titles
• Wildlife Ideas
• Marine Life Ideas
• Fishing Research Topics
• Oceanography Research Ideas
• Pollution Essay Ideas
• Water Pollution Research Topics
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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