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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

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Published Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains reference examples for published dissertations or theses.

Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI

Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615

• Parenthetical citations : (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)
• Narrative citations : Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016)
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
• If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
• The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
• Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
• If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).

Published dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

• Tilburg University
• APA 7th manuals

Bronvermelding volgens de richtlijnen van de APA

4.6 theses (scripties) ǀ proefschriften.

• 1.1 Werken met één, twee, of drie+ auteurs
• 1.2 Meerdere werken
• 1.3 Werken met een groep of organisatie als auteur
• 1.4 Werken met een onbekende of anonieme auteur
• 1.5 Werken met een onbekend publicatiejaar
• 1.6 Specifieke onderdelen van een werk: bv. een pagina, slide, figuur, (audio)visueel werk
• 1.7 Persoonlijke communicatie
• 1.8 Verwijzingen in tekst tussen ronde haken
• 1.9 Algemene vermeldingen van websites of periodieke werken
• 1.10 Secundaire bronnen (werken die worden geciteerd in een ander werk)
• 1.11 Software en mobiele apps
• 1.12 ChatGPT en andere AI-tools
• 2.1 Korte en lange citaten
• 2.2 Toegestane wijzigingen
• 2.3 Tekstuele werken zonder paginanummers (bv. webpagina's)
• 2.4 (Audio)visuele werken
• 2.5 Figuren of tabellen uit een andere bron: auteursrecht
• 2.6 Een figuur uit een andere bron overnemen Templates & Voorbeelden
• 2.7 Een tabel uit een andere bron overnemen Templates & Voorbeelden
• 3.1 Opmaak van de literatuurlijst
• 3.2 Afkortingen
• 3.3 Volgorde van referenties in de literatuurlijst
• 3.4 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• 3.5 Elementen van referenties: auteur, datum, titel, bron
• 3.6 Raadpleegdatum in referenties naar online bronnen
• 3.7 Als informatie voor een referentie ontbreekt
• 4.1 Periodieke werken: Tijdschriftartikel ǀ Artikel uit UpToDate, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ǀ Artikel uit magazine ǀ Krantenartikel ǀ Artikel uit online nieuwsbrief ǀ Blogpost, Commentaar op een blogpost
• 4.2 Boeken of e-books: Boek ǀ Geredigeerd boek ǀ Hoofdstuk uit geredigeerd boek ǀ Meerdelig werk, Boekdeel v/e meerdelig werk ǀ Hoofdstuk in een boekdeel v/e meerdelig werk ǀ E-book & Audioboek met non-database URL ǀ DSM
• 4.3 Naslagwerken: vermelding in woordenboek ǀ Lemma in encyclopedie ǀ Wikipedia-artikel
• 4.4 Grijze literatuur: Rapport ǀ Jaarverslag ǀ Preprint ǀ Working paper ǀ Discussion paper ǀ White paper ǀ Fact sheet ǀ Persbericht
• 4.5 Bijdragen aan conferenties, congressen, meetings en symposia
• 4.7 Datasets ǀ Software, Mobiele apps ǀTests, schalen, vragenlijsten
• 4.8 Audiovisuele werken: TED-talk ǀ Webinar ǀ YouTube video ǀ Podcast ǀ Podcastaflevering
• 4.9 Visuele werken: Kunstwerk uit een museum of van de website van een museum ǀ Stockfoto's, Clip art ǀ PowerPoint-slides ǀ Infographic
• 4.10 Social media: Twitter / X ǀ Instagram ǀ TikTok ǀ Facebook ǀ Online forum (bv. Reddit): post, commentaar op een post
• 4.11 Webpagina’s
• 4.12 ChatGTP en andere AI-tools
• 5. Opmaak van een studentenpaper in APA-stijl

Thesis (scriptie)

• Gepubliceerd
• Ongepubliceerd

Een doctoraalscriptie of bachelor/masterthesis wordt als gepubliceerd aangemerkt wanneer deze beschikbaar is in een database zoals ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global , een institutional repository (online archief van een universiteit) of een ander online archief. 

In de literatuurlijst

Igoe, L. (2022). Social emotional learning: An examination of teachers’ perspectives on the need for social emotional learning in schools [Published master's thesis, Trinity Christian College]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2707982635 /F079ACD528EB4B29PQ/3

• Begin de referentie met de achternaam en voorletter(s) van de auteur, gevolgd door het publicatiejaar.
• Vermeld de titel van de doctoraalscriptie of thesis (cursief). Het eerste woord van de titel, eventuele ondertitel en alle eigennamen krijgen een hoofdletter.
• Voeg na de titel – tussen vierkante haken – de vormspecifieke beschrijving "Ongepubliceerde master's thesis" of "Ongepubliceerde bachelor's thesis" toe, gevolgd door een komma en de naam van de instelling die het diploma heeft uitgereikt.
• Geef hierna de naam van de database, institutional repository of online archief. Schrijf het eerste woord en alle kernwoorden met een hoofdletter.
• Sluit de referentie af met de URL (zet geen punt achter de URL). 

In the text

Parenthetische verwijzing (Igoe, 2022)

Narratieve verwijzing: Igoe (2022)

Ongepubliceerde doctoraalscripties of bachelor/mastertheses moeten rechtstreeks (in gedrukte vorm) zijn opgevraagd bij de hogeschool of universiteit die het diploma heeft uitgereikt. Is een thesis beschikbaar via een database zoals ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global , een institutional repository (online archief van een universiteit) of een ander online archief, dan wordt de thesis als gepubliceerd aangemerkt.

Ter Braak, J. M. (1977). Depressie bij Nederlandse vrouwen: Een onderzoek naar de prevalentie en risicofactoren [Ongepubliceerde doctoraalscriptie]. Tilburg University.

• Hierna volgt een vormspecifieke beschrijving in vierkante haken (i.v.m. de identificatie en de vindbaarheid van de scriptie). In het voorbeeld is dit [Ongepubliceerde doctoraalscriptie]. Vanaf het studiejaar 2002-2003, toen de bachelor-masterstructuur in het hoger onderwijs is ingegaan, is de juiste benaming: [Ongepubliceerde bachelor's thesis] of [Ongepubliceerde master's thesis]. 
• Sluit de referentie af met de naam van de hogeschool of universiteit die het diploma heeft uitgereikt. Schrijf het eerste woord en alle kernwoorden met een hoofdletter.

In de tekst

Parenthetische verwijzing: (Ter Braak, 1977)

Narratieve verwijzing: Ter Braak (1977)

Proefschrift (dissertatie)

Een proefschrift wordt als gepubliceerd aangemerkt wanneer het beschikbaar is in een database zoals ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global , een institutional repository (online archief van een universiteit) of een ander online archief.

Verschoor, J. (2022). Beyond organizational boundaries: HR policies and practices aiming to secure employment [Doctoral dissertation, Tilburg University]. Tilburg University Research Portal. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/62121230/Verschoor_Beyond_20_05_2022.pdf

• Vermeld de titel van het proefschrift (cursief). Het eerste woord van de titel, eventuele ondertitel en alle eigennamen krijgen een hoofdletter.
• Voeg na de titel – tussen vierkante haken – de vormspecifieke beschrijving "Ongepubliceerd proefschrift" of "Ongepubliceerde dissertatie" toe, gevolgd door een komma en de naam van de instelling die het diploma heeft uitgereikt.
• Geef hierna de naam van de database, institutional repository of archief. Schrijf het eerste woord en alle kernwoorden met een hoofdletter.

Parenthetische verwijzing:  (Verschoor, 2022)

Narratieve verwijzing: Verschoor (2022)

Ongepubliceerde proefschriften moeten rechtstreeks (in gedrukte vorm) zijn opgevraagd bij universiteit die het diploma heeft uitgereikt. Is een proefschrift beschikbaar via een database zoals ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global , een institutional repository (online archief van een universiteit) of een ander online archief, dan wordt het proefschrift als gepubliceerd aangemerkt.

Sliepen, C. J. (1967). The role of the state in the settlement of labor disputes in the Netherlands [Doctoral dissertation]. Tilburg University.

• Hierna volgt een vormspecifieke beschrijving in vierkante haken. 
• Sluit de referentie af met de naam van de universiteit die het diploma heeft uitgereikt. Schrijf het eerste woord en alle kernwoorden met een hoofdletter.

Parenthetische verwijzing: (Sliepen, 1967)

Narratieve verwijzing: Sliepen (1967)

• << Previous: 4.5 Bijdragen aan conferenties, congressen, meetings en symposia
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• Last Updated: Apr 23, 2024 3:27 PM
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APA 7th Citation Examples

APA 6th Citation Examples has been replaced by APA 7th Citation Examples. An overview of all differences between the two versions can be found here . APA 7th Citation Examples contains reference examples for the most common document types to help you make correct in-text references and create a proper reference list in APA 7th style.

Step 1: choose your document type.

Step 2: choose the example you are looking for., step 3: choose the number of authors.

In-text example ... Organisation (Abbreviation, year, p. xx) ...

The American Water Works Association (AWWA, 2004, p. xx) recommends that ...

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Book title in italics (xx ed.).

American Water Works Association. (2004). Sizing water service lines and meters:       Manual of water supply practices ‑ M22 (2nd ed.).

Remark 1. When author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher name. 2. The name of an organization is fully spelled in the first in-text citation, in the following citations an abbreviation is used: Abbreviation (year) ....

In-text example Author (year, p. xx) ...

Dorf (2006, p. 51)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Book title in italics (xx ed.). Publisher.

Dorf, R. C. (2006). The electrical engineering handbook (3rd ed.). CRC/Taylor & Francis.

Remark Place information about editions, volume numbers, and page numbers in parentheses with the period after the parentheses: (Rev. ed.). or (Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx).

In-text example ... (Author & Author, year, p. xx) ...

... to achieve consistency (Spellman & Drinan, 2005, p. xx).

Reference list example Author, A. A., & Author, B. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.

Spellman, F. R., & Drinan, J. (2005). The drinking water handbook . Technomic.

Remark Use the ampersand only in the parenthetical format of the in-text citation.

In-text example Author et al. (year, p. xx) ...

Anderson et al. (2006, p. xx)

Reference list example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Book title in italics.  Publisher.

Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., & Williams, T. A. (2006). Quantitative methods for business. Thomson SouthWestern.

Remark 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2. For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation.

In-text example (B. B. Author, year, p. xx) ... (A. A. Author, year, p. xx) ...

(P. M. Anderson, 2003, p. xx) (J. B. Anderson, 2005, p. xx)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher. Author, B. B. (year). Book title in italics . Publisher.

Anderson, J. B. (2005). Digital transmission engineering . IEEE Press. Anderson, P. M. (2003). Analysis of faulted power systems . IEEE Press.

Remark If a reference list includes publications by authors with the same last name, include the author's initials in all-in-text citations, even if the year of publication is different.

In-text example (Author, year, p.xx; year, p. yy) ...

(Smith, 2005, p. xx; 2007, p. yy)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher. Author, A. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.

Smith, P. (2005). Piping Materials Guide. Elsevier. Smith, P. (2007). Process piping design handbook: Fundamentals of piping design. Gulf.

Remark Arrange two or more works bij the same author by year of publication.

In-text example (Author, yeara, p.xx; yearb, p. yy) ...

(Napier, 1993a, p. xx; 1993b, p. yy) ...

Reference list example Author, A. (yeara). Book title in italics. Publisher. Author, A. (yearb). Book title in italics. Publisher.

Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Allen & Unwin. Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Allen & Unwin.

Remark Identify works by the same author with the same publication year by the suffixes a, b, c, ...

In-text example Author ( year, p. xx) ...

Ardia (2008, p. xx)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Book title in italics . Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesian estimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications.         Springer.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978‑3‑540‑78657‑3

Remark Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless which version you used: online or printed.

In-text example (Author & Author, year, p. xx) ...

(Zhang & Schwaerzel, 2017, p. 138)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.  https://doi.org/xxxxx

Zhang, L., & Schwaerzel, K. (2017).  Multifunctional land‑use systems for managing the nexus of environmental       resources.  Springer.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978‑3‑319‑54957‑6

Remark 1. Use the ampersand only in the parenthetical format of the in-text citation. 2. Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless which version you used: online or printed.

In-text example Author et al. (year)

Earle et al. (2015)

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B. B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, E., & Author, F. (year). Book title in italics.  Publisher.        https://doi.org/xxxxx

Earle, A., Cascao, A. E., Hansson, S., Jaegerskog, A., Swain, A., & Ojendal, J. (2015). Transboundary water       management and the climate change debate . Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203098929

Remark 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2. For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation. 3. Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless which version you used: online or printed.

Edwards (2008, p. xx)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Book title in italics (Vol. xx). Publisher.  https://xxxxx

Edwards, P. N. (2008). How to read a book (Vol. 5.0). University of Michigan.         http://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/howtoread.pdf

Remark 1. For works without DOIs from websites (not including databases), use a URL in the reference. 2. For works without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed book.

(Grafton & Hussey, 2011, p. 5)

Reference list example Author, A. A. & Author, B. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.  https://xxxxx

Grafton, R. Q., & Hussey, K. (2011). Water resources planning and management. Cambridge University Press.         https://www.amazon.com/Resources‑Planning‑Management‑Quentin‑Grafton‑dp‑21762588/dp/0521762588/

Remark 1. Use the ampersand only in the parenthetical format of the in-text citation. 2. For works without DOIs from websites (not including databases), use a URL in the reference. 3. For works without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed book.

In-text example Author et al. (year) ...

Sutt et al. (2013)

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.  https://xxxxx

Sutt, J., Lill, I., & Muursepp, O. (2013). The engineer's manual of construction site planning. Wiley.         https://www.amazon.com/Engineers‑Manual‑Construction‑Site‑Planning‑dp‑1118556097/dp/1118556097/

Remark 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2. For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation. 3. For works without DOIs from websites (not including databases), use a URL in the reference. 4. For works without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed book.

Breach (2012, p. 37)

Reference list example Author, A. (Ed). (year). Book title in italics . Publisher.

Breach, B. (Ed.). (2012). Drinking water quality management from catchment to consumer: A practical guide for utilities       based on water safety plans. IWA.

In-text example Author and Author (year)

Blockley and Shyy (2010)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. (Eds). (year). Book title in italics (xx ed., Vol. xx). Publisher.

Blockley, R., & Shyy, W. (Eds.). (2010). Encyclopedia of aerospace engineering (6th ed., Vols. 1‑9). Wiley.

Hong et al. (2014)

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., & Author, D. (Eds). (year). Book title in italics . Publisher.

Hong, C., Moorman, G., Wohanka, W., & Buettner, C. (Eds.). (2014). Biology, detection, and management of       plant pathogens in irrigation water. American Phytopathological Society.

Remark 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2.For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation.

In-text example Author (year) ...

Gibson (2011)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Book title in italics . (pp. xx). Publisher.

Gibson, C. C. (2011). Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner. In S. Allsop (Ed.),        International Council for Distance Education: One world many voices: Quality in open and       distance learning (pp. 279‑282). Milton Keynes.

In-text example Author and Author (year) ...

Moerman and Lorenzen (2016)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Book title in italics . (pp. xx). Publisher.

Moerman, F., & Lorenzen, K. (2016). Hygienic design of open food processing equipment. In S. Kennedy (Ed.), Food       Protection and Security: Preventing and Mitigating Contamination during Food Processing and Production .       (pp. 101‑166). Elsevier.

In-text example (Author et al., year)

(Hoffmann et al., 2016)

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, E., Author, F., & Author, G. (year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor       & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Book title in italics . (pp. xx). Publisher.

Hoffmann, M., Haselbauer, K., Haberl, A., Blab, R., Simoner, M. Dieplinger, K. & Hartl, T. (2016). A new asset       management approach for inland waterways. In J.‑M. Torrenti & F. La Torre (Eds.), Materials and Infrastructures       2. (pp. 131‑145). Blackwell.

In-text example (Organisation [Abbreviation], year) ...

(Norwegian Environmental Agency [NEA], 2013)

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Title of brochure in italics [Brochure].  https://xxxxx

Norwegian Environmental Agency. (2013). Right to roam [Brochure].        https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/M86/M86.pdf

Van der Meer-Ler (2011) suggests ...

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of brochure in italics [Brochure]. Publisher.  https://xxxxx

Van der Meer‑Ler, L. A. (2011). Advanced course environmental biotechnology  [Brochure]. BioTech Delft.         http://www.bodl.bt.tudelft.nl/content/documents/Brochure_EB_2011.pdf

Remark Additional information that is important for identification and retrieval, place a description of the contents in brackets following the title: [Brochure].

Liu (2011, p. xx) pointed out ...

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of Master's thesis in italics [Master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].        https://xxxxx

Liu, Q. (2011). GDE: A distributed gradient‑based algorithm for distance estimation in large‑scale networks [Master's       thesis, Delft University of Technology].  http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:f8b25d74‑26fc‑4f06‑       b8b6‑3a96775d44c4/  

Remark If a doctoral dissertation or master's thesis is available through a (commercial) database, give the accession or order number in parentheses at the end of the reference.

In-text example .... "title of the lecture note" (year) ...

The TU Delft lecture note "Wastewater treatment" (2011) reports that ...

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Title of lecture note in italics (Vol. xx).  https://xxxxx

Technical University Delft. (2011). W1 ‑ Wastewater treatment; SANITARY ENGINEERING ‑ CT3420 (Vol. 2011).          https://blackboard.tudelft.nl/bbcswebdav/courses/12860‑091003‑ocw/Readings_public/WastwaterTreatmen        t_2011_Ch1‑7.pdf  

In-text example Author (2007) ...

Van Meurs (2007)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of lecture note in italics. Publisher.

Van Meurs, G. (2007). Environmental geotechnics AES1640 . TU Delft.

Prins and Koolwijk (2004)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. B. B. (year). Title of lecture note in italics. Publisher.

Prins, M., & Koolwijk, J. S. J. (2004). Architectural practice BK AR0520. TU Delft.

Jonkman et al. (2015, p. 66)

Reference list example Author, A. A., Author, B. B. B. B., Author, C., Author, D. D. D. D., & Author, E. E. (year). Title of lecture note in italics .       Publisher.

Jonkman, S. N., Steenbergen, R. D. J. M., Morales‑Napoles, O., Vrouwenvelder, A. C. W. M., & Vrijling, J. K. (2015).        Probabilistic design: Risk and reliability analysis in civil engineering CIE4130. TU Delft.

In-text example (Author, year) ...

(Cutler, 2011)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number (issue number), pp‑pp.

Cutler, A. D. (2011). High‑frequency pulsed combustion actuator experiments. AIAA Journal, 49 (9), 1943‑1950.

Remark Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.

(Al Aukidy & Verlicchi, 2017, p. 486) ...

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number, pp‑pp.

Al Aukidy, M., & Verlicchi, P. (2017). Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial       load released into a coastal area. Science of the Total Environment, 607‑608 , 483‑496.

Xu et al. (2017, p. 298) ...

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, F., Author, G., Author, H., & Author, I. (year). Title of article. Title of       periodical in italics, volume number, pp‑pp.

M., Wang, G., Zeng, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Song, W., & Xue, Q. (2017). Diverse wettability of       superoleophilicity and superoleophobicity for oil spill cleanup and recycling. Applied Surface Science,       426, 1158‑1166

In-text example ("First words title of article," year)

("Research Central, " 2017)

Reference list example Title of article. (year). Title of periodical. Publisher.

Research central: Examining ethnic disparities within the juvenile justice system. (2017, May/June). OJJDP News @       a Glance . OJJDP.

Remark 1. When a work has no identified author, the in-text citation contains the first few words of the title (use double quotation marks) and the publication year. 2. Only when the author of a work is desginated as "Anonymous", "Anonymous" takes the place of the author name.

(Gikas, 2016)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number (issue number),       pp‑pp.  https://doi.org/xxxxx

Gikas, G. D. (2016). Water quantity and hydrochemical quality monitoring of Laspias River, North Greece. Journal of       Environmental Science and Health ‑ Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 52 (14),       1312‑1321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1357408  

Remark 1. For journal articles without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed journal article. 2. For journal articles without DOIs from websites, use a URL in the reference.

In-text example ... (Author & Author, year) ...

It has been stated (Bouthoorn & Erkel, 2011)

Reference list example Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number (issue number),       pp‑pp.  https://doi.org/xxxxx

Bouthoorn, S. H., & Erkel, N. E. (2011). Alcohol intoxication among Dutch adolescents: Acute medical complications in       the years 2000‑2010. Clinical Pediatrics, 50 (3), 244‑251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922810388509  

Remark 1. Use the ampersand only in the parenthetical format of the in-text citation. 2. For journal articles without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed journal article. 3. For journal articles without DOIs from websites, use a URL in the reference.

In-text example (Author et al., year) ...

(Chamoun et al., 2017)

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number,       pp‑pp.  https://doi.org/xxxxx

Chamoun, S., De Cesare, G., & Schleiss, A. J. (2017). Management of turbidity current venting in reservoirs under       different bed slopes. Journal of Environmental Management, 204, 519‑530.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.       2017.09.030​​​​​​​  

Remark ​​​​​​​ 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2. For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation. 3. For journal articles without DOIs from most academic research databases (e.g. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science), do not include a URL because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a printed journal article. 4. For journal articles without DOIs from websites, use a URL in the reference.

Schwartz (1993) argued

Reference list example Author, A. (year, Month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper in italics , pp. xx, xx

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

(Ruiz-Grossman, 2016)

Reference list example Author, A. (year, Month day). Title of article in italics. Site Name. https://xxxxx  

Ruiz‑Grossman, S. (2016, August 6). 21‑year‑olds miracle ocean‑cleaning tech ready to get its feet wet. HuffPost .        https://www.huffpost.com/entry/boyan‑slat‑ocean‑clean‑up‑prototype‑test‑north‑sea_n_5756fc1fe4b0b60682df0c90      +guccounter=1  

Ficker (2017)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of proceedings in italics, volume number. https://doi.org/xxxxx  

Ficker, T. (2017). Rupture strength and irregularity of fracture surfaces. IOP Conference series: materials science and       engineering, 245.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1757‑899X/245/3/032009  

Kaas and Lent (2011) published their ...

Reference list example Author, A. A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of proceedings in italics, volume number , pp‑pp.        https://doi.org/xxxxx  

Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2011). The basic non uniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of       Sciences, 105, 12593‑12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105  

In-text example Author, Author, Author, and Author (year, p. xx) ...

Meesawasd, Boonyasiriwat, Kongnuan and Chamchod (2016, p. 387) ...

Reference list example Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., & Author, D. (year). Title of article. Title of proceedings in italics, volume number ,       pp‑pp. https://doi.org/xxxxx  

Meesawasd, N., Boonyasiriwat, C. , Kongnuan, S., & Chamchod, F. (2016). Finite element modeling for stress analysis       of a buried pipeline under soil and traffic loads. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering       and Engineering Management, 2016, 385‑390.  https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2016.7797902​​​​​​​  

Remark ​​​​​​​ 1. When a reference has up to twenty authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list. Twenty-one or more authors: only mention the first nineteen authors, followed by an omission sign . . . the last author. 2. For a work with three or more authors, include only the name of the first author plus "et al." in every citation. 3. Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless which version you used: online or printed.

In-text example ... (Organisation [Abbreviation], year) ...

..... resulted in choosing the points for action (Nationale Raad voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek [NLRO], 1999).

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). 

Nationale Raad voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek. (1999). Nanotechnologie: speerpunten voor actie        (NRLO‑rapport Vol. 99/7).

Remark The name of an organization is fully spelled in the first in-text citation, in the following citations an abbreviation is used: Abbreviation (year) ....

Amiro (1992) ...

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher.

Amiro, B. D. (1992). Atmospheric submodel for the assessment of Canada's nuclear fule waste management concept        (AECL Report Issue 9889). Atomic Energy of Canada.

In-text example (Author & Author, year) ...

(Kendy & Bradbury, 1988)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher.

Kendy, E., & Bradbury, K. R. (1988). Hydrogeology of the Wisconsin River valley in Marathon County, Wisconsin       (Information Circular Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Issue 64). University of Wisconsin.

Evans et al. (1989)

Reference list example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher.

Evans, R. O., Gilliam, J. W., and Skaggs, R. W. (1989). Effects of agricultural water table management on drainage       water quality (Report Water Resources Research Institute of The University of North Carolina Issue 237).       North Carolina State University.

In-text example Organisation (Abbreviation, year) ...

De Nationale Raad voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (NRLO, 1996) ...

Reference list example Organisation (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher. https://xxxxx  

Nationale Raad voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek. (1996). De milieubewuste consument (NRLO‑rapport Vol. 96/6).       Innovatie Agro & Natuur.  http://publications.tno.nl/publication/34616177/kY2Bz5/NRLO‑1996‑06.pdf  

Sugden (2014)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher. https://xxxxx  

Sugden, F. (2014). Landlordism, tenants and the groundwater sector: Lessons from Tarai‑Madhesh, Nepal        (IWMI Research Report 162). International Water Management Institute. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications       /IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub162/rr162.pdf  

In-text example ... Author and Author (year) ...

It is stated by Van der Wel and Bergen (2000) ...

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. B. B. (year). Title of work in italics (Report title and report number). Publisher. https://xxxxx  

Van der Wel, N., & Bergen, V. H. S. (2000). Plattelandsvernieuwing en cultuur: Interactieve planontwikkeling       (NRLO‑rapport nr. 2000/8). Innovatie Agro & Natuur. http://publications.tno.nl/publication/34614835/       QuPGHi/NRLO‑2000‑08.pdf  

(Wassenaar et al., 2017)

Reference list example Author, A. A. A., Author, B., Author, C. C. C., & Author, D. D. D. (year). Title of work in italics (Report       title and report number). Publisher.  https://xxxxx  

Wassenaar, P. N. H., Janssen, N., De Poorter, L. R. M., & Bodar, C. W. M. (2017). Substances of very high concern       and the transition to a circular economy : An initial inventory (RIVM report 2017‑0071). RIVM. http://www.rivm.nl/       bibliotheek/rapporten/2017‑0071.html  

According to Streefkerk (2019) ....

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of work in italics . Site Name. https://xxxxx  

Streefkerk, A. (2019). APA handboek 7de druk: De belangrijkste wijzigingen . Scribbr.  https://www.scribbr.nl/       apa‑stijl/belangrijkste‑wijzigingen‑7de‑druk/  

In-text example ... Site Name. (year) ...

According to PhD on Track (n.d.) ....

Reference list example Site Name. (year). Title of work in italics. https://xxxxx  

PhD on Track. (n.d.). Reference managers . https://www.phdontrack.net/search‑and‑review/reference‑managers/  

Remark When the author and site name are the same, omit the site name prior to the url.

In-text example ... Site Name (year) ...

On the website of Boei (n.d.) ....

Reference list example Site Name. (year). Title of work in italics . Retrieved Month day, year, from   https://xxxxx  

Boei. (n.d.). Project graansilo . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from  http://www.boei.nl/projecten/graansilo‑wehl  

Remark Use the retrieval date, because an entry to a website with project information may change over time.

According to Wikipedia (2020, January 24) ....

Reference list example Encyclopaedia entry. (year, month day). In Encyclopaedia .   https://xxxxx  

Psychology. (2020, January 24). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php+title=Psychology       &diff=937294722&oldid=937294402  

Remark Cite the archived version of the page. Access this version on Wikipedia by selecting "View history" and then time and date of the version you used. If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include retrieval date: "Retrieved February 7th, 2020, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"  

In-text example ... Host (year) ...

It is stated by Van Nuys (2020) ....

Reference list example Host, H. (Host). (year, Month day). Title of the podcast (No) [Audio podcast episode]. Production       Company.  https://xxxxx  

Van Nuys, D. (Host). (2020, January 8). Tools for living your ustoppable life with Catherine DeMonte (No. 674) [Audio       podcast episode]. Shrink Rap Radio.  https://shrinkrapradio.com/674‑tools‑for‑living‑your‑unstoppable‑life‑with‑       catherine‑demonte/  

In-text example Author (year)

Reference list example Author. (year, Month day). Title of the video in italics [Video]. Platform.  https://xxxxx  

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/       watch+v=xMj_P_6H69g  

Remark 1. The author name is TED because the TED organization posted the video to YouTube. This information is necessary to retrieve the reference. 2. When the TED Talk comes from TED's website, use the name of the speaker as the author.

In-text example ... Author (year) ...

In his blog Hut (2016) argued ...

Reference list example Author, A. (year, Month day). Title of the blog post.  https://xxxxx  

Hut, R. (2016, July 27). Why scientists should write blogs instead of articles. http://rolfhut.nl/2016/       07/27/why‑scientists‑should‑write‑blogs‑instead‑of‑articles/  

According to Neher (2013) ...

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of the slides presentation in italics [... slides]. Publisher.   https://xxxxx  

Neher, K. (2013). Building a social media plan that works [Power Point slides]. SlideShare.        http://www.slideshare.net/kristaneher/mn‑breakout  

.... (Central Bureau for Statistics [CBS], 2017) ...

Reference list example Organisation. (year, Month day). Title of the dataset in italics  [Data set].  https://xxxxx  

Central Bureau for Statistics. (2017, December 8). Manufacturing output 4 percent up in October [Data set].         https://www.cbs.nl/en‑gb/news/2017/49/manufacturing‑output‑4‑percent‑up‑in‑october  

In-text example ... Inventor and Inventor (patent number, year)

..... the invention by Bellusci and Janssen (WO 2010/131966 A1, 2010) is an example of .....

Reference list example Inventor, A., & Inventor, B. B. B. (year). Patent number in italics. Patent Organization.

Bellusci, G., & Janssen, G. J. M. (2010). WO 2010/131966 A1. World Intellectual Property Organization.

Remark 1. In-text reference contains the patent number and the issue date (not the application date) of the patent. 2. Use the ampersand only in the parenthetical format of the in-text citation.

In-text example ... Standard number (year) ...

..... In standard NEN 6578:2011 (2011) .....

Reference list example Institute for Standardization. (year). Standard title in italics (standard number). https://xxxxx  

Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut. (2011). Water ‑ Potentiometrische bepaling van het totale gehalte aan totaal fluoride       (NEN 6578:2011). https://www.nen.nl/NEN‑Shop/Norm/NEN‑65782011‑nl.htm  

In-text example ... (as cited in Author & Author, year, p. xx) ...

Carini and Hogans study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)

Reference list example Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (year). Book title in italics. Publisher.

Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002). The human body in health and disease . Mosby.

Remark 1. Use secondary sources sparingly for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. 2. Give the secondary source in the reference list. In the in-text citation name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.

Blackwell and Conrod (2003)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B. B. (year). Manuscript title in italics. [Unpublished manuscript]. Department Name, University       Name.

Blackwell, E., & Conrod, P. J. (2003). A five‑dimesional measure of drinking motives. [Unpublished manuscript].       Department of Psychology, University of British Colombia.

Based on Jansen (2017)....

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of sketch in italics [Unpublished situation sketch]. Department Name, University Name.

Jansen, H. H. (2017). Stationsgebied Rotterdam [Unpublished situation sketch]. Department of Architecture, Delft       University of Technology.

In-text example ... (A. A. Author, personal communication, Month day, year) ...

"The results will be available by 2014 (K. M. Kendall, personal communication, April 26, 2014)."

Reference list example NOTE: See remark

Remark Usually, a presentation with slides available only through Brightspace or another shielded (learning) environment can not be retrieved for a reader and is therefore considered personal communication. This means that you must mention the presentation in the text, but not in the reference list. The same approach applies to notes taken during a lecture, or class handouts that are not posted on for instance the instructor's website.

Oregon Youth Authority (2011)....

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Title of the dataset in italics [Unpublished raw data].

Oregon Youth Authority. (2011) . Recidivism outcomes [Unpublished raw data].

In-text example (Author, year)

(Ludwig, 2020)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of computer software in italics [Computer software]. Publisher.

Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [Computer software]. Worth.

Remark Common software, programming languages or mobile apps mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations nor inclusion in the reference list. Just give the proper name along with the version number in the text. Example: " Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25)"

Hayes et al. (2003)

Reference list example Author, A., & Author, B., & Author, C. (year). Title of computer software in italics (Version) [Computer software].        https://xxxxx  

Hayes, B. Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Computer software].        https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/  

Remark 1. Software that is downloaded from a website should provide the version of the software and year when available. 2. Common software, programming languages or mobile apps mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations nor inclusion in the reference list. Just give the proper name along with the version number in the text. Example: " Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25)"

(OpenAI, 2023)

Reference list example Author. (Year). Name of AI model in italics (Day Month version) [Type or description]. https://xxxxx  

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat  

1. Author is Author of AI model 2. The date of the version used is shown at the bottom of the page on the ChatGPT site. 3. Describe how you used the tool in your methodology section or introduction and mention the prompt you used when citing a ChatGPT response. 4. If the tool allows you to create a link to the output, please include this link in the reference, otherwise the full transcript of an answer may be included in an appendix or other supplementary material.

In-text example [Location] in ....

Trinity College in Google Maps

Reference list example Organisation. (year). [location]. Retrieved Month day, year, from  https://xxxxx  

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps location of the Trinity College, Hartford, CT]. Retrieved August 18, 2015,       from  https://www.google.com/maps/place/300?Summit?St,?Hartford,?CT?06106, USA/@41.747334,       ‑72.688916,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e6533b575037eb:0xae1c576e17982be3+hl=en  

Figure example Figure X. Title of the location. From "Title of the website in italics," by Organisation, year ( https://xxxxx  ). Copyright       [year] by Name of Copyright Holder.

Figure X. Google Maps location of the Trinity College, Hartford, CT. From "Google Maps," by Google, n.d.       ( https://www.google.com/maps/place/300?Summit?St,?Hartford,?CT?06106,? SA/@41.747334,‑       72.688916,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e6533b575037eb:0xae1c576e17982be3+hl=en  ). Copyright by Google. 

Remark Example with photo, go to: http://informationliteracy.tudelft.nl/TUlib_2016/Google_maps.pdf   1. There are different copyright statements: - regular copyright or "all rights reserved" copyright, - Creative commons licenses, - public domain e.g. works that are not bound by copyright. 2. You can only use the words "Reprinted with permission" if you have asked the copyright holder for permission. 3. If no copyright is indicated, treat the work as copyrighted. 4. Because Google Maps can be created at any time, there is no publication date. Therefore you have to use: n.d. 5. Put the figure heading in the caption beneath the figure.

The population density .... (Lewis County Geographic Information Services, 2002)

Reference list example Cartographer. (Cartographer). (year). Title of map in italics [Map]. https://xxxxx  

Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census       [Demographic map]. http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census‑popdens_2000.pdf  

Remark The scale information does not need to be  included.

The map clearly shows .... (James, 2010)

Reference list example Author, A. (year). Title of the map in italics [Map]. Publisher.

James, S. (2010). Urban Forestry Management Plan for Gilford [Map]. Map Publishers.

Easterbrook (1976)

Reference list example Author, A. A. (year). Title of the map in italics [Map]. Serie, map number. Publisher.

Easterbrook, D. J. (1976). Geologic map of western Whatcom County, Washington [Map]. Miscellaneous Investigations       Series, map 1‑854‑B. Geological Survey.

In-text example The image "title of the image" (Organisation, year, p. xx) ...

The image "Local scour at piers as illustrated by model experiment and pir failure" (Transportation Association of       Canada, 2004, p. 68) is ...

Reference list example Organisation. (year). Book title in italics (xx ed.). Publisher.

Transportation Association of Canada. (2004). Guide to bridge hydraulics (2nd ed.). Telford.

Figure example Figure X. Title of the image. From Book title in italics (xx ed., p. xx) , by Organisation, year, Publisher. Copyright [year]       by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Figure X. Local scour at piers as illustrated by model experiment and pir failure. From Guide to bridge hydraulics (2nd       ed., p. 68), by Transportation Association of Canada, 2004, Telford. Copyright 2004 by Transportation Association       of Canada.

Remark 1. There are different copyright statements: - regular copyright or "all rights reserved" copyright, - Creative commons licenses, - public domain e.g. works that are not bound by copyright. 2. You can only use the words "Reprinted with permission" if you have asked the copyright holder for permission. 3. If no copyright is indicated, treat the work as copyrighted. 4. Put the figure heading in the caption beneath the figure.

In-text example As shown in figure X, ...

As shown in figure 7, Houston is one of the cities In the USA with a light rail system...

Reference list example Photographer, A. (year). Title of photo [Photograph].  https://xxxxx  

Haase, M. (2006). Light rail Houston [Photograph]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Light_Rail_Houston.jpg  

Figure example Figure X. Title of the photo. From "Title of the website in italics," by A. Photographer, year ( http://xxxxx ). Licensed under       ...

Figure X. Light rail Houston. From "Wikimedia Commons," by M. Haase, 2006 ( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/       File:Light_Rail_Houston.jpg ). Licensed under CC BY 2.5

Remark Example with photo, go to: Example with photo, http://informationliteracy.tudelft.nl/TUlib_2016/Google_maps.pdf   1. There are different copyright statements: - regular copyright or "all rights reserved" copyright, - Creative commons licenses, - public domain e.g. works that are not bound by copyright. 2. You can only use the words "Reprinted with permission" if you have asked the copyright holder for permission. 3. If no copyright is indicated, treat the work as copyrighted. 4. Put the figure heading in the caption beneath the figure.

Deel deze pagina:

Genereer gratis foutloze APA-bronvermelding

• Knowledge Base
• APA-stijl richtlijnen voor citaten (met voorbeelden)

APA-stijl richtlijnen voor citaten (uitleg & voorbeelden)

Gepubliceerd op 30 maart 2021 door Julia Merkus . Bijgewerkt op 8 juni 2023.

Een citaat is een stukje tekst dat woord voor woord is gekopieerd uit een bron. Je kunt een woord, deel van een zin, hele zin of hele passage citeren.

Er zijn drie hoofdregels voor citaten in APA-stijl:

• Als het citaat minder dan 40 woorden bevat, plaats je het tussen dubbele aanhalingstekens .
• Als het citaat 40 woorden of meer bevat, format je het als een blokcitaat .
• Voeg de auteur, het jaar en het paginanummer toe aan de verwijzing in de tekst .

Inhoudsopgave

Verwijzingen in de tekst bij citaten, een bron zonder paginanummers citeren, citaten van 40 woorden of meer (apa-blokcitaten), citaten aanpassen in apa-stijl, veelgestelde vragen.

Voor een citaat in APA-stijl voeg je altijd de achternaam van de auteur, het publicatiejaar van de bron en de pagina waarop het citaat staat toe. Het paginanummer wordt voorafgegaan door “p.” (voor één pagina) of door “pp.” (voor meerdere pagina’s).

Er zijn twee typen verwijzingen in de tekst: tussen haakjes en narratief.

Verwijzing tussen haakjes

Voor een verwijzing tussen haakjes plaats je de gehele bronvermelding tussen haakjes direct na het citaat en voor de punt (of een ander leesteken).

Narratieve verwijzing

In een narratieve verwijzing worden de auteursnamen geïntegreerd in de zin. Plaats het publicatiejaar tussen haakjes direct na de naam van de auteur en plaats het paginanummer tussen haakjes direct na het citaat.

Onthoud dat voor iedere verwijzing in de tekst een volledige APA-bronvermelding moet worden opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Je kunt deze bronvermeldingen makkelijk genereren met onze gratis APA Generator.

Genereer APA-bronvermeldingen

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Doe de check

Sommige brontypen, zoals webpagina’s , hebben geen paginanummer. In dit geval voeg je over het algemeen een alternatieve plaatsaanduiding toe voor een citaat, tenzij de bron een hele korte tekst is.

De plaatsaanduider kan een hoofdstuk- of sectietitel zijn (ingekort indien nodig), een paragraafnummer, of een combinatie van de twee. Gebruik de plaatsaanduider die de lezer het best helpt om het citaat te vinden.

Voor bronnen als films , YouTube-video’s of audioboeken gebruik je een tijdstempel om het begin van een citaat aan te geven.

• Sectietitel
• Paragraafnummer
• Sectie en paragraaf
• Tijdstempel

Als een citaat uit 40 woorden of meer bestaat, moet het worden vormgegeven als een blokcitaat. Voor de APA-stijl hanteer je de volgende regels:

• Gebruik geen dubbele aanhalingstekens.
• Begin het citaat op een nieuwe regel.
• Laat het gehele citaat inspringen met een tab.
• Gebruik dubbele regelafstand voor het gehele citaat.
• Laat de reguliere tekst niet opnieuw inspringen na het blokcitaat.

Net als bij gewone citaten kan een blokcitaat gepaard gaan met een verwijzing tussen haakjes of een narratieve verwijzing. Voor blokcitaten geldt wel dat de verwijzing na de punt komt als het citaat eindigt met een punt.

• Tussen haakjes

Blokcitaten zijn bijzonder handig als je het taalgebruik van een auteur wilt citeren of als je een argument wilt presenteren om het kritisch te evalueren. Je kunt het citaat duidelijk onderscheiden van jouw eigen woorden door het citaat op een nieuwe regel te plaatsen en te laten inspringen. Daarom zijn dubbele aanhalingstekens niet nodig. (Rubens, 2018, p. 32)

Blokcitaten zijn bijzonder handig als je het taalgebruik van een auteur wilt citeren of als je een argument wilt presenteren om het kritisch te evalueren. Je kunt het citaat duidelijk onderscheiden van jouw eigen woorden door het citaat op een nieuwe regel te plaatsen en te laten inspringen. Daarom zijn dubbele aanhalingstekens niet nodig. (p. 32)

Blokcitaten van meerdere paragrafen

Als het blokcitaat meerdere paragrafen bevat, laat je vanaf de tweede alinea steeds de eerste regel van een nieuwe alinea inspringen.

Blokcitaten zijn bijzonder handig als je het taalgebruik van een auteur wilt citeren of als je een argument wilt presenteren om het kritisch te evalueren. Je kunt het citaat duidelijk onderscheiden van jouw eigen woorden door het citaat op een nieuwe regel te plaatsen en te laten inspringen. Daarom zijn dubbele aanhalingstekens niet nodig.

Echter, het is belangrijk om niet steeds lange citaten te gebruiken om je punt te maken. Elk citaat moet worden geïntroduceerd en uitgelegd in je eigen woorden. (Rubens, 2018, p. 32)

Over het algemeen moet een citaat een exacte kopie van het origineel zijn. Toch zijn er enkele situaties waarin je wat kleine aanpassingen mag doen.

Je mag het hoofdlettergebruik bij het eerste woord of het leesteken op het eind veranderen, zodat het citaat grammaticaal gezien in je tekst past, mits je daarbij niet de betekenis van het citaat verandert.

Alle andere veranderingen moet je markeren volgens deze APA-richtlijnen.

Een citaat inkorten

Als je enkele woorden, zinsneden of zinnen wilt weglaten uit het citaat om ruimte te besparen, gebruik je een beletselteken (. . .) met een spatie voor en na het teken. Zo geef je aan dat een deel van het citaat is weggelaten.

• Deel van een zin weggelaten
• Gehele zin weggelaten

Als je een complete zin weglaat uit het citaat, dan voeg je voorafgaand aan het beletselteken een punt toe om het zinseinde aan te geven.

Een citaat verhelderen

Soms wil je mogelijk een woord of zinsnede toevoegen om context te geven. Zo wil je wellicht een naam toevoegen om te verhelderen naar wie of wat een persoonlijk voornaamwoord verwijst.

Alle tekst die je toevoegt, moet tussen blokhaken staan om aan te geven dat de informatie geen deel uitmaakt van het origineel.

Nadruk leggen op een deel van het citaat

Als je een woord of zinsnede uit een citaat wilt benadrukken, maak je dat deel schuingedrukt op en plaats je de woorden “nadruk toegevoegd” tussen blokhaken achter het benadrukte deel.

Fouten in citaten

Als het citaat een spelfout of grammaticale fout bevat, geef je dit aan met het Latijnse woord “sic”. Je maakt het woord schuingedrukt op en plaatst het tussen blokhaken direct na de fout.

Als je een specifieke passage uit een bron citeert of parafraseert , moet je de plaats van die passage aangeven in je verwijzing in de tekst. Als er geen paginanummers zijn (bijvoorbeeld als je naar een website verwijst), maar de tekst wel lang is, kun je sectiekoppen, paragraafnummers of een combinatie van de twee gebruiken:

(Abels, 2021, Resultatensectie, par. 1 ).

Sectiekoppen kunnen worden ingekort als dat nodig is. Kindle plaatsnummers kunnen niet worden gebruikt bij het citeren van een e-book , omdat deze onbetrouwbaar zijn.

Als je verwijst naar de bron als geheel is het niet nodig om een paginanummer of andere plaatsaanduiding te vermelden.

De afkorting “ et al. ” (die “en anderen” betekent) wordt gebruikt om verwijzingen in de tekst met drie of meer auteurs in te korten. Dat werkt als volgt:

Je gebruikt alleen de achternaam van de eerste auteur, gevolgd door “et al.”, een komma en het publicatiejaar. Een voorbeeld is: (Verstraten et al. , 2020).

Tip: Geneer gemakkelijk je literatuurlijst met Scribbrs APA Generator.

Bij een APA-verwijzing in de tekst gebruik je de zinsnede “geciteerd in” als je een indirecte bron wilt citeren (bijvoorbeeld als je de originele bron niet kunt vinden).

Verwijzing tussen haakjes : (De Bruin, 1998, geciteerd in Megens, 2019). Narratieve verwijzing: De Bruin (1998, geciteerd in Megens, 2019) stelt dat …

In de literatuurlijst voeg je alleen de secundaire bron toe (Megens, 2019).

Volg deze regels om een citaat op te nemen in je tekst in APA-stijl:

• Citaten van minder dan 40 woorden worden tussen dubbele aanhalingstekens geplaatst (met het eindpunt als leesteken buiten de aanhalingstekens na de bronvermelding ).
• Citaten van 40 woorden of meer worden opgemaakt als een blokcitaat .
• De auteur, het jaar en het paginanummer worden toegevoegd aan de verwijzing in de tekst .

Tip:   Geneer gemakkelijk je literatuurlijst  met Scribbrs APA Generator.

In APA verwijs je naar een bron door een verwijzing in de tekst op te nemen, evenals een bronvermelding in de literatuurlijst . Elk type bron heeft een eigen format. Een wetenschappelijk artikel wordt bijvoorbeeld op een andere manier aangehaald dan een boek .

Gebruik Scribbrs gratis APA Generator om foutloos en snel bronnen te genereren of kijk naar onze APA-voorbeelden .

Bij academisch schrijven zijn er hoofdzakelijk drie situaties waarbij citeren de beste keuze is:

• Om het taalgebruik van de auteur te analyseren (bijvoorbeeld in een literaire analyse)
• Om bewijs te leveren uit originele bronnen
• Om op de juiste wijze een precieze definitie of argument te presenteren

Gebruik niet te veel citaten, want jouw eigen stem moet het sterkst aanwezig zijn. Als je simpelweg informatie wil geven uit een bron is het meestal beter om te parafraseren of samen te vatten.

Citeer dit Scribbr-artikel

Als je naar deze bron wilt verwijzen, kun je de bronvermelding kopiëren of op “Citeer dit Scribbr-artikel” klikken om de bronvermelding automatisch toe te voegen aan onze gratis Bronnengenerator.

Merkus, J. (2023, 08 juni). APA-stijl richtlijnen voor citaten (uitleg & voorbeelden). Scribbr. Geraadpleegd op 26 augustus 2024, van https://www.scribbr.nl/apa-stijl/citaten/

Wat vind jij van dit artikel?

Julia Merkus

Andere studenten bekeken ook, plaats van bronvermelding in de tekst volgens de apa-stijl (6de editie), apa-stijl verwijzingen in de tekst (met voorbeelden), apa-stijl bronvermeldingen in de literatuurlijst (voorbeelden), scribbr apa checker.

Een nieuwe, innovatieve tool die jouw APA-bronvermeldingen nakijkt met AI-technologie. Neem afscheid van fouten in je bronvermelding!

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

APA Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, a comprehensive guide to apa citations and format, overview of this guide:.

This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.

If you’re looking for MLA format , check out the Citation Machine MLA Guide. Also, visit the Citation Machine homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator, and to see more styles .

Being responsible while researching

When you’re writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual’s work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual’s work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project (i.e., citing), which is one way to prevent plagiarism.

Plagiarism? What is it?

The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagiare , which means “to kidnap.” The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual’s work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author (American Psychological Association, 2020 p. 21). Plagiarism can be illegal and there can be serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else’s work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations and references in your research project. Want to make them quickly and easily? Try the Citation Machine citation generator, which is found on our homepage.

All about citations & references

Citations and references should be included anytime you use another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another’s work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to make them.

APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or project and references are added to the last page.

Citations , which are called in-text citations, are included when you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project, or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.

References are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes the page or location of the information. References include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page range.

Why is it important to include citations & references

Including APA citations and references in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you’re being a responsible researcher. You’re showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.

Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize

Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of:

Mistake #1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Sure, you can use part of the full quote or sentence, but if you decide to put quotation marks around any words, those words should match exactly what was found in the original source. Here’s a line from The Little Prince , by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.”

Here’s an acceptable option:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Here’s a misquote:

“Grown-ups barely ever understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Notice the slight change in the words. The incorrect phrasing is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Mistake #2 - Problems with paraphrasing: When we paraphrase, we restate information using our own words and writing style. It’s not acceptable to substitute words from the original source with synonyms.

Let’s use the same sentence from The Little Prince .

A correct paraphrase could be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything. It’s too bad adults are unable to comprehend anything on their own (p. 3).

An incorrect paraphrase would be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares that adults never understand anything by themselves, and it is exhausting for kids to be always and forever clarifying things to them (p.3).

Notice how close the incorrect paraphrase is from the original. This is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism.

If you’re having a difficult time paraphrasing properly, it is acceptable to paraphrase part of the text AND use a direct quote. Here’s an example:

de Saint-Exupery (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything, and “it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them” (p. 3).

Information About APA

Who created it.

The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology-related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.

The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Click here for more information . This guide covers general information about the style, but is not affiliated with the American Psychological Association.

Why was this style created?

This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!

Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.

The evolution of this style

The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the publisher location for books and the date that an electronic resource was accessed. Both are no longer required to be included.

Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.

Citations & References

The appearance of citations & references.

The format for references varies, but most use this general format:

%%Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title . URL

Researchers and scholars must look up the proper format for the source that they’re attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you’re citing or referencing.

If you would like help citing your sources, CitationMachine.com has a citation generator that will help make the APA citation process much easier for you. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing:

• Journal articles

In-text citations

An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.

Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author’s words are so eloquently written that there isn’t a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author’s words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author’s exact words in your research project, include an APA in-text citation directly following it.

In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, these citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.

When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include a citation directly following it.

Citations in the text are found near a direct quote, paraphrased information, or next to a mention of another source. To see examples of some narrative/ parenthetical citations in action, look at the image above, under “All About Citations & References.”

Note: *Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. Page numbers have a p. before the number, pp. before the page range, and para. before the paragraph number. This information is included to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is unnecessary to include this information when you’re simply referring to another source.

Examples of APA in-text citations:

“Well, you’re about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don’t know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone” (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).

Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017, p. 12).

If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of the Publication manual for more details).

In-text citation APA example:

According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.

The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the “References.”

Here’s how to create in-text citations for specific amounts of authors:

APA citation with no author

When the source lacks an author’s name, place the title, year, and page number (if available) in the text. The title should be in italics if it sits alone (such as a movie, brochure, or report). If the source is part of a whole (as many web pages and articles are), place the title in quotation marks without italics (See Section 8.14 of the Publication manual ).

Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing:

Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)

Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or (“Title of Source,” Year)

Structure for one author

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year, page number).

Structure for two authors

Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of the Publication manual ). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re in the text of the sentence.

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2 (Year)....(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 & Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).

Structure for three or more authors

Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent citations. Follow it with et al.

(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)

(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)

Last name of Author 1 et al. (Year)...(page).

Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)

One author, multiple works, same year

What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author, and the sources all written in the same year?

Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.

(Jackson, 2013a)

Jackson (2013a)

Writers can even lump dates together.

Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a, 2013b).

On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.

Groups and organizations

Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of the Publication manual ).

First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)

World Health Organization (WHO, Year)

Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is placed in parentheses next to it.

Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)

All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation: (Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)

One in-text citation, multiple works

Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but place semicolons between works (p. 263).

(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)

Reminder: There are many citation tools available on CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more, check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!

Click here to learn more about crediting work .

Reference list citation components

References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project.

Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references:

• All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page(s) of a paper.
• Title the page ‘References’
• Place ‘References’ in the center of the page and bold it. Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size.
• The entire page is double spaced.
• All references are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, which is usually the author’s last name. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title (ignore A, An, or The)
• All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
• Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves.

Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section.

Author’s names

The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period (see Section 9.8 of the Publication manual ).

Format: Last name, F. M.

• Angelou, M.
• Doyle, A. C.

Two or more authors

When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20 authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:

Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.

If there are 21 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 19 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author’s name.

Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.

If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you.

###No authors

If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ). When the source’s title begins with a number (Such as 101 Dalmatians ), place the reference alphabetically as if the number was spelled out. 101 Dalmatians would be placed in the spot where ‘One hundred’ would go, but keep the numbers in their place.

Additionally, if the title begins with the words ‘A’, ‘An,’ or ‘The,’ ignore these words and place the title alphabetically according to the next word.

See the “Titles” section below for more information on formatting the title of sources.

###Corporate/Organization authors

On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations (such as UN for United Nations), but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization (following Section 9.11 of the official Publication manual ).

%%United Nations. (2019). Libya: $202 million needed to bring life-saving aid to half a million people hit by humanitarian crisis. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981

Publication date & retrieval date

Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”

%% Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer . http://www.philly.com/

If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.

Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).

%%Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine

When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.

Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

Roots: The saga of an American family.

For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.

Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.

For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.

The Seattle Times.

A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. Here’s a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.

Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.

The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.

Additional information about the title

If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter.

%%Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal.

Besides [Film], other common notations include:

• [Audio podcast]
• [Letter to the editor]
• [Television series episode]
• [Facebook page]
• [Blog post]
• [Lecture notes]
• [PowerPoint presentation]
• [Video file]

If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.

Publisher information

For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location (see Section 9.29 of the Publication manual ). Older editions of the style required the city, state and/or country, but this hasn't been the case since the 7th edition was released.

It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.

For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number.

%%Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 (9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688

After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.

Perseus Books.

Electronic source information:

For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of an APA citation.

DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL (see Section 9.34 in the Publication manual ).

For DOIs, include the number in this format:

http://doi.org/xxxx

For URLs, type them in this format:

http:// or https://

Other information about electronic sources:

• If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
• Do not place a period at the end of the citation/URL.
• It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time (like in a Wikipedia article).
• It is not necessary to include the names of databases

If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. The Citation Machine APA template will properly cite your online sources for you.

Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. Whether it’s an adjective , verb , or pronoun out-of-place, our technology helps edits your paper for you!

Annotated bibliographies:

An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short (1-2 paragraphs) and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine.net, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.

Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies .

These types of projects look different depending on the style you’re using. Use the link at the top of the page to access resources related to the Modern Language Association’s style. Here’s information related to Chicago citation style .

Page formatting

Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay.

• Times New Roman, 12-point size.
• Calibri, Arial, or Georgia, 11-point size
• Lucida, Sans Unicode, or Computer Modern, 10-point size
• Indents = Every paragraph should start with an indent.
• Margins = 1 inch around the entire document
• Spacing = Double space everything!

Arrange your pages in this order:

• Page 1 - APA Title Page (see below for information on the title page)
• Page 2 - Abstract (If your professor requests one)
• Page 3 - First page of text
• References begin on their own page. Include the list of references on the page after the text.
• Tables and figures

Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. If you’re writing an APA style paper for a class, your professor may be more lenient about the requirements. Also, if you’re submitting your paper for a specific journal, check the requirements on the journal’s website. Each journal has different rules and procedures.

Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. Whether it’s a conjunction or interjection out of place, a misspelled word, or an out of place citation, we’ll offer suggestions for improvement! Don’t forget to check out our APA citation maker while you’re at it!

Running heads

In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Since the 7th edition, that’s changed.

• Student paper: No running head
• Professional paper: Include a running head

The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper (not a student paper), even on the title page (sometimes called an APA cover page) and reference list (taken from Section 2.8 of the Publication manual ).

It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number.

• Use the header feature in your word processor. Both Google Docs and Word have these features available.
• Use one for the recommended fonts mentioned under "Page formatting."

Title pages

A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include:

• Page number, which is page 1
• Use title case and bold font
• The title should be under 12 words in length
• The title should be a direct explanation of the focus of the paper. Do not include any unnecessary descriptors such as “An Analysis of…” or “A Study of…”
• Exclude any labels such as Mr., Ms., Dr, PhD...
• Name of the school or institution
• Course number and/or class name
• Name of your instructor, including their preferred honorifics (e.g., PhD, Dr., etc.)
• Paper’s due date
• If this is a professional paper, also include a running head. If this is a student paper, do not include one.

Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. The next line below is the author’s name(s), followed by the name of the school or institution, the class or course name, your instructor’s name, and the paper’s due date.

All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page (except for the running head and page number).

Example - Student Title Page APA:

Example - Professional Title Page APA:

If you’re submitting your paper to a journal for publication, check the journal’s website for exact requirements. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page.

Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine.com’s homepage and choose “Title Page” at the top of the screen.

An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. It’s found in the beginning of a professional paper, right after the title page. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading.

Here are a few tips:

• Be factual and keep your opinions out. An abstract should accurately reflect the paper or dissertation and should not involve information or commentary not in the thesis.
• Communicate your main thesis. What was the examined problem or hypothesis? A reader should know this from reading your abstract.
• Keep it brief. Stick to the main points and don’t add unnecessary words or facts. It should not exceed 250 words.
• Consider your paper’s purpose. It’s important to cater your abstract to your paper type and think about what information the target audience for that paper type would want. For example, an empirical article may mention methodology or participant description. A quantitative or qualitative meta-analysis would mention the different variables considered and how information was synthesized.
• Use verbs over noun equivalents, and active voice. Example: “There was research into…” becomes “We researched…”

Formatting guidelines:

• The abstract goes after the title page.
• It should have the same font (size and type) as the rest of the paper.
• It should stick to one page.
• Double-space all page text.
• Center and bold the word “Abstract” at the top of the paper.
• Don’t indent the first line of the abstract body. The body should also be in plain text.
• For the keywords, place it on the line after the abstract and indent the first line (but not subsequent lines). The word “Keywords:” is capitalized, italicized, and followed by a colon. The actual keywords are sentence case and in plan font.
• List each keyword one after the other, and separate them by a comma.
• After the last keyword, no ending punctuation is needed.

Tables & Figures

If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below.

If you’d like to include a table or figure in your paper, here are a few key pieces of information to keep in mind:

• At the end of the paper after the APA reference page
• In the text after it is first mentioned
• The table first mentioned in the text should be titled ‘Table 1.’ The next table mentioned in the text is ‘Table 2,’ and so on. For figures, it would be 'Figure 1,' 'Figure 2,' and so forth.

• Even though every table and figure is numbered, also create a title for each that describes the information it contains. Capitalize all important words in the title.
• For tables, do not use any vertical lines, only use horizontal to break up information and headings.
• Single spacing is acceptable to use in tables and figures. If you prefer double spacing your information, that is okay too.
• Do not include extra information or “fluff.” Keep it simple!
• Do not include the same exact information in the paper. Only include the complete information in one area—the table or the text.
• All tables and figures must be referenced in the text. It is unacceptable to throw a table or figure into the back of the paper without first providing a brief summary or explanation of its relevance.

Publication Manual 6th Edition vs 7th Edition

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in 2009. The current 7th edition came out in the fall of 2019 and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years.

Below, we’ve listed what we feel are the most relevant changes related to APA format.

Journals and DOIs

DOI stands for “digital object identifier.” Many journal articles use and have a unique DOI that should be included in a full citation.

When including a DOI in a citation, format it as a URL. Do not label it “DOI.” Articles without DOIs from databases are treated as print works. For example:

6th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

7th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

Citing Books

There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. Bloomington, IN: First Books Library.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. First Books Library.

Second, the format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, etc.) no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic [Kindle].

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic .

Lastly, books from research databases without DOIs are treated the same as print works.

When using a URL in a citation, you no longer need to include the term “Retrieved from” before URLs (except with retrieval dates). The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined.

6th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

7th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For two to 20 authors, include an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:

Structure: First 19 authors’ names, . . . Last author’s name.

7th edition example: Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J. K., Taylor, Z., Filmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., Garfield, . . . Trump, D.

When creating an in-text citation for a source with 3 or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name. This helps abbreviate the mention.

6th Edition: (Honda, Johnson, Prosser, Rossi, 2019)

7th Edition: (Honda et al., 2019)

Tables and Figures

Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Now both tables and figures have a number, a title, name of the table/figure, and a note at the bottom.

If you’re still typing into Google “how to cite a website APA” among other related questions and keywords, click here for further reading on the style .

When you’re through with your writing, toss your entire paper into the Citation Machine Plus plagiarism checker , which will scan your paper for grammar edits and give you up to 5 suggestions cards for free! Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research!

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Updated March 3, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

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What is the Cite This For Me APA Citation Generator?

If you are working on an APA style project or paper, you know that formatting APA citations can be a complicated task that requires a lot of patience. Fortunately, referencing has never been so easy. Introducing your new best friend: the Cite This For Me APA citation generator. Using this automated citation machine to create accurate citations helps you to work smarter, leaving more time to focus on your studies and research.

The Cite This For Me citation generator fully-formats all of your APA citations in just a few clicks. So if you’re unsure how to accurately follow the APA citation format, or you need to cite all of your sources quickly, using the Cite This For Me accurate and intuitive generator will help you avoid losing valuable points on your work. Using this generator can help you create proper citations which prevents you from plagiarizing and allows you more time to focus on the content of your paper. All you have to do is enter the information from your sources as prompted by the generator, and it will create both a reference page citation you can copy and paste directly onto your reference page and an in-text citation for use within your paper.

This guide provides you with everything we believe you need to know to cite APA and get the grade that reflects all your hard work. Read ahead for tips on how to structure and present your work according to the APA formatting guidelines, how to avoid charges of plagiarism, and how to cite sources both in-text and in your reference list and bibliography.

Popular APA Citation Examples

• Dictionary entry 
• Edited book 
• Image or video online
• PDF or E-book
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Why Do I Need To Cite?

Essentially, citing is the crediting of sources used in academic work. When another source contributes to your work you must acknowledge the original author with an accurate reference, unless it is common knowledge (e.g., Barack Obama is the first American of mixed race to be elected president). Failing to cite all of your sources or citing them incorrectly constitutes plagiarism , which is considered a serious academic offense. It is important to remember that information doesn’t just belong to anyone who happens to stumble upon it. If you are caught plagiarizing it is more than likely that you will lose points on your assignment, or even face expulsion from your university.

Aside from avoiding plagiarism, attributing your research is crucial in ensuring that your work is firmly anchored in academic tradition. Correctly citing your sources validates the statements and conclusions you make in your work by providing supporting evidence. For many students, citing can be a frustrating process, but it’s an excellent way to enhance the quality of your work and inject it with authority.

Imagine if all the stress of referencing simply vanished. Well, the Cite This For Me APA citation generator is here to help you – now you can create in-text citations and reference lists in the APA format without the usual frustrations of referencing. Creating an APA citation has never been easier.

Note that using a citation generator is not cheating or plagiarizing, unless the requirements for your paper specify that you do all citations manually, which is very uncommon. Consider citation generators as a tool similar to spell check – it doesn’t write the paper for you, but it helps prevent you from making errors in your citations. Also, unless you have the citation handbook memorized, using a generator is usually a much faster method for creating references.

What is the APA Citation Style?

The APA citation style (6th Edition) is a parenthetical author-date style, so you need to put the author’s last name and the publishing date into parentheses wherever another source is used in the narrative.

The APA format consists of in-text citations and a reference list, along with guidelines for formatting the paper itself. Both the in-text citations and the reference list can be created in using the Cite This For Me APA reference generator.

Although primarily used by social and behavioural sciences, the APA style citation is used amongst other scientific publications for its editorial efficiency. The Cite This For Me APA citation generator uses the (6th) edition of the APA format. Whether you are using the APA format generator for university assignments or are preparing research projects for publishing, Cite This For Me is there for you 24/7.

Aside from the APA format there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of which depends on your discipline, university requirements, your professor’s preference or the publication you are submitting the work to. It is important to make sure that you are using the correct style – so if you’re unsure, consult your department and follow their guidelines exactly.

If no format is specified, be careful to use the same format throughout your paper and reference list. Do not mix citation styles, as this could lead to confusion in your references and a reduction of points.

Cite This For Me is not only an APA citation website; it can help you generate citations in multiple formats. The citation generator above will generate your references in APA format as standard. You can also sign up to Cite This For Me to select from over 7,000+ styles, including individual college variations. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the Chicago style citation , your referencing will be supported. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy guides for styles such as ASA , AMA , IEEE or Harvard .

How do I Create and Format My Citations?

When you want to create an APA reference for a source within a paper; whether it is using a direct quote, repurposing an image, or simply referring to an idea or theory, you should:

• Insert an in-text citation APA (the author’s surname and the date of publication within parentheses) straight after a direct quote
• Insert an in-text citation at the end of the sentence when the author’s name is not included in the narrative of the sentence
• If you have already mentioned the author’s name in the sentence, you only need to insert the date immediately after their surname in parentheses
• Include page numbers within the parentheses (after the date), if referring to a particular page or section of the source
• When citing a source with three to five authors, include all surnames for the first in-text citation, then use the first author’s surname followed by ‘et al.’ for subsequent citations
• When citing six or more authors – use the first author’s surname followed by ‘et al.’ for all citations
• If you are mentioning both the year and author in the text, don’t include an additional citation in parentheses – unless you are referring to a particular section of the source, in which case you should cite the page number
• Provide an alphabetical list (ordered by author’s surname) of all sources used, titled ‘References’, on a separate page at the end of the narrative
• Inclusive page numbers for the electronic version of a print source (e.g., a PDF)
• Provide your appendices on a separate page after the reference list

When in doubt, it’s always better to create a citation instead of risking plagiarizing. If the thought or idea didn’t come from your head and isn’t considered common knowledge, cite a credible source. Use the Cite This For Me APA citation maker to help you create citations with ease; this will allow you to add citations to your project, edit on the spot, and export separate in-text citations as well as fully-formatted reference lists.

APA Citation Examples (7th Edition)

You will use an in-text citation to credit a source within the context of your paper. You can use an in-text citation after a direct quote or at the end of a sentence containing thoughts and ideas from a source, even if the sentence is not in quotations. To create an APA in-text citation, you will need some information from your sources, such as the author’s name, the year of publication, and the page number, if applicable.

The example below directly follow rules from Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th edition.

In-text citation examples:

• Page specified, author mentioned in text:

Lutz & Huitt (2010, p. 4) argue that “the statistical significance of …”

• Page specified, author not mentioned in text:

The results were consistent throughout the study (Fernández-Manzanal, Rodríguez-Barreiro, & Carrasquer, 2007).

• Six authors:

The study found that … (Sania et al., 2011)

The data presented …. (“How sleep enhances memory retention”, 2015).

Reference examples:

• Book, one author, multiple editions:

Hawking, S. W. (1998). A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes (10th ed.). New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.

• Ebook, online only:

Tyler, G. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age . http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=142&action=setvar&vartype=history&varname=bookmark&v1=1&v2=46&v3=2

• Journal article, three authors, with a DOI:

Fernández-Manzanal, R., Rodríguez-Barreiro, L., & Carrasquer, J. (2007). Evaluation of environmental attitudes: Analysis and results of a scale applied to university students. Science Education , 91(6), 988–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20218

• How to cite a website in APA:

Veterans Affairs Canada. (2019, February 14). Indigenous people in the Second World War . https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/historical-sheets/aborigin

• Online newspaper article:

Smith, D. (2019, October 22). The banner, the rings, the season opener: Champion Raptors return on a night like no other. The Toronto Star . https://www.thestar.com/sports/raptors/2019/10/22/the-banner-the-rings-the-season-opener-champion-raptors-return-on-a-night-like-no-other.html

• Article from an online news website (HuffPost, MSNBC, Vox, etc.):

Wade, L. (2013, March 6). ‘Sunstone’ crystal from British shipwreck may be vikings’ legendary navigation aid . HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sunstone-british-shipwreck-viking-navigation_n_2818858

• Video, online:

CrashCourse. (2015, April 30). Mars: Crash course astronomy #15 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-88YWx71gE

How Do I Format My Reference List?

Drawing on a range of relevant sources in your work proves that you have read widely around your chosen topic, so it’s a surefire way to impress your reader. Your reference page may need to include citations for a variety of reference types, including books, websites, academic journals, videos, sheet music, song lyrics, paintings, and more.

To ensure your reader’s ease of comprehension you must adhere to the style’s formatting guidelines. On an APA reference page, or an APA works cited page, a list of all the sources that have directly contributed to your work should be placed on a new page at the end of the narrative and titled ‘References’ (center align the title). The references should all have a hanging indentation – the second and subsequent lines of each reference should start ½ inch from the margin.

You may also be required to provide a full bibliography. The difference between a bibliography and a reference page is that a reference page only cites the sources which are used directly in the paper, or those that are cited with in-text citations. For an APA bibliography, you will need to create a comprehensive list of all the source material you used to complete the assignment, even if it was not cited in the text. It should include any book, journal, article, etc., that you may have consulted throughout your research and writing process in order to get a deeper understanding of the subject at hand.

APA Format Example:

Fernández-Manzanal, R., Rodríguez-Barreiro, L., & Carrasquer, J. (2007). Evaluation of environmental attitudes: Analysis and results of a scale applied to university students. Science Education , 91(6), 988–1009. doi:10.1002/sce.20218

A note on journals and website citations: If you are wondering how to cite a website in APA, you will need the URL of the website. If you use an online journal as a source, then you should first look for a DOI, or digital object identifier, and use that instead of a URL. A DOI is a more precise way to locate an article than a URL because the DOI will follow the article even if the URL changes. A DOI is typically located at the top of the page of an online journal article.

The DOI or URL (never both) should be the last part of your citation for the website or online journal article on the reference page. To create an in text citation for a website, follow the same structure required for books, putting the author’s last name first followed by a comma and the year of publication, followed by a comma and the page numbers if applicable.

Sound like a lot of work? Although the style guidelines are strict in regard to how references should be formatted, the Cite This For Me APA citation machine helps take the weight off your shoulders by accurately compiling your reference list and bibliography in a matter of a few clicks.

APA Style Paper Formatting Guidelines (7th Edition)

Along with specifications for in-text and reference page citations, APA style also has guidelines to follow when formatting the rest of your paper. When following these guidelines, you must pay attention to presentation details such as font type, line spacing, margins and page headers to ensure your work is easily legible.

The information provided here is an overview of only the most important formatting elements; a more thorough description of paper elements and formatting can be found in Chapter 2 of the APA 7 Publication Manual , beginning on page 29.

• 1 inch margins on all sides
• Use Times New Roman, 12 pt. size
• Double-space the entirety of the paper
• The page number is included at the top of the page, aligned to the right
• Title of the paper in all capitals, 50 characters or less, in the header on each page of the body (the ‘running head’), aligned to the left. A running head is only required for professional papers and not student papers
• For students, the paper should typically include three major sections – Title Page, Main Body and References.
• An APA cover page, also known as an APA title page, should include the following elements: the running head, page number, paper title, author name, and the institutional affiliation.
• If infographics (tables, charts) were used in the narrative you should also add Appendices as a separate section at the end of the paper.
• An APA sample paper may have an APA format title page that also includes an author’s note, but this is usually optional and not considered a requirement.

APA Title Page

Not all instructors will require a title page, also sometimes called an APA cover page. If they do, include these four parts:

• Title of your paper
• Running head (see above section)
• Author’s/Your name
• Institutional affiliation

The title of your paper should:

• Be centered on the page and use title case (a combination of lower and uppercase letters).
• Not be italicized, bolded, or underlined
• Use a 12-point font
• Be a maximum of 2 lines and not more than 12 words long
• Not include abbreviations

Underneath the title, place the author’s name. If you wrote the paper, put your full name here. There’s no need to include titles or degrees (e.g., Ms., PhD, etc.).

Under the author’s name, place the institutional affiliation. For most students, this would be the name of the school, college or university you are attending.

The title, author’s name, and institutional affiliation should all be double spaced.

Here’s an example of an APA format title page:

A Brief History of the APA Format

APA stands for American Psychological Association , the scientific organisation that assembles the publishing manual of the APA format. The style was developed in 1929 by a group of scientists to standardize scientific writing. It was created in the hopes that it would provide a coherent and professional manner of citing sources for students and researchers in the fields of social and behavioural sciences.

The first publication manual of the APA format was published in pursuit of a neat and efficient research formatting style, mainly for editorial purposes. Although some contemporary scientists argued that having such strict regulations restricted personal writing styles, the format has since become one of the most popular referencing styles. Today it is adopted in term papers, research reports, literature reviews, theoretical articles, case studies etc.

Differences Between the 6th Edition and 7th Edition

In the fall of 2019, the American Psychological Association published the 7th edition of its Publication Manual . The 7th edition of the APA paper format includes updated citation rules for more efficiency, new example citations and papers, and revised writing guidelines.

When in doubt about how to cite APA or which edition to use, ask your instructor or a librarian for help. Most of this guide follows the 6th edition, but if you’re looking for guidance on the 7th edition for your paper, these are some notable changes:

• When making an APA book citation do not include the publisher’s location. This also applies to book chapter references
• DOIs are formatted as URLs (i.e., https://doi.org/xxx)
• Don’t include the label “DOI” before the DOI url
• Include the issue number if one exists
• When making a full APA website citation, do not include the words “Retrieved from” before the URL
• When citing an ebook, don’t indicate the format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle)
• Figures are formatted more like notes with a number and title at the top, and a note under the figure/table instead of a caption
• Don’t include running heads on student papers, except when your instructor asks for it by your instructor
• Annotated bibliographies
• Citing social media posts, podcasts, and other modern sources
• There’s only a single space after sentences

APA Writing Guidelines and Suggestions

The American Psychological Association also provides some helpful guidelines regarding overall best practices when writing academic and scientific papers. One important thing to be on the lookout for is bias in your writing. For instance, using the word “man” to represent humans as a species is neither scientific nor without potential bias.

Here are some good rules of thumb to help you avoid bias in your paper:

• Always be specific in your writing and avoid generalizations.
• Do not label people or test subjects unnecessarily.
• When writing about participants in your experiment or study, be sure to acknowledge them as such appropriately. Use the term “participants” instead of “subjects.”
• Use active voice instead of passive voice in your writing. For example, “the participants completed the task” vs. “the task was completed by the participants.”
• Always be cautious when discussing topics such as sexual orientation, racial and ethnic identity, disabilities, etc.
• Never change quotations to better serve your own ends or to better fit with your conclusions.

View Spanish APA Citation Guide

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To unlock the full potential of the APA citation maker simply login to the Cite This For Me multi-platform tool. Use the web platform to add and edit citations, export full projects and individual entries, utilize the add-ons and save all of your citations in the cloud. Or make use of the Cite This For Me extension for Chrome – the browser extension for Google Chrome that allows you to instantly create and edit a citation for any online source, without leaving the web page you’re viewing.

Cite This For Me helps give students the confidence to be ethical researchers and writers by encouraging them to research and cite diverse sources. There are so many sources you can cite using the APA citation generator; whether it be a PDF report, podcast, a musical score or many more .

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• Knowledge Base
• How to cite a PDF in APA Style

How to Cite a PDF in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on December 17, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

APA Style doesn’t provide a specific citation format for PDFs. Instead, you’ll have to determine what kind of source the PDF is (e.g., a book, a journal article) and cite it in the appropriate format.

If you’re not sure what type of source you’re dealing with, look for clues in the PDF. For example, you might find the name of the larger publication the PDF comes from, which you can then look up to see what kind of source it is. If you received the PDF from an instructor, you can always ask them to clarify how to cite it.

This article explains the formats for several source types you might encounter in PDF form below.

Table of contents

Citing a book in pdf form, citing a journal article, citing a dissertation or thesis, citing a report, citing a white paper, citing a brochure, citing a newspaper or magazine article.

Books, or extracts from books, may be encountered online in PDF form. A book will generally include a copyright page with the details of publication. To cite an online book like this, list the usual information for a book, followed by a URL or DOI at the end.

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Journal articles will usually indicate the volume, issue, and name of the journal they’re published in.

Journal articles published as PDFs often use an e-locator (the letter “e” followed by a series of numbers, e.g. e1034762) instead of a page range to identify their location within the journal. If the article cited lacks a page range, use the e-locator instead.

A dissertation or thesis published online will often be in PDF form. These will generally feature a title page clearly marking them as a dissertation or thesis.

List the author, date, and title, followed by the type of document (e.g. “Master’s thesis”) and university in square brackets, the name of the website, and finally the URL.

Reports are frequently accessed online in PDF form. They will generally clearly identify the organization they’re published by and frequently list a report number. They may also have “report” in the title.

Include the title, author, date, publisher, report number (if available), and the URL.

A white paper is a type of report presenting the ideas, policy, or proposals of the organization that issued it (e.g., a government or business) concerning a particular topic.

The format for citing one is similar to that for a report, except that white papers generally don’t have report numbers, and the label “White paper” in square brackets appears after the title instead.

Brochures and pamphlets are small, informative promotional texts designed, for example, to introduce an exhibition or advertise a range of products or services.

Brochures encountered in PDF form are cited in a similar format to reports. Note that when the organization listed as author is the same as the publisher (as in the example below), you should only list it once.

When you encounter a newspaper or magazine article in PDF form, the page numbers will generally be available, so that you can just cite it in the format for a print article .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a PDF in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/pdf/

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🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

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College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

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Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

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In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

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• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

How do I reference?

Referencing - providing information about your sources - is needed for language you quote word-for-word from another source, for text you paraphrase (rewrite using your own words), and for works from which you summarize ideas.

Always reference your sources in two places:

• In the running text at the place where you are incorporating the information
• In a reference list, a bibliography, or a footnote

But how, exactly? There are a lot of different systems for citing sources (so-called ‘referencing styles’ or ‘citation styles’). Referencing styles vary from discipline to discipline. Your lecturer will tell you which style to use. Check the web tutorial RefCite : it provides extensive information about:

• quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing
• citing sources according to referencing styles used at Tilburg University

Looking for concise information about a particular referencing style, a manual, or useful websites? Click on one of the tabs below.

This style is used in Psychology and related disciplines.

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., 2020) contains the official guidelines for citing sources in APA style. The library holds copies of this style guide. Check Tilburg University's catalog, WorldCat Discovery , for locations.

Referencing in APA Style

APA is an author-date system. Sources are cited in text with author name(s) and year of publication. A full citation is given in a reference list at the end of the text

Tilburg University's Library APA manual includes, among other things, examples of 135+ common references in APA style. The guide is based on the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020).

• APA Style.org : website of the American Psychological Association (APA), containing information about the APA style, a number of tutorials and some sample papers .
• APA Style Blog : the official American Psychological Association’s blog , containing easy-to-understand information about citing in APA style. You can search the blog and read posts from APA-editors.
• APA Formatting and Style Guide : online Writing Lab (OWL) of Purdue University.

Manage your references with EndNote

EndNote is software that can help you create, manage and use a personal database with bibliographical data. Using EndNote, you can convert your references to any style you want. 

This style is used in the Humanities.

The Chicago Manual of Style  (16th rev. ed., 2010) contains the guidelines for citing sources in Chicago Style. This style guide is available online . Note that there are two variants of Chicago Style: Chicago NB (Notes-Bibliography) and Chicago AD (Author-Date). At Tilburg University, Chicago NB is used.

Referencing in Chicago NB Style 

ording to the Chicago NB style, sources are cited by placing a superscript number in the text, pointing to a note (either a footnote or an endnote) that contains bibliographical information about the source. The full citation is given in an alphabetical bibliography at the end of the text.

Online journal article, referenced in Chicago NB Style

Check the web tutorial RefCite for more referencing examples.

• The Chicago Manual of Style Online Web page of the University of Chicago; provides access to the official style guide, a quick guide, and the Chicago Style Q&A.
• Chicago Manual of Style 16th Edition Online Writing Lab (OWL) by Purdue University

This style is widely used in Economics. There are several variants.

The guidelines for the Harvard Style have been published by several institutions such as the British Standards Institutions, the Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS), and the University of Chicago Press. No official style guide exists.

Referencing in Harvard Style

Harvard is an author-date system. Sources are cited in text with surname of the author(s) and year of publication. The full citation is given in a reference list at the end of the text.

Online journal article, referenced in Harvard Style (AGPS)

Example in accordance with the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers / Revised by Snooks & Co. (6th ed., 2002), Milton, Qld.: John Wiley & Sons.

• Harvard Referencing Tutorial by Cardiff University
• Harvard System Extensive Guide to the Harvard system, including a (printable) Quick Guide, by Anglia Ruskin University.

This style is used in the (Bio)medical Sciences .

The Vancouver style was developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). It is also known as Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (URM). The Uniform Requirements citation style is based largely on the style adapted by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) for its databases.

The style guide Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd. ed., 2007) contains the NLM guidelines. This publication is available online .

Referencing in Vancouver Style

Vancouver is a numbered system. Sources are consecutively numbered according to the order in which they are mentioned in the text. References are listed in numerical order in a reference list at the end of the text. Journal titles are abbreviated. You can look up these abbreviations in PubMed . Click on the ‘Journals in NCBI Databases’ link.

Online journal article, referenced in Vancouver Style 

Example in accordance with chapter 23 of Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd ed.): Journals on the Internet.

• Citing and referencing: Vancouver  
• Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References

The 'Leidraad' is used in Dutch Law.

The Leidraad voor juridische auteurs: voetnoten, bronvermeldingen, literatuurlijsten en afkortingen in Nederlandstalige publicaties (ed. 2022) contains guidelines for citing sources in Dutch legal texts. This publication is  available online after login in Inview (formerly knows as Navigator) .

Note that for English legal texts, OSCOLA is used.

OSCOLA stands for 'The Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authorities'. The style was developed by the Oxford Law Faculty in consultation with leading academic law publishers. OSCOLA is widely adopted in the United Kingdom and is available online on the website of Oxford Law .

Note that for Dutch legal texts, the Leidraad voor juridische auteurs (Guide for Legal Authors) is used.

Referencing in OSCOLA Style

OSCOLA is a note system. Foot notes are placed in the text, usually at the end of a sentence. At the bottom of the page, full bibliographic information about the sources is provided. Journal titles are abbreviated. Abbreviations can be checked in the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations.

Online journal articles, referenced in OSCOLA Style:   Check the web tutorial RefCite for more referencing examples.

On the OSCOLA referencing site of Salford University you can find among others a useful guide to using OSCOLA for legal referencing.

EndNote is software that can help you create, manage and use a personal database with bibliographical data. Using EndNote, you can convert your references to any style you want.

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