case study of economics for class 12

CBSE Class 12 Economics Case study Questions & Answers For Chapter (Microeconomics & Macroeconomics)

Understudies can discover the chapter astute vital questions for course 12th Economics within the table underneath. These imperative questions incorporate questions that are regularly inquired in a long time. Moreover, arrangements are to give for these questions, with extraordinary accentuation on ease-of-study. Tap on the joins underneath to begin investigating.

CBSE Class 12 Case Study Question for Economics

Case study 01:.

(a) From the following data calculate the value of Domestic Income:

=₹2000+₹800+₹460+₹940+₹300+₹200

(b) State any two components of ‘Net Factor Income from Abroad’.

(iii) Net retained earnings of resident companies abroad

(a) ‘Pesticides are chemical compounds designed to kill pests. Many pesticides can also pose health risks to people even if exposed to nominal quantities. ‘In the light of the above statement, suggest any two traditional methods for replacement of the chemical pesticides.

(ii) During the COVID-19 lockdown millions of casual workers lost their jobs, raising the question of their survival. Also, additional health expenditure added to their troubles.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics: Economics is a Subject that includes both subjective content and objective questions. In order to understand Class 12 Economics, you need to have an in-depth understanding of concepts. In such a case Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions can be your go-to place.

NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 12 Economics [Latest updated session for 2023-2024] helps students understand how to answer the questions in the textbook. All the Solutions have detailed answers with explanations so that students can learn better. NCERT Solutions over here are arranged as per Units and Exercises to guide you in both board and competitive exams. You will get a stronger foundation of the subject along with the ability to tackle different questions.

Download NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics PDF

Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions provided on this page include a wide range of concepts and the advanced information of all the questions covered in the NCERT Textbooks.  Usually, Economics is classified into two types namely Micro Economics and Macro Economics. In Class 12 Economics you will have a progressed degree of concepts. Get to know a broad variety of examples to comprehend and learn concepts quickly.

Aspirants preparing the Class 12 Economics Subject can access the quick links provided on our page free of cost. You can download them and aid your preparation.

Economics NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Economics All Chapters Free PDF

Class 12 Economics textbook solutions will give students an advantage with practical questions. NCERT Solutions provided are easy to understand and each step in the solution is described to match student understanding. CBSE Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions are curated by subject experts and students can rely on these to score well. NCERT Solutions Economics is prepared as per the latest CBSE Syllabus and you can use them during your homework or for your preparation.

Do you want to score high marks in economics in class 12 CBSE board Exams? Then following NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics free PDF can help you do it.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics guides you through this with utmost precision by offering you easy access to important topics in every chapter – so that you save valuable time right before the exam.

In our NCERT Solutions , CBSE Class 12 Economics students can find the solutions chapter wise. So, students get clarity on every topic.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Economics
• Chapter 2 Consumer Equilibrium
• Chapter 3 Demand
• Chapter 4 Elasticity of Demand
• Chapter 5 Production
• Chapter 6 Cost
• Chapter 7 Supply
• Chapter 8 Revenue
• Chapter 9 Producer Equilibrium
• Chapter 10 Perfect Competition
• Chapter 11 Non-Competitive Market
• Chapter 12 Market Equilibrium with Simple Applications

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics and its Concepts
• Chapter 2 National Income and Related Aggregates
• Chapter 3 Money
• Chapter 4 Banking
• Chapter 5 Aggregate Demand and Its Related Concepts
• Chapter 6 National Income Determination and Multiplier
• Chapter 7 Excess Demand and Deficient Demand
• Chapter 8 Government Budget and the Economy
• Chapter 9 Foreign Exchange Rate
• Chapter 10 Balance of Payment

Benefits of preparing from Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions

NCERT Economics Class 12 Solutions will cover everything right from basic level to advanced level. You will get to know the solutions for all kinds of questions in the exercises of NCERT Textbooks.

• Our NCERT Solutions for 12th Class Economics will not just give you an idea on chapter wise questions but also furnishes you with accurate answers.
• You can access the required study material for Class 12 Economics from anywhere.
• Class 12th Economics NCERT Solutions prevailing will be of extreme help during your preparation.
• You can get a good grip on the subject by practicing enough using the NCERT Class XII Economics Textbook Solutions Provided.

FAQs on NCERT Class 12 Economics Solutions

1.  Where can I find NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Subject?

You can find NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Economics Subject by referring to the quick links available on our page.

2. Are NCERT Solutions good enough for preparing for Board exams?

Yes, NCERT Solutions are more than enough for clearing your board exams with high scores.

3. Which Website offers Best NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics?

Learncbse.in is a reliable and genuine site from where you can access the Class 12th NCERT Solutions for Economics.

4. How can I download Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions PDF?

All you have to do is just tap on the quick links available on our page to view or download the NCERT Solutions Class 12th Economics. Use them as a reference during your practice.

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Case/Source Based MCQs of Money and Banking chapter class 12

• October 31, 2021
• MCQS , Money & Banking

Looking for Case study or Source-Based MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) of Money and Banking chapter of Macroeconomics Class 12 CBSE, ISC and other state Board.

I have made a collection of important MCQs

Lets Practice.

Case/Source Based Multiple Choice Questions of Money and Banking Chapter Class 12

Following are the MCQs

1. Based on the passage below, answer the following questions.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s Central Bank, also known as the banker’s bank. The RBI controls the monetary and other banking policies of the Indian government. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1, 1935, in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The role of RBI has undergone a significant change after the introduction of the new Economic Policy in 1991.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central bank and regulatory body under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, the RBI is responsible for the issue and supply of the Indian rupee and the regulation of the Indian Banking system. It also manages the country’s main payment systems and works to promote its economic development.

On 8 November 2016, the government of India announced the demonetization of all ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Answer the following Questions.

1. Why RBI is said to be a banker of the bank. Choose the correct option

a) Lender’s of last resort b) controller of credit c) Decide LRR d) None of the above.

Ans – a)

2. ‘RBI is responsible for issue and supply of Indian Rupee in the economy’. Identify the function of RBI and explain.

a) Central bank has the authority to issue currency in the economy. b) This develops the public faith in the system of note circulation. c) It allows the central bank to supervise and control the money supply. d) All of the above.

Ans – d)

3. Define Demonetisation.

a) it refers to selling the public sector to the private. b) It refers to the release of new coins. c) It refers to the process where currency notes of certain denominations are declared no longer as legal tender. d) None of the Above.

Ans – c)

4. How the role of RBI has changed after the 1991 New Economic Policy.

a) Its role changes from the regulator to facilitator b) Interest rates decision are left with financial institutions c) It only formulates the guidelines and decision-making rights are left with financial institutions d) All of the above.

The Monetary Policy Committee of the Reserve Bank of India kept interest rates on hold Thursday even as it vowed to keep policy sufficiently loose to help revive the coronavirus battered economy. Accepting a key demand of lenders and the corporate sector, the central bank cleared a one-time restructuring of loan accounts to bail out stressed borrowers, including personal, small, and medium loans.

The details of the loan restructuring scheme – expected to kick in after the moratorium on loan repayments ends. August 31 – will be worked out by a committee headed by former ICICI Bank Chairman KV Kamath. The RBI also continued to provide support on the liquidity front and opened a new targeted window for small lenders.

The central bank kept the repo rate unchanged at 4 percent and reduced the reverse repo rate to 3:35 percent.

Answer the following questions on the basis of the above Case.

Q.1 Suppose you are a member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the RBI. You have suggested the ___________ of the money supply be ensured to help revive the coronavirus battered economy.

a) restriction b) release c) doubling d) no change

Ans – b)

Q.2 “The Monetary Policy Committee of the RBI kept interest rates on hold—-“. Which of the following is highlighted above by the term ‘interest rates’?

a) Bank Rate and Repo Rate b) Bank Rate and Lending Rate c) Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate d) Bank Rate and Reverse Repo Rate

Q.3 What does the ‘Repo Rate’ mean?

a) Rate at which banks borrow from the RBI for short term b) Rate at which banks borrow from the RBI for long term c) Rate at which banks deposit excess funds with the RBI d) Rate at which banks lend funds to the public

Q.4 ‘Reduction in Repo Rate by RBI’ is likely to _ the demand for goods and services in the economy.

a) increase b) decrease c) double d) not effect

The key indicators of RBI Monetary Policy along with their current rates in the table given below:

On 9th October 2020, RBI has kept the Repo Rate unchanged at 4.00% and reduced reverse repo rate to 3.35%. In addition to that, the bank rate stands at 4.65%. This has been done to limit the damage to the economy caused by the Covid-19 and subsequent lockdowns.

Q.1 What does RBI Monetary Policy 2020 mean?

a) It is the policy formulated by the RBI in 2020 related to expenditure and taxation of the government. b) It is the policy formulated by the RBI in 2020 realted to money matters of the country. c) It is the policy formulated by the RBI in 2020 related to the government budget. d) It is the policy formulated by the RBI in 2020 realted to the distribution of credit among users as well as the rate of interest on borrowing and lending.

Ans – b), d)

Q.2 What does the ‘Bank Rate’ mean?

a) Rate at which banks borrow from the RBI for short term b) Rate at which banks borrow from the RBI for long term c) Rate at which banks deposit excess funds with the RBI d) Rate at which banks lend funds to the public.

Q.3 Which of the following is a quantitative credit control technique of RBI?

a) CRR b) SLR c) Repo Rate d) All of these

Q.4 Cut in Reverse Repo Rate is likely to _ the demand for goods and services in the economy during Covid – 19 lockdowns.

Case Study – 3

Keeping in view the continuing hardships faced by banks in terms of social distancing of staff and consequent strains on reporting requirements, the Reserve Bank of India has extended the relaxation of the minimum daily maintenance of the CRR of 80% for up to September 25, 2020. Currently, CRR is 3% and SLR is 18.50%.

“As announced in the Statement of Development and Regulatory Policies of March 27, 2020, the minimum daily maintenance of CRR was reduced from 90% of the prescribed CRR to 80% effective the fortnight beginning March 28, 2020 till June 26, 2020, that has now been extended up to September 25, 2020,” said the RBI.

Q.1 The full forms of CRR and SLR are:

a) Current Reserve Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves b) Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves c) Current Required Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves d) Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Liquidity Ratio

Q.2 What will be the value of money multiplier?

a) 33.33 b) 5.4 c) 4.65 d) None of these

Q.3 SLR implies:

a) Certain percentage of the total banks’s deposits has to be kept in the current account with RBI b) Certain percentage of net total demand and time deposits has to be kept by the bank with themselves. c) Certain percentage of net demand deposits has to be kept by the banks with RBI d) None of the above

Decrease in CRR will lead to __ .

a) fall in aggregate demand in the economy. b) rise in aggregate demand in the economy c) no change in aggregate demand in the economy d) fall in general price level in the economy

Case Study – 4

Due to Covid – 19, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), cut Repo Rate to 4.4% the lowest in at least 15 years. Also, it reduced the CRR by 100 basis points. Previously, it was 4%. RBI governor Dr. Shaktikanta Das predicted a big global recession and said India will not be immune. It all depends on how India responds to the situation. Aggregate demand may weaken and ease core inflation.

Q.1 CRR stands for:

a) Cash Reserve Ratio b) Current Reserve Ratio c) Cash Required Rate d) Current Required Rate

Q.2 Cut in Repo Rate by RBI is likely to __ the aggregate demand in the Indian Economy.

“ reduced the CRR by 100 basis points. Previously, it was 4%.” Thus, CRR is reduced to ___ .

a) 5% b) 3% c) 96% d) 104%

Besides reduction in CRR and Repo Rate, What other measures can be taken by the Government of India through its budgetary policy to combat recession?

a) Decrease the bank rate b) Sell government securities in the open market c) Increase margin requirements on secured loans d) Decrease taxes and increase government expenditure

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Case Study Questions for Class 12 Economics

• Last modified on: 6 months ago
• Reading Time: 11 Minutes

Table of Contents

Here you will find Case Study Questions for CBSE Class 12 Economics.

Units and Chapter List:

PART A: INTRODUCTORY MACROECONOMICS

• National Income and Related Aggregates
• Money and Banking
• Determination of Income and Employment
• Government Budget and the Economy
• Balance of Payment

PART B: INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms Since 1991
• Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy
• Development Experience of India

How to be a Well-prepared Examinee?

Getting prepared for the CBSE Examinations can be a challenging task, but with the right approach, you can be well-prepared. Every student wants to score well in the exams and be among the toppers. They all work hard to achieve this goal. The difference, between those who achieve the goal and those who do not, is not much. Here are a few points that will surely help in covering that difference and achieving the desired goal.

BE UPDATED First, get a clear understanding of the syllabus and the exam pattern of the CBSE Examinations. This will help you know which topics you need to focus on and what to expect in the exam.

DEVISE A STUDY PLAN Create a realistic study plan that covers all the subjects and topics that you need to study. Set realistic study goals for each day.

PRIORITISE THE TOPICS Identify the important topics and prioritise them in your study plan. This will help you focus on the most important concepts and reduce stress.

MAKE NOTES AND SUMMARIES Make concise notes and summaries of all the important topics. This will help you revise the concepts efficiently and effectively.

MNEMONICS Try to remember various concepts using the mnemonics

PRACTISE REGULARLY AND DILIGENTLY Solving previous years’ question papers and sample papers will help you assess your preparation level and identify your weak areas. It will also help you manage your time effectively during the exam.

STAY COMPOSED Try to keep calm and be in control of your feelings. Take a balanced diet, sleep well and do some physical exercise regularly. Spend some time doing the things which you like. Stay fit, calm and focused. It will help you immensely in your preparations and will lead you to success.

PREPARE FOR THE BIG DAY The examination day holds a great significance for the learners. Most of the learners try to assimilate as much as they can, just before the examination. This stressful, last minute preparation should be avoided, as much as possible. The preparation should end a night before the examination. A sound sleep is important for a fresh start in the morning. Avoid over-stressing just before the examination.

MINDSET DURING THE EXAM

In the examination hall, ensure that you have filled your particulars in the answer sheet correctly. Answer the questions according to the given directions. First attempt the questions that you can answer easily. It will create a positive mindset.

EFFECTIVE USE OF TIME

If you have solved the paper before time, don’t leave the examination hall. Revise your answers and look for any correction or improvement. There is always room for improvement. Do utilise your time effectively.

How to Tackle Business Studies Case Studies in Exams

Here’s a tip on how to approach and answer case study questions for Class 12 BST (Business Studies) exams:

1. Understand the Format:

• Case study questions are designed to test your ability to analyze and apply your knowledge to real-world situations.
• These questions are usually longer in length, but your answers should be concise and to the point.

2. Careful Reading:

• Begin by carefully reading the entire case study. Don’t rush; understand the context and details provided.
• Pay attention to any data, statistics, or specific information presented in the case.

3. Examine the Question:

• Before diving into the case study, read the question(s) associated with it. This will help you focus on what to look for while reading the case.
• Identify the key concepts or issues the question is addressing.

4. Highlight Key Information:

• While reading the case, underline or highlight important facts, figures, or statements that seem relevant to the question.
• Make notes if necessary to organize your thoughts.

5. Analyze the Situation:

• Once you have a good grasp of the case and its details, analyze the situation. Consider the cause-and-effect relationships, potential solutions, and any ethical or business principles involved.

6. Structure Your Answer:

• Start your answer with a brief introduction, summarizing the main problem or situation presented in the case.
• Organize your response logically. You can use bullet points or numbered lists for clarity.
• Present your analysis, providing relevant business theories or concepts as appropriate.
• Offer solutions or recommendations based on your analysis. Be clear and concise in your suggestions.

7. Use Simple Language:

• Write your answers in clear and simple language. Avoid unnecessary jargon or complex vocabulary.
• Ensure your answers are easy to understand for the examiner.

8. Practice with Sample Papers:

• Practice case study questions from sample papers and previous year papers to get a feel for the format and types of questions that may be asked.
• Writing practice answers will help you refine your approach.

Remember to practice, and you’ll become more proficient at tackling case study questions effectively.

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• Sample Question Papers for CBSE Class 12 Physics (for 2024)
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• Master Organic Conversions CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Board Exams
• CBSE Important Numericals Class 12 Physics Board Exams
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• 10 Years CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Previous Year-Wise Solved Papers (2023-2024)
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Class 12 Economics Sample Papers & Important Questions

Download the latest CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Papers for free from the myCBSEguide app. It has important questions, curated revision notes, and NCERT solutions for Economics.

• CBSE Syllabus

CBSE Sample Papers

Cbse last year papers, user submitted papers, cbse toppers answer sheet, case study questions,   mock tests, basic concepts of macroeconomics, national income & related aggregates, methods of calculating national income, ad, as and related concepts, short run equilibrium & multiplier, deficient demand & excess demand.

• Government Budget and the Economy

Foreign Exchange Rates

Balance of payments.

• Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
• Indian Economy 1950-90
• Economic Reforms Since 1991
• Human Capital Formation in India
• Rural Development

Employment Growth Informalisation and other Issues

• Environment Sustainable Development
• Development Experiences India & Neighbours
• CBSE Test Papers
• CBSE Revision Notes

CBSE Important Questions

Other useful resourses,   online tests,   learning videos.

CBSE Class 12 Economics sample papers as per the latest syllabus, NCERT solutions, test papers, and chapter-wise quick revision notes are available on the  myCBSEguide App  for free download. Although a part of social science subject, Economics plays an equally important role in commerce as well as it has a great influence on every human being. If we talk in general terms, we see changes in our economic life and the economy as well. Therefore, to understand these changes children need to have the minimum knowledge of economics as a discipline to know how things operate in reality. Hence, it becomes imperative to provide them with the opportunities to acquire sufficient analytical skills, so that they could experience, observe and understand the economic realities. The subject of economics comes into existence from the secondary level and is one of the social science subjects. However, at the senior secondary level, it becomes an independent subject as one of the academic elective subjects of Group A.

Resources for CBSE Class 12 Economics

It has been a decade since myCBSEguide has been continuously aiding students with valuable resources to support their self-dependency in terms of self-study. Our  student dashboard  is equipped with study material related to the whole CBSE course . Class 12 Economics students are provided with NCERT textbook solutions, chapter-wise revision notes, test papers, and online tests for Economics. Our class 12 model paper for Economics is one of the most downloaded files in the last year. Besides, students may also find board exam question papers with toppers' answer sheet and their solutions free of cost.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus

 At the senior secondary stage, the learners are in a position to understand abstract ideas, exercise the power of thinking, and develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way. The CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2022-23 includes both the books prescribed by the CBSE . But for every academic session, the CBSE keeps changing the syllabus either by adding or deleting some portions to the existing one or maybe completely replacing a chapter with a new one. But you don't have to get anxious about these changes as we bring detailed information regarding the  Class 12 Economics syllabus 2022-23 on myCBSEguide. The syllabus for class 12 economics is broadly divided into two parts, as follows:

Introductory Macroeconomics

Indian Economic Development

You can download the Economics class 12 syllabus 2022-23 from  CBSE official website  or myCBSEguide app as a PDF.

Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions

The importance of the NCERT solution in the CBSE course need not be explained. Being well-versed in NCERT questions is the first step to getting closer to success. That is why it is always recommended to study NCERT books as it covers the whole syllabus. You can have easy access to chapter-based class 12 Economics NCERT solutions on myCBSEguide. The NCERT textbook questions and answers help you to get a thorough understanding of the concepts. Our NCERT solutions for class 12 Economics include all the questions provided in the NCERT text book which is prescribed for class 12 in schools and are now available in myCBSEguide for free to view and download.

NCERT Economics Solutions are as follows: 

Macroeconomics.

• Introduction
• National income accounting
• Money and Banking
• Income Determination
• The Government Budget and Economy
• Open Economy Macroeconomics

Class 12 Economics Sample Papers

CBSE sample papers for the 2022-23 examinations are out and so is myCBSEguide's model question papers. Like every year, we have prepared sample papers for the secondary and senior secondary examinations 2022-23. The model test papers play a decisive role in students' grades. It can bring a hell lot of difference. The more one practices CBSE sample papers, the more accurate and punctual one becomes for their boards. Students can check our latest  Class 12 Economics Sample Papers for 2022-23   

Understanding and memorising economic theories is one thing and their application is another. It is always advisable to physically practice what we have memorized. The human brain registers most of the things in the subconscious mind and it remains there until it is used and revived frequently. That is why a regular exercise of testing our knowledge. Sample Papers hold a special place in students' life. They must not utilize the few days before their final board examination in solving sample papers. For subjects like Economics, which seems to be simple but solving becomes tough, students should never take risks. Practicing is the only key to the door to success. To help them access this key myCBSEguide brings Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics based on the updated 2022-23 syllabus. Do check them out.

Class 12 Economics Test Papers & Mock Test

Besides full-length model papers, we also provide chapter-level test papers and online MCQ tests. The test papers are so designed that it covers all the chapters of class 12 economics gradually. Students can take these tests as soon as they think they are done with preparing a lesson. It will surely bear a long-term benefit. We also have an option for chapter-based online tests which gives a good experience for time management and fosters fun learning. Students should try our  Class 12 Economics Mock Tests  to ramp up their preparation.

Important Questions for Class 12 Economics

Our team at myCBSEguide chalks out important questions for each and every subject at their discretion. These questions are really important and some are sure sort to appear in the board examinations. This year too, we have this section for the important subject including class 12 economics. For more details read this link  Class 12 Economics Extra Questions . These are basically around 4-5 sets of solved important questions from every chapter. They are supposed to cover all the important topics in a given chapter. The idea is that the students should not miss any concept and can tackle the CBSE class 12 board exam with ease.

Class 12 Economics Chapter wise Important Questions

• National Income and Related Aggregates
• Determination of Income and Employment
• Balance of Payments & Foreign Exchange
• Employment Growth Informational and other Issues
• Infrastructure

Students can also attempt the class 12 economics  mock test  on myCBSEguide. These tests if taken regularly may help to get rid of exam stress as the student will get used to writing papers within a stipulated timeframe. 

Class 12 Economics Case Study Questions

The new focus of the Indian education system is on competency-based education (CBE). Taking a cue the  CBSE  is following the methods to encourage competency-based education. Asking case-based questions is one such method. These case study questions test students' problem-solving ability in a given life-like situation or say real-life situation. Students become aware of their ability to master a skill or competency on their own. We have had enough of these kinds of questions in almost every subject of the CBSE module. Our resources under the Class 12 Economics Case Study Questions  are worth practicing as they are a completely ok-tested resource and are designed to meet different learning abilities and can lead to efficient student outcomes.

Economics Case Study Questions: Subjective

An important lesson that the COVID-19 pandemic has taught the policymakers in India is to provide greater impetus to sectors that make better allocation of resources and reduce income inequalities. COVID-19 has also taught a lesson that in crisis the population returns to relying on the farm sector. India has a large arable land, but the farm sector has its structural problems. However, directly or indirectly, 50 percent of the households still depend on the farm sector. Greater support to MSMEs, higher public expenditure on health and education and making the labour force a formal employee in the economy are some of the milestones that the nation has to achieve.

One of the imminent reforms to be done in the country is labour reforms. Labour laws are outmoded in India, and some of these date back to the last century. 

India’s complex labour laws have been blamed for keeping manufacturing businesses small and hindering job creation. Industry hires labour informally because of complex laws and that is responsible for low wages.

• Which types of structural problems are faced by the agricultural sector?
• “It is necessary to create employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector.’’ Defend or refute the given statement with a valid argument.
• Hired labour comes in …………………. (Informal organisation / formal organisation)
• What do you mean by MSMEs?

Economics Case Study Questions: MCQ Format

Keeping in view the continuing hardships faced by banks in terms of social distancing of staff and consequent strains on reporting requirements, the Reserve Bank of India has extended the relaxation of the minimum daily maintenance of the CRR of 80% for up to September 25, 2020. Currently, CRR is 3% and SLR is 18.50%.

“As announced in the Statement of Development and Regulatory Policies of March 27, 2020, the minimum daily maintenance of CRR was reduced from 90% of the prescribed CRR to 80% effective the fortnight beginning March 28, 2020 till June 26, 2020, that has now been extended up to September 25, 2020,” said the RBI.

Q.1 The full forms of CRR and SLR are:

• Current Reserve Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves
• Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves
• Current Required Ratio and Statutory Legal Reserves
• Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (ans)

Q.2 What will be the value of the money multiplier?

• None of these

Q.3 SLR implies:

• Certain percentage of the total banks’ deposits has to be kept in the current account with RBI
• Certain percentage of net total demand and time deposits have to be kept by the bank themselves (ans)
• Certain percentage of net demand deposits has to be kept by the banks with RBI
• None of the above

Q.4 Decrease in CRR will lead to __.

• fall in aggregate demand in the economy
• rise in aggregate demand in the economy (ans)
• no change in aggregate demand in the economy
• fall in the general price level in the economy

CBSE Class 12 Economics Question Bank

This is a handy tool for those industrious teachers who genuinely try hard for their students. In due process, these teachers tend to miss the work-life balance. Even during the holidays or week breaks, they are working all the time to bring the best for their students. They keep working for late hours to make tricky question papers, solving and finding answers themselves. To help them, myCBSEguide provides a facility to use their regularly-updated question bank. Under this, teachers can generate question papers using three different modes: Manual, Automated, and Express. An auto-fed blueprint works behind designing these papers. Teachers can easily create a question paper for Class 12 Economics in their desired mode within minutes. They can also edit and add a question of their own choice or their question. 

 MyCBSEguide is a study-centric website, which has been trusted not only by the students but also by the parents and teachers who envision the success of our children following a path of genuine hard work. The myCBSEguide a pp not only provides you with the CBSE class 12 Economics model question papers but also provides class 12 Economics chapter-wise test papers, class 12 Economics revision notes, and other study material for class 12 Economics students.

CBSE Model Question Papers 2024 – New Sets

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Class 12 Economics Sample Paper 2024

CBSE class 12 economics sample paper 2024 is available for free download on myCBSEguide App and Student Dashboard. This year too CBSE has made some big changes in the typology of questions. Now Class 12 Economics will have subjective-type questions as well as objective questions. Major Changes in Class 12 …

In this article, we will discuss how to download CBSE class 12 Economics Case Study Questions from the myCBSEguide App and our Student Dashboard for free. For the students appearing for class 12 board exams from the commerce/ humanities stream, Economics is a very lucrative and important subject. It is …

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CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2023-24 includes both the books prescribed by CBSE, New Delhi. You can download the Economics class 12 syllabus 2023-24 from CBSE official website or myCBSEguide app as a PDF. The myCBSEguide app not only provides you with the CBSE class 12 Economics model question papers …

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CBSE Class 12 Economics: Notes, PDFs, Marks Weightage and Book Reference

Effective Study Strategies and Tips for CBSE Class 12 Economics Exam Preparation

Economics is one of the key courses in Class 12 of the CBSE . The subject is extensive and necessitates ongoing revision. Indian Economic Growth and Macroeconomics are the two sections of the Economics section. Due to the size of the section, Vedantu CBSE 12 Commerce Economics solutions assist students in mastering the fundamental ideas of the Indian economy.

Further the Commerce subject Economics are divided into two part:

1. Macro Economics

2. Micro Economics

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus and Question Weightage

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus in Depth

Chapters 1: national income and related aggregates.

The definition of macroeconomics and its fundamental ideas, such as capital, consumption of products, final and intermediate goods, gross investment, and depreciation, are generally covered in Chapters 1 Class 12 Macroeconomics revision notes .

Also, it thoroughly discusses a number of important subjects, including the circular flow of income (using a two-sector model), the gross national product (GNP), the gross domestic product (GDP), the net domestic product (NDP), and welfare.

Chapters 2: Money and Banking

Students can better comprehend the fundamentals of money and its supply chain with the help of Chapters 2 Class 12 Economics revision materials (synchronisation between the currency held by the public and demand deposits held by banks).

Understanding the Central Banking System's Money Production Mechanism and the fundamental operations of the Central Bank require understanding this chapter (e.g. Reserve Bank of India). The following are some key ideas covered in the Chapters 2 Macroeconomics revision notes for Class 12 :

Bank of issue

Government Bank

Banker’s Bank

Control of Credit

Chapters 3: Determination of Income and Employment

The key points covered in Chapters 3 Class 12 Macroeconomics revision notes are:

Parts of the Total Demand

Output of Short-Run Equilibrium

Employment Voluntary and Full Employment

How to address the issues of high demand and low supply?

Reverse Repo Rate

Margin Requirements

Open Market Operations

Chapters 4: Government Budget and the Economy

One of the most important chapters in Macroeconomics for Class 12 aids students in understanding the budget allotted to or by the particular government, as well as its meaning, purposes, and components. The following Chapters 3 ideas are thoroughly covered in Class 12 Economics revision notes.

Receipts are divided into two categories: revenue receipts and capital receipts.

Revenue expenditure and capital expenditure are the two categories of expenditure.

There are several ways to measure government deficits, including fiscal, primary, and revenue deficits.

Chapters 5: Balance of Payments

The definitions of Fixed Foreign Exchange Rate and Flexible Fixed Foreign Exchange Rate are mostly provided in the revision notes for Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 5 . Also, the purpose of Payment Accounts and its elements are covered.

Indian Economic Development: Part B of the CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus

Chapters 6: development experience (1947-90) and economic reforms since 1991.

One of the most fascinating and significant chapters of the Class 12 Economics curriculum is this one. The Introduction of the Indian Economy and the general objectives of the five-year plans of the Indian Economic System are largely covered in the revision notes for Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 . The policies relating to agriculture, business and international commerce, liberalisation, and privatisation—along with the crucial concepts of demonetisation and GST—are all made clear to students in this chapter.

Chapters 7: Current Challenges facing Indian Economy

The Class 12 economics revision notes for Chapter 7 assist students in reviewing and comprehending the key issues influencing the Indian economy.

Unemployment

Human Capital Formation

Rural Development

Infrastructure

Chapters 8: Development Experience of India

Economics Chapter 8 revision notes mostly discuss India's development story by contrasting it with nearby nations like Pakistan and India. It also identifies several crucial problems that must be solved for India to fully grow.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus and Questions Weightage 

Summary of the micro-economics & macro-economics syllabus for class 12.

The main topic of discussion in the Economics Chapter 8 revision notes is India's development history in comparison to other adjacent countries like India and its neighbouring countries. It also points out a number of pressing issues that must be resolved for India to completely develop.

The estimation of specific product and factor prices.

Allocating resources to their most crucial uses in order to increase an economy's overall output (i.e. content with the central problem of an economy such as what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce).

NCERT Class 12 Microeconomics syllabus covers an introduction to the subject, while the remaining chapters cover a variety of subjects including the Theory of Consumer Behaviour, Production, and Cost, the Theory of the Firm Under Perfect Competition, Market Equilibrium, and Non-Competitive Markets are cover in Macroeconomics.

CBSE Class 12 Microeconomics Books To Refer

Start by reading the NCERT textbook for Class 12 Microeconomics . Utilise it all year to understand the fundamental ideas in the various chapters.

Another significant book that can be used as a reference is TR Jain and VK Ohri. Students frequently utilise this book because of its straightforward approach to comprehending various concepts and chapters.

One of the top study guides for practising and reviewing the complete Class 12 Microeconomics curriculum is Class 12 Economics by Sandeep Garg. In Sandeep Garg Economics Class 12, most of the questions are likely to be asked in the board exam.

Download and Practise CBSE Class 12 Economics Solutions

CBSE Class 12 Economics Solutions are comprehensive guides designed to assist students in mastering the subject of economics. These solutions are tailored to CBSE curriculum and provide a step-by-step approach to solving problems, making them ideal for self-study or exam preparation.

These solutions cover all the topics in the CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus , including micro and macroeconomics, Indian economy, globalisation, and international trade. The solutions are presented in an easy-to-understand language and are enriched with examples and illustrations, making them more accessible for students.

Moreover, CBSE Class 12 Economics Solutions are created by subject matter experts who have years of experience in teaching and preparing students for the board exams. Thus, students can rely on these solutions for accurate and reliable information.

You can download the NCERT solutions from the links given below:

CBSE Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions 2022-23

CBSE Class 12 Micro Economics NCERT Solutions 2022-23

CBSE Class 12 Macro Economics NCERT Solutions 2022-23

CBSE Class 12 Economics is a vital subject that helps students understand the fundamental concepts of economics and their application in the real world. The availability of notes, PDFs, and book references have made it easier for students to access study materials that can help them score well in exams. Moreover, understanding the marks weightage and exam pattern can help students to prepare better and achieve their desired grades.

It is crucial for students to devote enough time and effort to prepare for the Class 12 Economics exams to excel in the subject. By using the right study materials and following a structured study plan, students can gain a deep understanding of the concepts and score well in the exams. With dedication, perseverance, and the right resources, students can achieve academic success in CBSE Class 12 Economics.

FAQs on CBSE Class 12 Economics: Notes, PDFs, Marks Weightage and Book Reference

1. How many chapters are there in Microeconomics of Class 12?

Microeconomics of Class 12 has a total of six chapters. They are as follows:

Introduction to Microeconomics

Theory of Consumer Behavior

Production and Costs

Theory of a firm under Perfect Competition

Market Equilibrium

Non-competitive Markets.

Starting from the basics and importance of the subject to the requirements of a production house, cost curve, knowing the consumer, and different types of markets, you will learn about everything intensively in these chapters.

2. What alternative nomenclature would you use for microeconomics class 12?

Price theory is a another name for microeconomics. A microeconomic theory called the theory of price uses the idea of supply and demand to establish the right price for an item or service.

3. Why is it important to study Macroeconomics?

Macroeconomics is the study of estimating individual product and factor prices. Furthermore, the distribution of resources according to their primary function in an effort to increase an economy's overall output. In order to comprehend and calculate answers to the three production-related questions of what, how, and when, it is essential to study microeconomics in class twelve. You gain insight into everything needed to enter the market as a producer through this subject as well.

4. What is Economics?

Economics is the study of resource distribution for a nation's economic welfare. It covers such topics as employment, capital, labour, physical resources, and the production of products and services. Studying economics is important since it teaches us many strategies for boosting a country's income, employment, and development.

Economics 12 covers significant subjects that teach the students about critical facets of the economy of a developing country. Here are some useful revision notes for this subject for students.

5. How to identify the best study notes for Macroeconomics?

The following qualities make study notes useful and efficient:

They must be succinct, unambiguous, and comprehensive.

They shouldn't include any lengthy or needless content.

They should be prepared by teachers with experience.

As appropriate, pertinent diagrams should be used to describe them in a way that is simple to understand.

Such expertly written chapter-by-chapter revision notes for Class 12 Macroeconomics are available on the Vedantu website and Vedantu app.

Class 12 Economics NCERT Solutions, Notes Study Material

Economics Class 12 for Commerce Exam Pattern 2024-2025

Economics Class 12 Exam Pattern for Commerce

Introduction

Overview of the exam pattern, part a: microeconomics.

• Duration: The duration of the exam for Part A is 3 hours.
• Total Marks: Part A carries a total of 40 marks.
• Types of Questions: The exam includes both objective and subjective questions.
• Question Distribution: The questions are distributed among various topics, such as Introduction to Microeconomics, Consumer Equilibrium and Demand, Producer Behavior and Supply, Forms of Market and Price Determination, and Government Intervention and its Effects.

Part B: Macroeconomics

• Duration: The duration of the exam for Part B is 3 hours.
• Total Marks: Part B carries a total of 40 marks.
• Question Distribution: The questions are distributed among various topics, such as National Income and Related Aggregates, Money and Banking, Determination of Income and Employment, Government Budget and the Economy, Balance of Payments, and Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence.

Important Tips for Exam Preparation

• Understand the Concepts: Develop a clear understanding of the economic concepts and theories taught in class.
• Practice Previous Year Papers: Solve previous year question papers to get an idea of the exam pattern and the types of questions asked.
• Create a Study Schedule: Prepare a study schedule that allows you to cover all the topics systematically.
• Stay Updated with Current Affairs: Stay updated with current economic affairs to answer questions related to the Indian economy.
• Seek Help when Needed: If you face any difficulties in understanding certain topics, don't hesitate to seek help from your teachers or classmates.

Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2024-2025 PDF Download

This course is helpful for the following exams: Commerce , Humanities/Arts

How to Prepare Economics Class 12 for Commerce?

Importance of economics class 12 for commerce.

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• CBSE Class 10 Study Material

CBSE Class 10 Social Science MCQs 2024-25: Download Chapter-Wise PDF

Mcqs for class 10 sst: check the chapter-wise important mcqs for cbse class 10 social science here. these questions are important for the upcoming mid-term and cbse board exam. .

MCQs for CBSE Class 10 Social Science (SSt): Get  chapter-wise important Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for CBSE Class 10 Social Science in PDF format. We have provided questions for Class 10 History, Geography, Civics and Economics here. These questions are based on the new CBSE Class 10 Social Science Syllabus and follow the revised NCERT Books. You will also get answers to all questions for reference.

Chapter-wise MCQs for CBSE Class 10 Social Science are given in the table below and can be downloaded in PDF for quick revision and effective preparations for the upcoming mid-term and CBSE Board Exam.

Also Check CBSE Class 10 Social Science Syllabus 2024-25

Preparation Tips for CBSE Class 10 Social Science MCQs 

Practising multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is an effective way to prepare for class 10 social science exams. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you practice MCQs effectively:

1. Understand the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and the topics that will be covered in the social science exam. This will help you focus your preparation and identify the areas where you need more practice.

2. Gather Resources: Collect a variety of study resources, including textbooks, reference books, past question papers, and online sources. You can refer to the best study resources available at the school section of Jagran Josh.

3. Create a Study Plan: Develop a study plan that allocates dedicated time for practising MCQs. Break down the topics into manageable sections and allocate specific days or time slots to practice questions from each topic.

4. Practice Topic-wise: Divide the social science subjects (History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics) into different sections and practice MCQs topic-wise. Start with one topic at a time, answering questions related to that specific topic before moving on to the next.

5. Time Management: Set a time limit for each MCQ set, simulating exam conditions. This will help you practice answering questions within the allotted time, improving your speed and efficiency.

6. Review Mistakes: After attempting a set of MCQs, carefully review your answers. Identify the questions you answered incorrectly and understand why you made those mistakes. Refer back to your study materials to reinforce your understanding of the concepts.

7. Seek Clarification: If you encounter any concepts or questions that you find difficult to understand, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your teacher, classmates, or online resources. It's essential to have a clear understanding of the topics before moving forward.

NCERT Book for Class 10 Social Science (Revised)

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science

MCQs for other Subjects of Class 10

CBSE Class 10 Maths Important MCQs 

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Class 12th Economics - Market Equilibrium Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023

By QB365 on 09 Sep, 2022

QB365 provides a detailed and simple solution for every Possible Case Study Questions in Class 12th Economics Subject - Market Equilibrium, CBSE. It will help Students to get more practice questions, Students can Practice these question papers in addition to score best marks.

QB365 - Question Bank Software

Market equilibrium case study questions with answer key.

12th Standard CBSE

Final Semester - June 2015

 Case Study 

We commonly come across instances where government fixes a maximum allowable price for certain goods. The government imposed upper limit on the price of a good or service is called 'price ceiling'. It is imposed on generally necessary items like wheat, rice, sugar etc. It is fixed below the market-determined price, as at the market determined price some section of the population will not be able to afford these goods. The government imposed lower limit on the price that may be charged for a particular good/service is called 'Price floor'. Some popular examples of imposition of price floor are agricultural price support programmes and the minimum wage legislation. Through the 'agricultural price-support programme' the floor is normally set at a level higher than the market-determined price for these goods. Similarly through the 'Minimum Wage Legislation' the government ensures that the minimum wage rate is set above the equilibrium wage rate. (a) Give another name for 'market-determined price'? (b) Explain the concept of 'price-ceiling'. (c) Throw light on the concept of 'Price-floor' with suitable examples.

*****************************************

Market equilibrium case study questions with answer key answer keys.

(a) It is also known as the 'equilibrium price'. (b) The government imposed upper limit on the price of a good or service is called 'price ceiling'. It is generally imposed on necessary items like wheat, rice, sugar etc. It is also fixed below the market-determined price as some sections of the population will not be able to afford these goods at the market-determined price. (c) The government imposed lower limit on the price that may be charged for a particular good/service is called 'Price floor'. Some of the popular examples of imposition of price floor are' Agricultural Price Support-Programmes' and the 'Minimum Wage Legislation'. Through the Agricultural Price-Support Programme the floor is normally set a level higher than the market determined price for these goods. Similarly, through the 'Minimum Wage Legislation', the government ensures that the Minimum Wage Rate is set above the equilibrium wage rate.

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https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2024/08/20/gcse-results-day-2024-number-grading-system/

GCSE results day 2024: Everything you need to know including the number grading system

Thousands of students across the country will soon be finding out their GCSE results and thinking about the next steps in their education.   

Here we explain everything you need to know about the big day, from when results day is, to the current 9-1 grading scale, to what your options are if your results aren’t what you’re expecting.  

When is GCSE results day 2024?  

GCSE results day will be taking place on Thursday the 22 August.     

The results will be made available to schools on Wednesday and available to pick up from your school by 8am on Thursday morning.  

Schools will issue their own instructions on how and when to collect your results.   

When did we change to a number grading scale?  

The shift to the numerical grading system was introduced in England in 2017 firstly in English language, English literature, and maths.  

By 2020 all subjects were shifted to number grades. This means anyone with GCSE results from 2017-2020 will have a combination of both letters and numbers.  

The numerical grading system was to signal more challenging GCSEs and to better differentiate between students’ abilities - particularly at higher grades between the A *-C grades. There only used to be 4 grades between A* and C, now with the numerical grading scale there are 6.  

What do the number grades mean?  

The grades are ranked from 1, the lowest, to 9, the highest.  

The grades don’t exactly translate, but the two grading scales meet at three points as illustrated below.  

The bottom of grade 7 is aligned with the bottom of grade A, while the bottom of grade 4 is aligned to the bottom of grade C.    

Meanwhile, the bottom of grade 1 is aligned to the bottom of grade G.  

What to do if your results weren’t what you were expecting?  

If your results weren’t what you were expecting, firstly don’t panic. You have options.  

First things first, speak to your school or college – they could be flexible on entry requirements if you’ve just missed your grades.   

They’ll also be able to give you the best tailored advice on whether re-sitting while studying for your next qualifications is a possibility.   

If you’re really unhappy with your results you can enter to resit all GCSE subjects in summer 2025. You can also take autumn exams in GCSE English language and maths.  

Speak to your sixth form or college to decide when it’s the best time for you to resit a GCSE exam.  

Look for other courses with different grade requirements     

Entry requirements vary depending on the college and course. Ask your school for advice, and call your college or another one in your area to see if there’s a space on a course you’re interested in.    

Consider an apprenticeship    

Apprenticeships combine a practical training job with study too. They’re open to you if you’re 16 or over, living in England, and not in full time education.  

As an apprentice you’ll be a paid employee, have the opportunity to work alongside experienced staff, gain job-specific skills, and get time set aside for training and study related to your role.   

You can find out more about how to apply here .  

Talk to a National Careers Service (NCS) adviser    

The National Career Service is a free resource that can help you with your career planning. Give them a call to discuss potential routes into higher education, further education, or the workplace.   

Whatever your results, if you want to find out more about all your education and training options, as well as get practical advice about your exam results, visit the  National Careers Service page  and Skills for Careers to explore your study and work choices.   

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• Results day 2024: What's next after picking up your A level, T level and VTQ results?
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 Case Study

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 Case Study Questions in English Medium prepared for academic session 2024-25. Students of class 12 economics can get here chapter 3 Money and Banking Case Study MCQ with Case based questions for practice in Case Studies during the exams.

Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 Case Studies Question Answers

• Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 Case Study
• Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions
• Class 12 Macroeconomics Chapter 3 MCQ Answers
• Class 12 Indian Eco & Macro Economics Solutions
• Class 12 NCERT Solutions in Hindi & English Medium
• Class 12 NCERT Books in Hindi & English Medium

The call for cash tells us what makes humans preference a positive quantity of cash. Since cash is needed to behaviour transactions, the cost of transactions will decide the cash humans will need to maintain: the bigger is the quantum of transactions to be made, the bigger is the amount of cash demanded. Since the quantum of transactions to be made relies upon on earnings, it must be clean that an upward push in earnings will result in upward push in call for cash.

Also, whilst humans maintain their financial savings with inside the shape of cash in place of placing it in a financial institution which offers them hobby, how an awful lot cash humans maintain additionally relies upon on price of hobby. Specifically, whilst hobby prices pass up, humans end up much less inquisitive about preserving cash because preserving cash quantities to preserving much less of hobby-incomes deposits, and as a consequence much less hobby acquired. Therefore, at better hobby prices, cash demanded comes down.

• Question 1: Why can we want cash?
• Question 2: What takes place whilst hobby prices pass up?
• Question 3: Whether True or False. (a) The call for cash tells us what makes humans preference a positive quantity of cash. (b) Since cash is needed to behaviour transactions, the cost of transactions will decide the cash humans will need to maintain. (c) When hobby prices pass up, humans preserve their cash in coins. (d) At better hobby prices, call for of cash comes down. (e) Rise in earnings will result in lower in call for cash.
• Question 4: Fill with inside the blanks. (a) The large is the quantum of transactions to be made, the bigger is the ____________ demanded. (b) When humans maintain their financial savings with inside the shape of cash in place of placing it in a financial institution which offers them hobby, how an awful lot cash humans maintain additionally relies upon on ____________. (c) When hobby prices pass up, humans end up _____________ in preserving cash.
• Answer 1: We want cash to make or behaviour transactions.
• Answer 2: When hobby prices pass up, humans end up much less inquisitive about preserving cash because preserving cash quantities to preserving much less of hobby-incomes deposits, and as a consequence much less hobby acquired.
• Answer 3: (a) True, (b) True, (c)False, (d)True, (e) False
• Answer 4: (a) amount of cash, (b) hobby price, (c) much less fascinated.

In a present-day financial system, cash incorporates coins and financial institution deposits. Depending on what styles of financial institution deposits are being included, there are numerous measures of cash. These are created with the aid of using a machine comprising styles of establishments: important financial institution of the financial system and the economic banking machine. Central financial institution: Central Bank is a totally critical organization in a present-day financial system. Almost each country has one important financial institution. India was given its important financial institution in 1935. Its call is the ‘Reserve Bank of India’. Central financial institution has numerous critical functions. It troubles the Forex of the country. It controls cash deliver of the country via diverse methods, like financial institution price, open marketplace operations and versions in reserve ratios. It acts as a banker to the authorities. It is the custodian of the Forex reserves of the financial system. It additionally acts as a financial institution to the banking machine, that is mentioned in element later.

From the factor of view of cash deliver, we want to cognizance on its feature of issuing Forex. This issued with the aid of using the important financial institution may be held with the aid of using the general public or with the aid of using the economic banks, and is referred to as the ‘high-powered cash’ or ‘reserve cash’ or ‘financial base’ because it acts as a foundation for credit score creation. Commercial Banks: Commercial banks are the alternative sort of establishments which might be part of the cash-growing machine of the financial system. They take delivery of deposits from the general public and lend out a part of those budget to people who need to borrow. The hobby price paid with the aid of using the banks to depositors is decrease than the price charged from the borrowers. This distinction among those styles of hobby prices, referred to as the ‘spread’ is the earnings appropriated with the aid of using the financial institution.

• Question 1: Fill with inside the blanks: (a) In a present-day financial system, cash incorporates coins and _________. (b) India was given its important financial institution in 1935. Its call is the ________. (c) Reserve Bank troubles the _________ of the country. (d) The hobby price paid with the aid of using the banks to depositors is ____________ than the price charged from the borrowers. (e) This distinction among those styles of ________, referred to as the ‘spread’ is the earnings appropriated with the aid of using the financial institution.
• Question 2: State whether or not True of False. (a) Central Bank controls cash deliver of the country via diverse methods. (b) Central Bank acts as a banker to the authorities. (c) Commercial Banks take delivery of deposits from the general public and lend out a part of those budget to people who need to borrow. (d) The hobby price paid with the aid of using the banks to depositors is better than the price charged from the borrowers.
• Answer 1: (a) financial institution deposits, (b) Reserve Bank of India, (c) Forex, (d) decrease, (e) hobby prices.
• Answer 2: (a) True, (b) True, (c) True, (d) False.

Banks can lend truly due to the fact they do now no longer count on all of the depositors to withdraw what they have got deposited on the equal time. When the banks lend to any man or woman, a brand-new deposit is opened in that man or woman’s call. Thus, cash deliver will increase to vintage deposits plus new deposit (plus Forex.) Let us take an example. Assume that there may be most effective one financial institution with inside the country. Let us assemble a fictional stability sheet for this financial institution. Balance sheet is a file of belongings and liabilities of any organization. Conventionally, the belongings of the organization are recorded at the left-hand aspect and liabilities at the right-hand aspect. Accounting regulations say that each facet of the stability sheet have to be identical or general belongings have to be identical to the full liabilities. Assets are mattering an organization owns or what an organization can declare from others. In case of a financial institution, aside from buildings, furniture, etc., its belongings are loans given to public.

When the financial institution offers out mortgage of Rs one hundred to a man or woman, that is the financial institutions declare on that man or woman for Rs one hundred. Another asset that a financial institution has is reserves. Reserves are deposits which industrial banks maintain with the Central financial institution, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and its coins. These reserves are saved in part as coins and in part with inside the shape of monetary instruments (bonds and treasury bills) issued with the aid of using the RBI. Reserves are much like deposits we maintain with banks. We maintain deposits and those deposits are our belongings, they may be withdrawn with the aid of using us. Similarly, industrial banks like State Bank of India (SBI) maintain their deposits with RBI and those are referred to as Reserves.

• Question 1: Fill with inside the blanks: (a) Balance sheet is a file of ___________ any organization. (b) In case of a financial institution, aside from buildings, furniture, etc., its belongings are ___________. (c) Another asset that a financial institution has is ______________ which industrial banks maintain with the Central financial institution, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and its coins. (d) When the financial institution offers out mortgage of Rs one hundred to a man or woman, that is the financial institution’s ____________ on that man or woman for Rs one hundred.
• Question 2: What are reserves?
• Question 3: State whether or not True or False. (a) Assets are mattering an organization owns or what an organization can declare from others. (b) Accounting regulations say that each facet of the stability sheet has to be identical or general belongings have to be identical to the full liabilities. (c) Reserves aren’t much like deposits we maintain with banks. (d) Reserves are deposits which industrial banks maintain with the Central financial institution.
• Answer 1: (a) belongings and liabilities, (b) loans given to public, (c) reserves, (d)declare
• Answer 2: Reserves are much like deposits we maintain with banks. We maintain deposits and those deposits are our belongings, they may be withdrawn with the aid of using us. Similarly, industrial banks like State Bank of India (SBI) maintain their deposits with RBI and those are referred to as Reserves.
• Answer 3: (a) True, (b)True, (c)False, (d) True.

There are styles of open marketplace operations: outright and repo. Outright open marketplace operations are everlasting in nature: whilst the important financial institution buys those securities (as a consequence injecting cash into the machine), it’s miles with none promise to promote them later. Similarly, whilst the important financial institution sells those securities (as a consequence taking flight cash from the machine), it’s miles with none promise to shop for them later. As a result, the injection/absorption of the cash is of everlasting nature. However, there may be any other sort of operation wherein whilst the important financial institution buys the security, this settlement of buy additionally has specification approximately date and rate of resale of this security. This sort of settlement is referred to as a repurchase settlement or repo. The hobby price at which the cash is lent on this manner is referred to as the reporate. Similarly, in preference to outright sale of securities the important financial institution might also additionally promote the securities via a settlement which has a specification approximately the date and rate at which it’ll be repurchased. This sort of settlement is referred to as an opposite repurchase settlement or opposite repo.

The price at which the cash is withdrawn on this way is referred to as the opposite reporate. The Reserve Bank of India conducts repo and opposite repo operations at diverse maturities: overnight, 7-day, 14- day, etc. This sort of operations has now end up the primary device of financial coverage of the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI can impact cash deliver with the aid of using converting the price at which it offers loans to the economic banks. This price is referred to as the Bank Rate in India. By growing the financial institution price, loans taken with the aid of using industrial banks end up greater expensive; this reduces the reserves held with the aid of using the economic financial institution and subsequently decreases cash deliver. A fall with inside the financial institution price can boom the cash deliver.

• Question 1: What is repo?
• Question 2: Fill with inside the blanks: (a) A fall with inside the financial institution price can _______ the cash deliver. (b) The Reserve Bank of India conducts repo and _______ at diverse maturities: overnight, 7-day, 14- day, etc. (c) There are styles of open marketplace operations: ________ and _________. (d) Outright open marketplace operations are __________ in nature. (e) The hobby price at which the cash is lent on this manner is referred to as the _______. (f) The price at which the cash is withdrawn on this way is referred to as the ________. (g) The RBI can impact _________ with the aid of using converting the price at which it offers loans to the economic banks. (h) By growing the financial institution price, ________ taken with the aid of using industrial banks end up greater expensive; this reduces the reserves held with the aid of using the economic financial institution and subsequently ________ cash deliver.
• Answer 1: When the important financial institution buys the security, this settlement of buy additionally has specification approximately date and rate of resale of this security. This sort of settlement is referred to as a repurchase settlement or repo.
• Answer 2: (a) boom, (b) opposite repo, (c) outright, repo, (d) everlasting, (e) reporate, (f) opposite reporate; (g) cash deliver, (h) loans, decreases

Demonetisation turned into a brand-new initiative taken with the aid of using the Government of India in November 2016 to address the trouble of corruption, black cash, terrorism and move of faux forex with inside the financial system. Old notes of Rs 500, and Rs one thousand have been not felony gentle. New notes with inside the denomination of Rs 500 and Rs 2000 have been launched. The public have been suggested to deposit vintage notes of their financial institution account until 31 December 2016 with none assertion and as much as 31March 2017 with the RBI with assertion. Further to keep away from a whole breakdown and coins crunch, authorities had allowed change of Rs 4000 vintage forex the with the aid of using new forex in step with man or woman and in step with day. Further until 12 December 2016, vintage notes have been proper as felony gentle at petrol pumps, authority’s hospitals and for fee of presidency dues, like taxes, electricity bills, etc. This circulate acquired each appreciation and criticism. There have been lengthy queues out of doors banks and ATM booths. The scarcity of forex in move had a negative effect at the financial sports.

However, matters advanced with time and normalcy returned. This circulate has had tremendous effect additionally. It advanced tax compliance as a big wide variety of humans have been offered with inside the tax ambit. The financial savings of a character have been channelised into the formal monetary machine. As a result, banks have greater sources at their disposal which may be used to offer greater loans at decrease hobby prices. It is an illustration of State’s choice to place a slash on black cash, displaying that tax evasion will not be tolerated. Tax evasion will bring about monetary penalty and social condemnation. Tax compliance will enhance and corruption will lower. Demonetisation may also assist tax management in any other manner, with the aid of using moving transactions out of the coin’s financial system into the formal fee machine. Households and corporations have started to shift from coins to digital fee technologies.

• Question 1: Fill with inside the blanks: (a) Demonetisation acquired each appreciation and _______. (b) The scarcity of forex in move had an _________ effect at the financial sports. (c) Due to demonetisation, tax __________ will enhance and ________ will lower. (d) New forex notes with inside the denomination of ₹ ___________ and ₹ _________ have been launched.
• Question 2: Why did the authorities take the initiative of demonetisation?
• Question 3: What precautions have been taken to keep away from whole breakdown?
• Question 4: What have been the results and blessings of the demonetisation?
• Question 5: State whether or not True or False: (a) Demonetisation acquired each appreciation and criticism. (b) Government had allowed change of ₹4000 vintage forex the with the aid of using new forex in step with man or woman and in step with day. (c) There have been no queues out of doors banks and ATM booths. (d) New forex notes with inside the denomination of ₹500 and ₹1000 have been launched. (e) Till 12 December 2016, vintage forex notes have been proper as felony gentle at petrol pumps, authority’s hospitals and for fee of presidency dues, like taxes, electricity bills, etc. (f) It advanced tax compliance as a big wide variety of humans have been offered with inside the tax ambit.
• Answer 1: (a) criticism, (b) negative, (c) compliance, corruption, (d) 500, 2000.
• Answer 2: Demonetisation turned into a brand-new initiative taken with the aid of using the Government of India in November 2016 to address the trouble of corruption, black cash, terrorism and move of faux forex with inside the financial system.
• Answer 3: The public have been suggested to deposit vintage notes of their financial institution account until 31 December 2016 with none assertion and as much as 31March 2017 with the RBI with assertion. Further to keep away from a whole breakdown and coins crunch, notes authorities had allowed change of ₹4000 vintage forex the with the aid of using new forex in step with man or woman and in step with day. Further until 12 December 2016, vintage forex notes have been proper as felony gentle at petrol pumps, authority’s hospitals and for fee of presidency dues, like taxes, electricity bills, etc.
• Answer 4: This circulate acquired each appreciation and criticism. There have been lengthy queues out of doors banks and ATM booths. The scarcity of forex in move had a negative effect at the financial sports. However, matters advanced with time and normalcy returned. This circulate has had tremendous effect additionally. It advanced tax compliance as a big wide variety of humans have been offered with inside the tax ambit. The financial savings of a character have been channelised into the formal monetary machine. As a result, banks have greater sources at their disposal which may be used to offer greater loans at decrease hobby prices. It is an illustration of State’s choice to place a slash on black cash, displaying that tax evasion will not be tolerated.
• Answer 5: (a) True, (b)True, (c) False, (d) False, (e) True, (f) True.

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At the Democratic Convention, a Historic Nomination

What story did the democrats tell about kamala harris and will it be enough to win.

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

[BACKGROUND CHATTER]

I’m standing in a sea of people coming out of this vast convention. And people are holding signs, smiling. There’s confetti everywhere. There are balloons, white, red, and blue. And there’s a lot of excitement.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. And this is “The Daily” from inside the Democratic National Convention Hall, where Kamala Harris has just accepted her party’s nomination, becoming the first woman of color in US history to do so.

Today, the story this convention told about Harris and whether that story could be enough to win.

It’s Friday, August 23.

[SERENE MUSIC]

The work and prayers of centuries have brought us to this day. What shall our our legacy be? What will our children say? Let me in my heart, when my days are through, America, America, I gave my best to you.

On night one of the Democratic National Convention, the evening was really defined by this very emotional, quite bittersweet goodbye from President Biden.

And there’s nothing we cannot do when we do it together.

God bless you all. And may God protect our troops.

It was the closing of one chapter so that another could begin. It was Kamala Harris’s moment.

[UPBEAT JAZZ MUSIC]

So right now, it’s 7:40. We are on the floor at the Democratic National Convention. It is a crazy party atmosphere, which is like a massive understatement.

Day two kicked off with delegates gathering on the convention floor, casting their votes in a kind of symbolic way to make Harris the party’s nominee.

This giant festival of lights, people in cowboy hats, people with blinking bracelets, people with Christmas lights wrapped around their hats, heads, shoulders, people wearing donkey hats. I mean, it’s very, very, very celebratory in here.

We need to see that we’re moving on. We are turning a chapter in America.

How do you feel right now?

Awesome, excitement, energized. Ready to win this election.

I love it. I love it. People are just excited, electrified, and they’re just loving it, and they’re happy.

This has been the most electrifying event I’ve ever attended in my life. It’s my first convention. But what a convention to come for, right? To make history right now, as we charge forward to November 5, to elect the first female Black president. I’m excited.

So with Harris now the nominee, a new campaign slogan appeared everywhere. And that was, “A new way forward.” But in a campaign that’s just four weeks old, it was really an open question what “a new way forward” actually meant.

We’re not going back!

We’re not going back! We’re not going back!

And then over the course of the week, as speaker after speaker took the stage, we started to get an answer. The story of forward would be told through the story of Kamala Harris herself. And the question hanging over the week was really whether that story could appeal to a broad majority of Americans, voters outside of the convention hall who will ultimately decide the election.

[UPBEAT MUSIC]

Astead, welcome to the show.

Thank you for having me.

Again. The second time in a week. And I’m very excited for it.

So Astead, we had on the show on Monday to answer a question for us, that I think a lot of people have, which is, who is Kamala Harris? And you ended that conversation by saying that the Democratic Party also recognizes this reality, that for a lot of people, she is still this unknown quantity.

And that the party had a big task here at the convention this week, which was to find a way to finally tell her story. It does seem like they’ve tried to do that. Let’s walk through the case that they’re making for her. And what you’ve seen here in your reporting for your show, “The Run-Up.”

Yeah, I mean, I think that the Democrats have definitely laid out a case for her as a candidate, but also a story for her as a person. They have leaned into the different parts of her biography to really follow through on what, I think, is the best version of her campaign, which is a little bit for everybody. There is a story there about more moderate legislation, but pieces of progressive history. There’s different parts of her bio that speak to Black communities, immigrant communities.

Of course, the historic nature of her gender and the roles like that. And I really think it has followed through on what I expected for this week, which is that she seems to function politically as a mirror of some sort, where the party wants to position her as someone who basically, no matter what you’re looking for in terms of a vessel to beat Donald Trump, you can find it in this candidate.

Let’s dig into that more. Where did the convention start, that story?

Hello, Democrats!

Yeah, I think it really starts in her personal biography.

And I’m here tonight to tell you all about the Kamala Harris that I know.

They have told a story that she often tells about her being a first generation American.

Her mother moved here from India at 19.

And being a daughter of an immigrant mother who really raised two daughters in the Bay Area from working class roots. And that’s been a real thing that they’ve tried to own.

Kamala was not born into privilege. She had to work for what she’s got.

When she was young, she worked at McDonald’s.

They talk about her working at McDonald’s in college.

And she greeted every person without thousand watt smile and said, how can I help you?

I think it’s overall about trying to present this as someone who pulled himself up by bootstraps. It represents the American dream. And I think for Democrats, it really returns them back to the place they want to be. Democrats like thinking of themselves as a party who appeals to the diversity of America, both in racial ways, in gender ways, but also in class ways.

In Kamala Harris, we have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.

And I think they used other parts of her identity, specifically thinking about being the first Black woman to accept a major party’s nomination.

We know folks are going to do everything they can to distort her truth.

And I think Michelle Obama’s speech, specifically, spoke to the power and anxiety that sometimes that identity can bring.

My husband and I sadly know a little something about this.

For years, Donald Trump did everything in his power to try to make people fear us. See, his limited, narrow view of the world made him feel threatened by the existence of two hard-working, highly educated, successful people who happen to be Black.

And I would also say that it was an implicit response to what Republicans and others have been trying to say, talking about Kamala Harris as a DEI hire, someone who was only in their position because of their identity. But the way that Michelle Obama framed it was that those identities have power.

I want to know. I want to know. Who’s going to tell him, who’s going to tell him that the job he’s currently seeking might just be one of those Black jobs?

Just because someone the first to be in a position, does not mean that is the only reason in the position. But it also doesn’t make those identities meaningless. The fact that she is a Black woman should be seen as a strength, not as a weakness.

Is there a risk to that, though? I mean, by openly talking about race, is there a risk that goes too far and begins to alienate voters outside the convention out in the world who they need to win in November.

I mean, there’s always a risk. But I don’t really think so. Democrats have had increasing trouble with Black voters. There’s been a downturn in Black vote share all the way dating back to 2012.

In Biden’s now suspended candidacy, that was one of the things driving his polling weaknesses was kind of tepid reception from Black voters. A pitch to them is something that is a upside of the Kamala Harris campaign. And the hope that they could consolidate that community is where any Democratic nominee needs to be as a baseline.

We both got our start as young lawyers, helping children who were abused and neglected.

One thing I noticed that came up a lot during the speeches was her background as a prosecutor. How did the party present that part of her biography?

As a prosecutor, Kamala stood up for children who had been victims of sexual abuse.

She put rapists, child molesters, and murderers behind bars.

They talk about it in the way that I think fuels what they want to say is the reason she can take on Trump, that this is someone who has stood up to bullies before, who’s not going to be intimidated easily —

And Kamala is as tough as it comes.

— who’s tough, and who doesn’t shirk away from a challenge.

And she knows the best way to deal with a coward is to take him head on, because we all know cowards are weak. And Kamala Harris can smell weakness.

I think all of that adds up to say, you can trust this person to go up against Donald Trump. You can trust this person to go up against the Republican Party, because she’s not someone who is scared.

She never runs from a fight.

A woman, a fierce woman for the people.

But then, of course, we heard about another side of Kamala Harris, a more personal side.

Yeah, and I think this is the part of Kamala Harris where I think was kind of most missing in the presidential run. Frankly, it’s the part that she keeps most private. She is a warm family member and friend.

Hello to my big, beautiful blended family up there.

And I think what the speech from her husband did was really show and lay that out.

I got married, became a dad to Cole and Ella. Unfortunately, went through a divorce, but eventually started worrying about how I would make it all work. And that’s when something unexpected happened, I ended up with Kamala Harris’s phone number.

He talks about the kind of awkwardness of their first interaction.

I got Kamala’s voicemail, and I just started rambling. “Hey, it’s Doug.”

And I think you have a real kind of sense of their genuine connection to one another.

By the way, Kamala saved that voicemail. And she makes me listen to it on every anniversary.

Like, yes, this is someone who is tough, who is taking on corporations and cartels and all of that stuff by day. But this is someone who also makes a point to cook Sunday dinner for family every week.

And she makes a mean brisket for Passover.

And makes sure to really go close to his kids and is very close with her family.

That’s Kamala. She’s always been there for our children. And I know she’ll always be there for yours, too.

Going back to the last time the Democratic Party nominated a woman, Hillary Clinton, she had presented herself in a very different way. She kind of ran away from that stuff. She was saying, I don’t bake cookies, that’s not what I do. I’m kind of out there with the men, fighting.

And this convention and this candidate, Harris, is very different. She’s a newer generation. And she can do her career and bake cookies. Those things are not in conflict. This is a different type of woman leader.

This week we talked to Senator Elizabeth Warren on “The Run-Up,” and one of the things that she mentioned was she feels that there’s been a big change from 2016, even 2020 to now. Not just the amount of women in public office, but she said they don’t have to choose between sides of themselves. And I think that’s what diversity means.

Of course, Kamala Harris can be a tough politician and also bake cookies. Hillary Clinton did that, too. It was just that she was told that was not the way that she had to present herself. What Kamala Harris is benefiting from is there’s a greater space and ability to choose multiple things at once. And so particularly if others are going to talk more directly about gender or race or other things, that kind of frees her from having the burden of doing that herself.

And in fact, Hillary Clinton, herself, did speak, of course, on day one. She talked about that glass ceiling in the history that has led to now, including her own experience in 2016.

Yeah, I thought the Hillary Clinton speech was really powerful. I think a lot of the speakers put this moment in historical context, both politically and personally.

My mother, Dorothy, was born right here in Chicago before women had the right to vote. That changed 104 years ago yesterday. And since that day, every generation has carried the torch forward. In 1972, a fearless Black congresswoman named Shirley Chisholm —

— she ran for president. In 1984, I brought my daughter to see Geraldine Ferraro, the first woman nominated for vice president. And then there was 2016, when it was the honor of my life to accept our party’s nomination for president.

The last time I was here in my hometown was to memorialize my mother, the woman who showed me the power of my own voice. My mother volunteered at the local school.

I’m the proud granddaughter of a housekeeper, Sarah Daisy, who raised her three children in a one-bedroom apartment. It was her dream to work in government, to help people.

My grandmother, the woman who helped raise me as a child, a little old white lady born in a tiny town called Peru, Kansas.

I want to talk now about somebody who’s not with us tonight. Tessie Prevost Williams was born in New Orleans not long after the Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional. That was in 1954, same year I was born. Parents pulled their kids out of the school.

There was a way that I think the candidacy and the person was placed in a long legacy, both about gender identity and racial identity that kind of teed up this Thursday as a culminating moment, both politically and I think, in a broader historical context.

Together, we put a lot of cracks in the highest, hardest glass ceiling. And you know what? On the other side of that glass ceiling is Kamala Harris raising her hand and taking the oath of office as our 47th president of the United States!

I wish my mother and Kamala’s mother could see us. They would say, keep going. Shirley and Jerry would say, keep going!

I think you can do a lot to set up a candidate to be in a good position. All of this stuff adds up to some part of the puzzle, but the biggest piece is the candidate themself. At the end of the day, they have to close the deal. And I think this moment is her chance to tell her own story in a way that sometimes she has not decided to. And that’s still what this whole convention success and failure will ride on.

We’re going to watch tonight. We’re going to watch with our colleague, Reid Epstein. And you are going to have a great episode of “The Run-Up” on Friday. We will all be tuning in.

Thank you. I appreciate you doing this, Sabrina.

Really thanks a lot, Astead.

Are you a delegate?

Sorry, we caught you mid French fry eating. What’s your feeling about Kamala and what her story has been? Are you getting to know her this week? Are there things you’ve learned about her this week?

Yeah, I’m learning more and more as we go along. The more and more I learn about her, the more I’m impressed with her. I mean, she worked at McDonald’s when she was going to college to try to pay her way through.

Her very small beginnings. Not a trust fund baby type of thing. I relate to that. Like, I was on food stamps this year. So it’s like if she can do it with that background, it gives everybody hope.

Hillary was my girl. When Hillary ran, I championed her as well. But I didn’t feel this way as I feel about Harris. I’m like, do I want to run for office? If she can do it, I can. She looks just like me, right? She represents, she works at McDonald’s. She paid for every. It’s relatable. And that’s what everybody needs.

We’re going to break that glass ceiling. I’m getting teary, teary in my eyes. And it just means so much to be inclusive.

[WHIMSICAL MUSIC]

What does it mean to you that Kamala Harris is a woman? What does it mean to you that she’s a Black woman?

To have a Black woman become the president of the United States, and for her to turn the world upside down in 30 days, to know that I’m in the midst of this miraculous history is phenomenal.

One delegate who really stood out to us was Beverly Hatcher, a 76-year-old Black woman from Texas.

I was raised by a wonderful Baptist mama. I just lost her. But I am who I am because of my mother. We were always pushed to do whatever we wanted to do. I’ll never forget. I wanted to be a majorette. I taught myself, because we had no money for, what is it called, lessons

And a majorette is like the baton twirler, right?

Yes. And when I did finally try out in my 11th grade, I won right off. And my classmates, who were predominantly white, as years have gone by, have told me at class reunions and stuff, Beverly, the sleepy town of Wellington woke up.

Oh, my god, we got a Black girl getting ready to be the head majorette. But it happened because I had the drive and the will. My mother and my family stood behind me, and didn’t miss a parade, or a football game, or a basketball game.

And you see that in Harris?

Beverly, what would your mom say if she saw this?

My sisters have been telling me every day how proud my mom is. And I’m just happy. I’m happy to make her happy. Yeah.

We women, who have had mothers like Kamala, like Michelle, I remember Hillary’s mother, we women value their strength and their wisdom. And we’re just glad that they gave us a legacy to pass it on.

Thank you very much.

We’ll be right back.

Reid, hello.

OK. Kamala Harris just wrapped up her acceptance speech. Before we talk about what she said and the case she presented, tell us how her campaign was thinking about the stakes of this moment.

Sabrina, this evening was one of two opportunities, along with the debate next month, for her to speak to tens of millions of people at once. And so for that, the stakes were really high.

Her goal was to present herself as a serious person and a serious candidate, who was not the candidate who flamed out in 2019 or the unsteady vice president from the beginning of her term. She had to show that she had the gravitas to be the commander in chief, the political aptitude to reach out to the middle, and also to progressives in her party all at the same time.

A very tall order. Tell us how she went about doing that.

Good evening, everyone. Good evening.

Well, she started talking around 9:30 Chicago time to a packed United Center with 14,000 or 15,000 people, many, many wearing all white, the color of the suffragettes, a color that makes a statement just by wearing it. And when Harris took the stage —

— they erupted in a cheer that forced her for a couple of minutes to wait before she could start talking.

Thank you. OK, let’s get to business. Let’s get to business. All right.

And what did she finally say once she started talking?

She told the story of her life.

The path that led me here in recent weeks was, no doubt, unexpected. But I’m no stranger to unlikely journeys.

My mother, our mother, Shyamala Harris, had one of her own. And I miss her every day, and especially right now.

She talked about the influence of her mother, who raised her and her sister.

And she also taught us, “And never do anything half-assed.” And that is a direct quote. [LAUGHS]

She spoke about her family’s humble beginnings in Oakland.

Before she could finally afford to buy a home, she rented a small apartment in the East Bay.

Then she started talking about her career as a prosecutor.

In the courtroom, I stood proudly before a judge and I said five words.

She brought back one of the lines that she used in her 2020 campaign about how when she stood up in a courtroom, she began with the same words.

Kamala Harris for the people.

And she said she would bring that same philosophy to the White House, that she was not working for specific individuals, but for the people at large.

And so on behalf of the people —

Eventually she did a bigger wind up to formally accepting the nomination.

— on behalf of every American, regardless of party, race, gender, or the language your grandmother speaks —

And listed the people on whose behalf she did so.

— on behalf of everyone whose story could only be written in the greatest nation on Earth —

It was really a kind of a feat of speech writing to build up to this big emotional moment.

— I accept your nomination to be president of the United States of America.

And what did you make of that, how she was doing that?

It was building up this speech to be a serious political document and present her as a serious figure in this moment. And so she still has to prove to people that she is capable of being the commander in chief and running the country.

And how does she try to prove that she’s capable of being a commander in chief?

What she did was try to draw the distinction between herself and Donald Trump.

In many ways, Donald Trump is an unserious man. But the consequences, but the consequences of putting Donald Trump back in the White House are extremely serious.

And she warns that Trump would not have guardrails on him if he were elected to a second term.

Just imagine Donald Trump with no guardrails.

And how he would use the immense powers of the presidency of the United States not to improve your life, not to strengthen our national security, but to serve the only client he has ever had, himself.

The speech was very clear-eyed about the stakes of the election.

They know Trump won’t hold autocrats accountable because he wants to be an autocrat himself.

There was a whole section in the middle of the speech where she ticked through, one by one, a whole series of warnings about things that Trump would do to the country if he were back in the White House.

Get this, he plans to create a national anti-abortion coordinator and force states to report on women’s miscarriages and abortions.

Simply put, they are out of their minds.

What else stuck out to you?

It was remarkable, the section of the speech where she talked about Gaza.

President Biden and I are working around the clock, because now is the time to get a hostage deal and a ceasefire deal done.

She did not veer too far to the left.

I will always stand up for Israel’s right to defend itself.

She managed to say things that would be appealing to both sides.

President Biden and I are working to end this war, such that Israel is secure, the hostages are released, the suffering in Gaza ends, and the Palestinian people can realize their right to dignity, security, freedom, and self-determination.

It was a remarkable moment to hear the arena erupt at the end of that section, to hear her support for both the Israelis and the Palestinians reveal that kind of enthusiasm, after the party has been really ripped apart for months about how to handle the situation.

Fellow Americans, I love our country with all my heart.

She ended this speech with a paean to patriotism.

We are the heirs to the greatest democracy in the history of the world.

She dove headlong into the American exceptionalism argument that is native to Republicans and to older generations of politicians, like Joe Biden.

It is now our turn to do what generations before us have done. Guided by optimism and faith to fight for this country we love. To fight —

But is not something you always hear from younger Democrats, who are a little less comfortable with some of the flag waving.

Let’s vote for it. And together, let us write the next great chapter in the most extraordinary story ever told. Thank you. God bless you and may God bless the United States of America. Thank you all.

She seemed to really be taking aim at this criticism of her, which is that she’s this radical California liberal and she can’t be trusted with the keys to the country.

I mean, that was one of the tasks that she had tonight, was to make the argument, particularly to voters in the middle, the suburban voters that used to vote for Republicans, but have been repelled by Trump and driven to Democrats in the last several years, that they can vote for her without worrying that she’s some kind of Bernie Sanders acolyte.

And some of that is based on the way she ran her last presidential campaign. Some of it, frankly, is because she’s a Black woman from California. And that the voters who will determine this election are voters in less diverse states, for the most part.

So Reid stepping back here, it feels worth remembering just where we were at the end of the Republican National Convention that was just over a month ago. Things couldn’t have felt more different. The GOP was on top of the world, while the Democrats were in disarray over Biden’s refusal to leave the race.

And now here we are. And it feels like things couldn’t be better for the Democrats. At least that’s the feeling I’m having coming out of this convention.

I mean, the whole race has turned upside down from where it was when we left Milwaukee. And Democrats are upbeat. They are confident. It is a party that is remarkably united behind their candidate.

But you have to remember, this election will be very close. It is, indeed, a game of inches in the key battleground states. And what she was trying to do was to present herself as someone who can be trusted as commander in chief to win over the tiny slices of the electorate that will determine the winner in places like Wisconsin, and Michigan, and Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Arizona.

And those are the states that will determine the election. And they have made a calculated decision that those voters needed to see her as a commander in chief, something they had not seen from her before. And we will see in the coming days and weeks whether she’s accomplished that in a way that brings enough of those people on board for her to win a term as president.

Reid, thank you.

Thank you, Sabrina. [WHIMSICAL MUSIC]

Here’s what else you should know today. On Thursday, the Supreme Court allowed Arizona Republicans, for now, to impose tougher voting requirements, including a new rule that people registering to vote there before the coming election must show proof of citizenship.

As a result, Arizonans newly registering to vote for this year’s presidential election must provide copies of one of several documents, such as a birth certificate or a passport, in order to prove that they are US citizens. Democrats have denounced the new rule as an attempt to prevent legal immigrants from voting.

And US Health officials have approved the latest slate of annual COVID vaccines, clearing the way for Americans six months and older to receive updated shots in the coming days. The approvals come amid a prolonged surge of COVID infections, which have risen all summer.

Remember to catch a new episode of “The Interview” right here tomorrow. This week, Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with Jenna Ortega, the star of the Netflix series “Wednesday,” and the new “Bettlejuice” sequel, about her head-spinning success over the past few years.

One day I just I woke up in somebody else’s shoes. I felt like I had entered somebody else’s life. And I didn’t know how to get back to mine.

Today’s episode was produced by Lynsea Garrison, Rob Szypko, Jessica Cheung, Asthaa Chaturvedi, and Shannon Lin. It was edited by Rachel Quester, contains original music by Rowan Niemisto, Dan Powell, Diane Wong, and Marion Lozano, and was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

[THEME MUSIC]

That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. See you on Monday.

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Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Featuring Astead W. Herndon and Reid J. Epstein

Produced by Lynsea Garrison Rob Szypko Jessica Cheung Asthaa Chaturvedi and Shannon Lin

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Original music by Rowan Niemisto Marion Lozano Dan Powell and Diane Wong

Engineered by Chris Wood

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Last night, at the Democratic National Convention, Vice President Kamala Harris accepted her party’s nomination, becoming the first woman of color in U.S. history to do so.

Astead W. Herndon and Reid J. Epstein, who cover politics for The Times, discuss the story this convention told about Ms. Harris — and whether that story could be enough to win the presidential election.

On today’s episode

Astead W. Herndon , a national politics reporter and the host of the politics podcast “ The Run-Up ” for The New York Times.

Reid J. Epstein , who covers politics for The New York Times.

Background reading

Kamala Harris promised to chart a “new way forward” as she accepted the nomination.

“The Run-Up”: It’s her party now. What’s different?

There are a lot of ways to listen to The Daily. Here’s how.

We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Michael Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson, Nina Lassam and Nick Pitman.

Astead W. Herndon is a national politics reporter and the host of the politics podcast “The Run-Up.” More about Astead W. Herndon

Reid J. Epstein covers campaigns and elections from Washington. Before joining The Times in 2019, he worked at The Wall Street Journal, Politico, Newsday and The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. More about Reid J. Epstein

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