how to cite a phd thesis ieee

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

IEEE Citation | Quick Guide & Examples

IEEE citation format is a way of citing your sources in a paper. IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the association that created the guidelines.

It is a commonly used citation style in electrical and electronic engineering, in computer science, and in other technical disciplines. It is also used in IEEE’s own publications.

IEEE citation format consists of:

• Numerical in-text citations appearing in brackets
• A numbered reference list with full source information

Table of contents

Ieee in-text citation, ieee references, formatting the reference page, frequently asked questions about ieee citation.

An IEEE in-text citation is just a number in brackets, pointing the reader to the relevant reference. Use the same number each time if you refer to the same source repeatedly. You may also mention the author’s name in your sentence, but you don’t have to.

IEEE citations can be placed at the relevant point in the sentence, before any punctuation that follows. Multiple citations at the same point are separated by commas , a range of citations by an en dash (–, outside the brackets, with no spaces).

A more concise option is to treat the citations as nouns in your sentence, in which case you don’t mention any author names. If you take this approach, be consistent. Don’t switch between the two approaches in one paper.

If you quote or paraphrase a specific part of the source, include a page number within the brackets to point the reader to the right part.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

The IEEE reference page provides full information on your sources, so that readers can locate and consult them. You’ll usually include the author’s name, the title of the source, the publication date, information about the publisher, and sometimes a DOI .

The exact information included and the formatting vary by source type. Formats and examples for common source types are shown below.

• Journal article

The IEEE reference page appears on a separate page at the end of your paper, with the heading “References” at the top. The heading is written in bold text, either left-aligned or centered.

References are numbered in the order they were first cited in the text. The numbers appear in brackets on the left side of the page, forming their own column separate from the references, which are indented consistently.

The references are single-spaced, with the next reference appearing on the following line.

IEEE citation format is defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and used in their publications.

It’s also a widely used citation style for students in technical fields like electrical and electronic engineering, computer science, telecommunications, and computer engineering.

An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets at the relevant point in the text, which points the reader to the right entry in the numbered IEEE reference page at the end of the research paper . For example, “Smith [1] states that a new protocol will indubitably pay off.”

A location marker such as a page number is also included within the brackets when needed: “Smith [1, p. 13] argues that the poet made facetious comments.”

The IEEE reference page consists of a list of references numbered in the order they were cited in the text. The title “References” appears in bold at the top, either left-aligned or centered.

The numbers appear in square brackets on the left-hand side of the page. The reference entries are indented consistently to separate them from the numbers. Entries are single-spaced, with a normal paragraph break between them.

Is this article helpful?

Other students also liked, citation styles guide | examples for all major styles, what is a doi | finding and using digital object identifiers, what is common knowledge | definition & examples, more interesting articles.

• IEEE Book Citation | Guide with Examples
• IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples
• IEEE Journal Citation | Guide with Examples
• IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines
• IEEE Reference Page | Format & Examples
• IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples

"I thought AI Proofreading was useless but.."

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

Thesis Reference Guide: IEEE Style

References in the text must match the reference list both in number and style. All sources must be mentioned in the text.

References in the Text

• References must be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text.
• Once you label the source, use the same number in all subsequent references.
• Each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets on the text line, with a space before the bracket, and before the punctuation: ". . . end of the line for my research [12]."
• It is not necessary to mention the author(s) of the reference unless it is relevant to your text. Do not mention the date of the reference in the text.
• It is not necessary to say "in reference [27]. . . ." "In [27] . . ." is sufficient.

Vastly preferred Acceptable [1], [3], [5] [1, 5, 7] [1] - [5] [1-5]

You may have to adjust your computer program format to get the preferred form.

• The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more then six authors, you may use et al. (no comma before et ) after the name of the first author.

The Reference List

• References must be listed in the order they were cited (numerical order). The references must not be in alphabetical order.
• The bracketed number should be on the line, and the lines of each entry indented.
• List only one reference per bracketed number.
• Footnotes and other words and phrases not part of the reference format should not be included in the reference list. Phrases such as "for example" should only be given in the text.

Capitalization

• Every (important) word in the title of a book must be capitalized.
• Every (important) word in the title of a journal or conference must be capitalized.
• Capitalize only the first word of an article title (except for proper nouns, acronyms, etc.)
• Capitalize only the first word of a paper, thesis, or book chapter.
• Capitalize the "v" in volume for a book title, but not for a periodical.

Punctuation

Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks. An example with a question mark is provided under periodicals.

Abbreviations

• You must either spell out the entire name of each periodical you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other.
• You may spell words such as volume, December, etc., but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all.
• You do not need to abbreviate March, May, June, July.
• To indicate a page range: pp. 111-222. But to reference one page only, use only one p: p. 111.

Please note the correct spacing and punctuation for author names:

D. L. Tao, C. Siva Ram Murthy, and S. Al Kuran but T.-C. Hsu and L. A. Stein-Rosenberg  

Periodicals

Articles from Published Conference Proceedings

The word in before the conference title is not italicized.

Papers Presented at Conferences, but Unpublished

Reports (technical reports, internal reports, memoranda)

Provide number and month if available.

Thesis or Dissertation

"PhD dissertation," but "M.S. thesis."

Class Notes

Private Communication

From the Internet

Application Notes

Back to "Writing ECE Theses and Dissertations"

Last modified April 10, 1998

Citing Sources of Information

• How to read a citation
• APA 6th Edition
• APA 7th Edition

Suggested resources

Examples of in-text citations - ieee style, examples of reference list entries - ieee style, journal abbreviations, citing non-english sources in english papers, citing chinese sources in chinese papers - chinese citation styles.

• Other Styles (Harvard, Chicago & more)
• Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
• Citation Management Tools
• The Learning Lounge

IEEE style is widely used in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science.

Suggested websites

IEEE resources :

• IEEE Editorial Style Manual
• IEEE Reference Guide
• How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style
• IEEE Editorial Style Manual for Authors

Other resources :

• IEEE Style (by Murdoch University)
• IEEE Referencing Style (by University of York)
• Citing and referencing: IEEE (by Monash University)

IEEE format follows the numbered system in which a source is given a citation number in-text in square brackets [ ] . The citation number should be put directly after the reference. Punctuation should be placed outside of the brackets. Include page number(s) if you need to be specific (e.g. direct quotes).

Bennett [1] suggested that …

As shown by Newell and Jones [2] …

Hicks et al. [3] have argued that …   Note:  Use et al. when three or more names are given.

Recent studies [4]-[7] have proved that … (preferred)

Recent studies [4-6] have proved that … (acceptable)

In [3], [7] it was found that ... (preferred)

In [3, 7] it was found that ... (acceptable)

... according to [8].

Wood et al. [9, p. 15] claimed that "..."

Wood et al. claimed that "..." [9, p. 15].

Some of the following examples are based on information provided in How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style and IEEE Editorial Style Manual .

Entire book

[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Title of Work . Location: Publisher, Year.

[1] J. A. Zalasiewicz and M. Williams,  The Goldilocks Planet: The Four Billion Year Story of  Earth's Climate . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012.

[2] R. Jain, et al., Handbook of Environmental Engineering Assessment: Strategy, Planning, and Management . Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.

Note : Capitalize all major words in the title and the subtitle. Italicize the book title. When there are more than six authors, only the first author should be used and followed by “et al.”.

Edited book

[3] J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction . New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.

Book chapter

[#] A. A. Author of Part and B. B. Author of Part, "Title of chapter," in Title of Book , C. C. Editor, Eds. Location: Publisher, Year. pp. page numbers.

[36] Z. Wang and C. Brown, "Chemical fingerprinting of petroleum hydrocarbons," in Methods in Environmental Forensics , S. M. Mudge, Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009, pp. 43-77.

Note : Capitalize all major words in the book title. Capitalize only the first word of the chapter title and subtitle, and any proper nouns. Italicize the book title, and enclose the chapter title in quotation marks (the punctuation goes inside the quotation marks).

Journal or newspaper article

[#] A. A. Author of Article and B. B. Author of Article, "Title of article," Abbrev. Title of Journal , vol. #, no. #, pp. page numbers, Abbrev. Month year. [Online]. Available: Internet address [Accessed: Month day, year].

• Journal article with DOI

[4] R. W. Sperry, "Science, values, and survival," J. Humanistic Psychology , vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 8-24, Spring 1986. doi:10.1177/0022167886262002.

[5] E. V. Stanev and R. Kandilarov, "Sediment dynamics in the Black Sea: Numerical modelling and remote sensing observations," Ocean Dynam ., vol. 62, pp. 533-553, Apr. 2012. doi:10.1007/s10236-012-0520-1.

Note :Use accepted journal abbreviations for the journal title. Italicize the journal title. Capitalize all major words in the journal title. Capitalize only the first word of the article and subtitle, and enclose the article title in quotation marks. Issue number is not given if page numbers are continuous throughout an annual volume (i.e. issue number is given only when each new issue starts on page 1). For example, the second article above is in vol. 62, issue 4, but issue 4 does not start on page 1. The issue number is therefore not given in the citation.

• Journal article without DOI

[5] E. V. Stanev and R. Kandilarov, "Sediment dynamics in the Black Sea: Numerical modelling and remote sensing observations," Ocean Dynam ., vol. 62, pp. 533-553, Apr. 2012.

• Journal article accessible from the Internet

[6] F. Habashi, "The case of Nobelists Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark," Chem. Ed ., vol. 17, pp. 78-79, Jun. 2012. [Online]. Available: http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0017001/17100078.htm [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

• Newspaper article

[7] A. Shamdasani, "Firm strives to be lean, clean, green and energy efficient environment," South China Morning Post , p. 4, Jan. 19, 2010.

• Newspaper article from an Internet news source

[7] A. Shamdasani, "Firm strives to be lean, clean, green and energy efficient environment," South China Morning Post , p. 4, Jan. 19, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.scmp.com/article/704044/firm-strives-be-lean-clean-green-and-energy-efficient [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

Dissertation or thesis

• Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis available from a database service

[#] A. A. Author, "Title of thesis," Thesis type, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Country/State, year. [Online]. Available: Database Name.

[8] W. Ye, "Models and algorithms for energy efficient wireless sensor networks," Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Ind. Syst. Eng., Univ. South. Calif., Los Angeles, CA. 2007. [Online]. Available: Digital Dissertation Consortium.

• Unpublished dissertation or thesis

[#] A. A. Author, "Title of thesis," Thesis type, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Country/State, year.

[9] H. N. Cheung, "Anomalous East Asian Winter monsoon in relation to symbolic Eurasian blocking patterns," M. Phil. dissertation, School Energy Env., City Univ. HK, Hong Kong, 2011.

Internet document

[#] A. A. Author. (year, month day). Title of Document [Format]. Available: Internet address [Accessed: Month day, year].

[10] S. Antipolis. (2008, Nov. 13). Essential Step Achieved in the Creation of the European Air Traffic Management Network [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org/file259803.htm [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

[11] City University of Hong Kong. (2012). Rules on Academic Honesty: Effective from Semester A 2012/13 [Online]. Available: http://www.cityu.edu.hk/provost/academic_honesty/rules_on_academic_honesty.htm [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

Note : Note the distinctions between online books/journals and other Internet resources (e.g. the position of the date is different).

Online video file

[#] A. A. Author (year, month day). Title of Video [Video file]. Available: Internet address [Accessed: Month day, year]

[12] BirdTricks. (2008, Apr. 27). Tips for Training a Parrot to Talk [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89dZNPPYOdk [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

Online forum, blog, newsgroup

[#] A. A. Author (year, month day). Title of Post [Description of form]. Available: Internet address [Accessed: Month day, year]

[13] T. Rampersad (2005, Jun. 8). Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions [Blog]. Available: http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/ipisforum/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural#comments [Accessed: Jan. 2, 2014].

How to cite ChatGPT in IEEE Style (by Nanyang Technological University)

IEEE: Conference Abbreviations

Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviations (by The University of British Columbia)

CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool (by Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of American Chemical Society)

A common practice is to give the original title in the reference and give the English translation in brackets .

If the source is written in a non-Latin script, such as Chinese, Japanese or Korean, transliterate the title into English alphabet. Below are two examples cited in IEEE style:

A book in French :

[1] D. Webb and C. Andre, Statistiques Economiques a Court Terme [Short-term economic statistics]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008.

A journal article in Chinese :

[2] W. Liu, “Guanyu LibQual+ tushuguan fuwu zhiliang pingjia yu shizheng yanjiu [An empirical analysis of library service quality evaluation based on the LibQual+],” Gaoxiao Tushuguan Gongzuo , vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 32-36, May 2012.

Chinese citation styles are generally different from English ones and there are no standardized styles. Check with your instructor for the acceptable style for your assignments. Below are some guides for reference:

中文出版物編寫格式及注意事項  (香港城市大學出版社)

學術論文寫作：中文論文格式 MLA / APA (香港中文大學自學中心) 

• << Previous: MLA
• Next: Other Styles (Harvard, Chicago & more) >>
• Last Updated: Aug 12, 2024 12:37 PM
• URL: https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/citing

© City University of Hong Kong | Copyright | Disclaimer

IEEE Citation Style

• Introduction
• Why Do You Cite?
• How Often Do I Cite?
• In-Text Citations
• When Citing a Source more than once
• Missing Information
• Bibliography or List of References
• Multiple Source Bracketing Format
• Print vs Online
• Page Numbers
• Abbreviations This link opens in a new window
• IEEE Reference List
• Basic Format - Book
• Basic Format - Chapter in a Book
• Basic Format - Electronic Book with a DOI
• Basic Format - Electronic with a URL and no DOI
• Basic Format - Data and Safety Sheets
• Journal Article Print
• Online Journal Article with DOI
• Online Journal Article with URL and no DOI
• Magazine Article (Print)
• Online Magazine Article with DOI
• Online Magazine Article with a URL and no DOI
• Basic Format - Reports & Technical Reports
• Basic Format - Theses and Dissertations
• Basic Format - Websites
• Basic Format - Personal Communications, Interview, or Email
• Basic Format - Conferences
• Computer Code

Thesis and Dissertations

Thesis or Dissertations (Print)

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication.

Masters Thesis

Ph.D  Dissertation

Online Thesis or Dissertation with DOI

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of ," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication. doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Online Thesis or Dissertation with a URL

Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of ," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication. Available: site/path/file

• << Previous: Basic Format - Reports & Technical Reports
• Next: Basic Format - Websites >>
• Revised: Feb 1, 2024 12:09 PM
• URL: https://libguides.okanagan.bc.ca/IEEE_2019
• Print this page

This site is maintained by the librarians of Okanagan College Library . If you wish to comment on an individual page, please contact that page's author. If you have a question or comment about Okanagan College Library's LibGuides site as a whole, please contact the site administrator .

• Bibliography
• More Referencing guides Blog Automated transliteration Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Automated transliteration
• Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Referencing guides

Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?

Create a spot-on reference in ieee, general rules.

In accordance with the requirements of IEEE Style, the following template should be used for referencing a PhD dissertation or a master’s thesis:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year .

• Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis , etc.) in the Work type element.
• Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form.
• Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
• See more about the Country element here .

For the rules of giving authors’ names in IEEE Style, see this article .

For a dissertation published online, add the Internet source details to the reference:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year . Accessed:  date . [Online]. Available:  URL

Examples of references

B.   H.   Reed, “The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster ,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992.

M.   A.   M.   EI-Bayoumi, “Wheel speed distribution control and its effect on vehicle,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, U.K. 2007. Accessed: Feb.   21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/641/

IEEE citation style

Introduction.

This guide provides some basic models and examples of citations based primarily on the IEEE Reference Guide , which is part of the IEEE Editorial Style Manual .

IEEE requires any citation and style issues not covered by its own style manual to be addressed using the Chicago Manual of Style . Submitting an article to an IEEE publication may require using that publication's style, which occasionally varies from the general IEEE style. Learn more from the IEEE Author Center .

Remember that an important purpose of a reference is to enable your readers to find the source of the material that you are citing. That implies that you need to provide enough information for someone to track down your source. In cases where that is not possible, you must provide readers with at least enough information to identify who or what your source is.

General Guidelines

In-text citation.

• In-text citations are shown as numbers within square brackets , for example “According to [2]…”, “As demonstrated in [3]–[5]…”.
• The numbers increase sequentially with each additional source that you cite.
• If you cite the same source more than once, use the same number rather than creating a new reference. Remember that if you move text with a citation after writing your document, you must resequence your references to correspond.
• Do not say “in reference [1] …”; rather, the text should be written to read simply, “in [3] …”.
• The author’s name generally should not be included in a text reference with a number (i.e., “In Patel [1]”) and should be changed to “in [3]” except in such cases where the author’s name is integral to the understanding of the sentence (e.g., “Patel [3] reduced calculated time …”).

Reference list

• Reference numbers are aligned to the left margin and form a column of their own.
• Use "et al." to signify that a document has more than six authors .
• All references, except those ending with URLs, will end with a period , including those with a DOI.
• Check the IEEE Editorial Style Manual for official abbreviations . Many commonly used terms as well as specific IEEE journals should be abbreviated in the references.

Model for a book in print

• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Book , xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

Model for an electronic book

• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Book , xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
• N. Shinohara, Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves . London : Hoboken, NJ, USA: ISTE; Wiley, 2014

Two authors

• A. Hunt and D. Thomas, The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 2000.

One author (ebook)

• A. Moreno-Munoz, Ed., Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources . Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo098e.

Other Cases

Not every reference will include the same types of information. For example, the books referenced above do not call out specific chapters. In the following, [1] has three editors rather than a single author, whereas [2] represents a citation from a chapter in this book .

• D. P. Michelfelder, N. McCarthy, and D. E. Goldberg, Eds., Philosophy and Engineering: Reflections on Practice, Principles and Process . Springer, Dordrecht, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7762-0
• A. Chilvers and S. Bell, “Ove Arup: Theoretical and moral positions in practice and the origins of an engineering firm,” in Philosophy and Engineering: Reflections on Practice, Principles and Process , Springer, Dordrecht, 2013, pp. 51–63. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7762-0_5

Conference proceedings

Model for a paper presented at a conference.

• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the abbrev. Name of Conf. , City of Conf., Abbrev. State, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

Model for a conference paper presented via online event

• J. K. Author. Title. presented at abbrev. Conference title. [Medium]. Available: site/path/file

Conference papers

• V. S. Bouchet, E. Torlaschi, R. Laprise, and J. C. McConnell, “Summertime climatology of ozone with a regional climate model,” in Proceedings of the 1997 Air & Waste Management Association’s 90th Annual Meeting & Exhibition , Toronto, Canada, 1997.
• R. Zhou et al. , “Modeling the impact of spatial resolutions on perceptual quality of immersive image/video,” in 2016 International Conference on 3D Imaging (IC3D) , 2016, pp. 1–6 [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7823464/

Dataset, table, and graph

Due to the various techniques for accessing and storing datasets ( research data management guide ), the citation rules are not as commonly defined as they are for things like books or journal articles. The IEEE Editorial Style Manual does not explicitly state how to cite data.

The following was adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style 's guidance in "14.257: Citing data from a scientific database." The manual recommends that the citation include the database's name and some description of the record being cited (a data marker or accession number). It should also include the date that you accessed it and a URL.

Model for data from a scientific database

• DB Name (descriptive phrase [record locator]; accessed date). site/path/file
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) dataset for materials for Planetary Exploration (LIBS Dataset [AnorthoMO11 1000AVG]; accessed February 28, 2018). https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/137bdc17-2f46-4d70-98e7-acc46f602e9f

See the DataCite Canada recommendations for additional detail about good practices for citing data. You can also find documentation detailing different data citation use-cases in the guide from The Digital Curation Centre .

The 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style offers some guidance on data in the context of using it in tables (section 3.77 Acknowledging data in source notes to tables). Chicago requires the full source to be cited.

For example, if you use data from a source such as a book or an article to create a table in your document, Chicago requires that you identify that data by writing " Data from [Name of the source] " within a footnote . You must also include that source in your reference list the way you normally would (e.g. if it's an article, format it like an article reference).

IEEE formatting style for footnotes is in section "B. Editing the Body of a Paper" of the IEEE Editorial Style Manual .

If you use an image such as a graph from another source, make sure to label it with a caption using the rules under "Text Citation of Figures and Tables" in part "II. Editing Principles," section "B. Editing the Body of a Paper" of the IEEE Editorial Style Manual . The graph may require a reference number or additional source information depending on whether or not it's from an IEEE source.

Journal article

Model for an article online.

• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical , vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Accessed: Month, Day, Year. doi: 10.1109.XXX.123456, [Online]. Available: site/path/file

Model for an article in print

• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical , vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.

Article online

• A. Bozkurt et al. , “Toward cyber-enhanced working dogs for search and rescue,” IEEE Intell. Syst. , vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 32–9, Nov. 2014. Accessed: Dec, 12, 2017. doi: 10.1109/MIS.2014.77, [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6914468/

Article in print

• P. Mowforth and I. Bratko, “AI and robotics; flexibility and integration,” Robotica , vol. 5, no. pt 2, pp. 93–98, 1987.

The IEEE Editorial Style Manual does not explicitely describe how to cite lectures. The following was adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style 's guidance in "14.217: Lectures and papers or posters presented at meetings." If lecture notes or recordings are accessible online you can add an electronic resource to the reference.

Model for a lecture or presentation

• J. K. Lecturer, “Title,” Lecture, Title of course, Organization, location, Date.

Model for lecture notes that can be accessed online

• J. K. Lecturer, “Title,” Lecture, Title of course, Organization, location, Date, [Medium]. Available: site/path/file

For recordings, see also the Chicago Manual of Style, section 14.264: Recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and the like .

• E. Novak, “Essentials of Research Methods,” Lecture, ENCS 6721 Technical Writing and Research Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada, 2016, [PowerPoint]. https://users.encs.concordia.ca/lecture-imaginary-prof.html

Use the following model for documents such as product or software manuals. To cite a document such as a corporate handbook, use the technical report model.

Model for a manual

• J. K. Author or Organization Name. The software manual title . (Year) [Medium]. Place: Publisher or Organization that produced it. Available: site/path/file, Accessed: Month. Day, Year.

Product manual

• ST, TN0018 Technical note: Surface mounting guidelines for MEMS sensors in an LGA package . (2017) [Online]. Switzerland: STMicroelectronics NV. Available: https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/products/mems-and-sensors/accelerometers/ais328dq.html, Accessed: Dec. 13, 2017.

Software manual

• J. H. Weber et al. , Getting Started with LibreOffice 5.2 . (2017) [Online]. LibreOffice Documentation Team. Available: https://documentation.libreoffice.org/assets/Uploads/Documentation/en/GS5.2/GS52-GettingStartedLO.pdf, Accessed: Dec. 13, 2017.

Note: to cite a printed manual (not an online electronic source) do not include the "Available:" and "Accessed:" portions of the reference.

Model for a patent accessible online

• Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (year, month day). Country Patent Number [Medium]. Available: site/path/file

Patent from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office database (online)

• Type composing machine, by J. Mayer and C. A. Albrecht. (1907, March 26) CA 104 300 [Online]. Available: https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/104300/summary.html

Patent from a Google patent search (online)

• System and method for routing communications based on wireless communication link quality, by B. Moon and M. Smith. (2000, December 22) US Patent 6 961 573 [Online]. Available: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6961573B1/en

Model for a software application

• A. L. Programmer or Organization Name. The software package . (Year) [Medium]. Place: Publisher. Available: site/path/file, Accessed: Month. Day, Year.

A techique used in some IEEE publications simplifies the reference as follows:

• "Software Application Name", Year.

Software developed by an organization (downloaded)

• Apache HTTP Server . The Apache Software Foundation, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://http.apache.org/download.cgi#apache24
• "Apache HTTP Server", 2017.

Software developed by a company (from a physical medium)

• MATLAB . Natick, MA: The MathWorks, Inc., 2002 [DVD-ROM].

The IEEE Editorial Style Manual recommends the first model below for standards. The guide also shows alternate examples that are visible in IEEE-published documents.

Model for a standard

• Title of Standard , Standard number, date.

Model for a standard (formatted for more information)

• Title of standard , [Medium] Standard number, Authoring body, location, date. Available: site/path/file

Standard (print)

• Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs , ASHRAE standard 1041-2336 ; 140-2014, 2014.

Standard (online)

• IEEE Standard for Advanced Audio and Video Coding , [Online] Standard IEEE Std 1857-2013, IEEE Standards Association, New York, NY, 2013. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6522104/

Technical reports, datasheets, etc.

Technical reports often include detailed research on an organization's own work concerning a problem. These reports are often not published in a traditional sense. Citing technical reports may require identifying additional information from corporate sites.

IEEE also recommends using the following format for documents such as datasheets or corporate handbooks.

Model for a technical report

• J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. no., vol./issue, year. [Medium]. Available: site/path/file

Technical report

• F. A. Shen, “Flexible rotor dynamics analysis,” Rockwell International Corp., Canoga Park, CA, 19730022708, Sep. 1973 [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730022708

Product datasheet

• Unitron, “uTV 3 Technical Data,” Kitchener, Canada, Datasheet 14-050 027-5875-02, Feb. 2015 [Online]. Available: https://unitron.com/content/dam/unitron-2014/documents/english/moxi-north/datasheet/english-crossproduct-datasheet-utv3.pdf

Note that the author is the name of the company in the datasheet example.

Model for a thesis or dissertation

• J. K. Author, “Title,” M.S. thesis/Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

Thesis from a Master of Science program

• V. Hayot-Sasson, “Towards easy and efficient processing of ultra-high resolution brain images,” MCompSC. thesis, Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Software Eng., Concordia University, Montréal, Canada, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/982970/

Unpublished work

IEEE provides the following rule for private communications but in many cases, you can embed the information in the body of your text. For example, "In response to my query, Alexandra Bell sent an e-mail stating that specifications had last been updated in March."

Model for an unpublished document

• J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.

E-mail message

• M. Aftahi, private communication, Dec 2016.

Model for a page on a web site

• J. K. Author. "Page Title." Website. Web Address (retrieved Date Accessed).
• Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec. “The Different Fields of Engineering” Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec. https://www.oiq.qc.ca/en/general-public/the-engineering-profession/the-different-fields-of-engineering (accessed Apr. 20, 2022).

Social media

• Concordia Journalism, “We are proud to announce that Dr. David Secko, Chair and Professor in the Department of Journalism, is a recipient of the President’s Excellence in Teaching Award. Secko was recognized for his development of Projected Futures: Experimental Science Journalism Studies.” Twitter. https://twitter.com/JournalismCU/status/1540063393830371328 (accessed Aug. 19, 2022).

Generative AI (eg., ChatGPT)

There is currently no official stylistic recommendations from IEEE for referencing AI-generated content. IEEE requires any citation and style issues not covered by its own style manual to be addressed using the Chicago Manual of Style . If you have been asked to cite material generated by artificial intelligence for a class assignment, you can use the format suggested by the Chicago Manual of Style.

• Text generated by ChatGPT, June 28, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com/chat .

Note: Methods of citing materials generated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT are rapidly changing. Check with your course instructor or thesis supervisor before using or citing material generated by AI tools. You should also check whether the tool you’re using has terms of use or guidelines on how to credit use of the tool (for example, from OpenAI ).

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Citing parts of a thesis or dissertation using IEEE referencing

I've found myself extensively referencing parts of theses and dissertations for my own research paper. The IEEE editorial style manual suggests that they should be referenced in the following form:

[1] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. [2] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

I have a 120 page paper that I reference heavily and I find it unusual that there aren't any suggestions or examples that attempt to reference parts of theses or dissertations. I feel like readers would be dissinterested to pursue the paper to locate the source information.

Perhaps I am confused about how frequently references are pursued by readers? When reading internet articles, or PDFs from research papers that aren't published in an academic institution, I enjoy how authors place hyperlinks to provide further reading on information that readers might wish to pursue further. Could it be that readers aren't really engaged into further pursuing references and that it's not an issue if I don't reference parts of these or dissertations?

2 Answers 2

According to the third edition of How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper that I have, one should list only significant, published references. References to unpublished data, papers in press, abstracts, theses, and other secondary materials should not clutter up the References or Literature Cited section (i.e. Bibliography). If such a reference seems absolutely necessary, one may add it parenthetically, or as a footnote in the text.

I do not necessarily agree with this since, I have seen theses (at least) being cited in the Bibliography, not to mention URL's to websites (where information is more transient).

As for the use of inclusive pagination (i.e. first and last page numbers), it makes it easier for potential users to distinguish between one-page notes and 50 page review articles. The only time I have seen this done is to distinguish between articles/chapters in @journal, @incollection, @book or @inbook type references to say the least. Typically, the style has been to include all pages of the reference rather than a subset of pages. If you want to make reference to a particular page or chapter of a dissertation or thesis, however, you may do so in your text along with the citation. For example,

Where [1] appears beside the reference to Micciancio's PhD thesis in the Bibliography. At least, that's how I've seen others do it.

Ex-citing stuff, isn't it...? ;-)

P.S. Here are a couple of examples of how referenced articles, books and theses appear in the Bibliography using the IEEE style.

Note that the first citation is from an @inprocedings type reference, while the fourth is from a @journal. The second and third citation are @book type references, while the fifth is a thesis. Note that the above references were generated using BiBTeX. Although it is possible to add inclusive pagination to the @book and @thesis type references, BiBTeX will ignore them. I have tried and tested this for the @thesis style at least.

• Great answer! I was just thinking about the IEEE citation style when answering a question over on English SE. And actually, yes, it is very cool stuff you are citing! I can only read about that stuff (breaking MD5, new/improved cryptographic hash functions) for fun, wish I could do it all day long. –  Ellie Kesselman Commented Dec 18, 2011 at 23:04
• Thanks for that. If you are interested, there is a group on the Stack Exchange dedicated to Cryptography. Here's the link: Cryptography.SE . Go for your life.... ;-) –  Bill Commented Dec 19, 2011 at 23:55

Citing specific pages of a long source is quite common. There are two ways of doing it:

Cite the page number(s) along with the reference number in the body of the text, e.g. [12, pp140-142], or [Smith 90, pp140-142].

Give each reference in the body of the text a different number, and then list them using " ibid ". For example:

[12] J. K. Author, "Title of thesis", ... , pp140-142. [13] Ibid., p42. [14] Ibid., pp10-12.

• The citation style for books defines how chapters, sections and pages can be referenced ch. xx, sec. xx, pp. [xx/xx-xx] at the end of the reference. Additionally, when referencing a particular chapter, the format "Title of chapter" in Title of book is used. It would be common sense that I can specify the location of the referenced text in a thesis or dissertation. But since the style document doesn't include any specification, and I can't find any paper with references that can support it, I'm really left confused. –  kron Commented Sep 18, 2010 at 22:41
• Can you not just use the same format as is used for books? –  Steve Melnikoff Commented Sep 18, 2010 at 22:51

Your Answer

Reminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Writing Stack Exchange. Learn more

Sign up or log in

Post as a guest.

Required, but never shown

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged citations research or ask your own question .

• Featured on Meta
• Bringing clarity to status tag usage on meta sites
• We've made changes to our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy - July 2024
• Announcing a change to the data-dump process

Hot Network Questions

• What does the \end mean in LaTeX's environment?
• Did the Jews of the New Testament era think the time was imminent for the coming Messiah?
• Why does editing '/etc/shells' file using 'sudo open' show an error saying I don't own the file?
• Someone wants to pay me to be his texting buddy. How am I being scammed?
• Are there jurisdictions where an uninvolved party can appeal a court decision?
• Any complete (and possibly distributive) lattice is a Boolean algebra
• When is internal use internal (considering licenses and their obligations)?
• How are USB-C cables so thin?
• Why is Excel not counting time with COUNTIF?
• What mode of transport is ideal for the cold post-apocalypse?
• A post-apocalyptic short story where very sick people from our future save people in our timeline that would be killed in plane crashes
• "Heads cut off" or "souls cut off" in Rev 20:4?
• Confused about topographic data in base map using QGIS
• Returning to France with a Récépissé de Demande de Carte de Séjour stopping at Zurich first
• My script that creates public links on approval doesn't set the url path as the file name
• Writing a Puzzle Book: Enigmatic Puzzles
• The minimal Anti-Sudoku
• Writing a Puzzle Book - Enigmatic Puzzles 2
• Where is the 6D-QSAR software Quasar(X) available?
• Why HIMEM was implemented as a DOS driver and not a TSR
• If Venus had a sapient civilisation similar to our own prior to global resurfacing, would we know it?
• Do space stations have anything that big spacecraft (such as the Space Shuttle and SpaceX Starship) don't have?
• Does Gimp do batch processing?
• Multiplication of operators defined by commutation relations

Penn State University Libraries

Ieee quick citation guide.

• In-text Citation
• Citing Articles
• Citing Books
• Citing Patents, Standards, and Tech Reports
• Citing Data Sets, Software, and Equations
• Citing Web Pages, Social Media, & Videos
• Abbreviations

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.

IEEE in-text citation style does not include author's name, pages used, or date of publication. Instead, refer to the citation with a number within square brackets, e.g. [13]. The number within the square brackets will correspond to the complete citation in your reference list.

Example paragraph with in-text citations

Engineering and scientific standards affect our daily lives in a variety of ways including the transportation that we use, the traffic lights on our roads, and the fire hydrants used in our towns [1], [2].

Reference List

[1] C. Leachman, "Introduction to Standards," in Teaching and Collecting Technical Standards: A Handbook for Librarians and Educators , C. Leachman, E. M. Rowley, M. Phillips, and D. Soloman, Eds., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Purde Univ. Press, 2023, pp. 3-13.

[2] R. Glie, Speaking with Standards . Boston, MA, USA: Cahners Books, 1972.

• << Previous: Overview
• Next: Citing Articles >>
• Last Updated: Aug 15, 2024 10:26 AM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/ieeequickguide

• msstate.edu
• MSU Directory

Library update: Recent database changes

• Mississippi State University Libraries
• Research Guides
• Research Skills

Citation Guides

• IEEE Citation Style
• ACS Style Guide
• AMA (American Medical Association)
• APA (American Psychological Association) 7th Edition
• Chicago/Turabian

Introduction

In-text citation, reference list, citing journal articles, citing books and book chapters, citing conference proceedings, technical reports, and standards, citing web resources, theses/dissertations, and manuals/software.

• MLA (Modern Language Association) 9th
• Other Citation Styles
• How to Cite Images
• How to Cite Video Games

IEEE citation style is usually used in the electronic and electrical engineering, computer science, and other technology fields. This quick guide presents some general citation guidelines and examples based on the IEEE Reference Guide .

[This page has detailed examples for IEEE citation style. For other citation style, check  ACM Citation Style and Reference Format ]

In the main body of the text, use sequential numbers to note citations . The in-text citation numbers must correspond to the citations in the reference list at the end of your paper. 

In-Text Citing Format:

• Put reference (citation) number in square brackets (e.g., [1]), before any punctuation. 
• When a source has been cited, the same number should be used in all subsequent references (citations) throughout your paper.
• When citing more than one reference, list each reference in brackets and separate the citations with commas, e.g., [1], [6], [10].
• If a reference refers to three or more consecutively-numbered sources, include the first and last sources, separated by an en-dash, e.g., [6] – [8].
• If there are three or more authors, cite using the first author's name plus et al. (italicised) in the text, e.g., "...as shown by Johnson et al. [15]

Various Examples:

"...end of the line for my research [13]." "This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that..." "For example, see [7]." "Several recent studies [3], [4], [22] have suggested that..." [The above examples are adopted from IEEE Documentation Style .]

The references should be arranged in the order of the in-text citations (not by alphabetical order), beginning with the number [1] and continuing in ascending order. Reference numbers aligned flush left form a column of their own. Single-space each reference, double-space between references.

Reference Format:

• An author name should be provided using Initials + Family Name, e.g., "E. M. Armstrong". Suffixes such as Jr. or Sr. should also be included but separated by a comma, e.g., "R. D. Smith, Jr.".
• All author names should be listed in the reference, but if there are more than six authors, use “et al” after the first author. (note: there is no comma before et al., e.g., "E. P. Wigner et al").
• Books and journal titles should be capitalized and italicized.
• Title of journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports should be put in double quotation marks and in lower case.
• When citing IEEE journals, reference them by journal abbreviation. For a list of IEEE journal abbreviations, check here .
• Include volume, issue (month), page numbers and publication year.
• Names of months are shortened as Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

Basic Format:  

A. B. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Name of Journal, vol. x, no. y (if this is non-IEEE journal), pp. 123-678, Month, year.

S. T. R. Rizvi, A. Dengel, and S. Ahmed, "A hybrid approach and unified framework for bibliographic reference extraction," IEEE Access , vol. 8, pp. 217231-217245, Dec. 2020.

P. Bernard, N. Mimmo, and L. Marconi, "On the semi-global stability of an EK-like filter," in  IEEE Contr. Syst. Lett ., vol. 5, pp. 1771-1776, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3044030. (Note: When referencing IEEE Transactions, include DOIs if they are available.) 

Basic Format:

Print book: A. B.  Author, Title of  Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year.

Chapter in an E-book: A. B.  Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of  Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year, ch. x, pp. 123–678. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com. 

Print book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. E-book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2009. [E-book] Available: EBSCO e-book.

Chapter in E-book: M. A. Iqbal, S. Hussain, H. Xing, and M. A. Imran, "IoT cloud and fog computing," in Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design and Applications , 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-IEEE, 2020, pp.127-145.  [Online]. Available: enter web link here.

Article in Conference Proceedings:

A. B. Author, "Title of paper," in Title of Conference Proceedings: Proc of the Title of Conf.: Subtitle of conference, (Month and days if provided) , year, (Location is optional) , X and Y Eds. Place of publication: Publisher, year. pp. 1234-5678.  

A. Ashraf and A. Nadeem, “Automating the generation of test cases from Object-Z specifications,” in Proc.  of the Int. Computer Software and Applications Conf. , COMPSAC , Sept. 17-21, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 101–104, doi: 10.1109/COMPSAC.2006.120.

A. Lager, A. Papadopoulos, and T. Nolte, “IoT and Fog Analytics for Industrial Robot Applications,” in IEEE Symp. on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA , 2020, vol. 2020-Septe, pp. 1297–1300, doi: 10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212065.

Technical Reports:

Basic Format :

Print report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year.

Online report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

R. R. Wagner and T. J. Weir, "Department of defense use of commercial cloud computing capabilities and services," DoD, Washington, DC., USA, Rep. 1002758, 2013.

B. Schoettle and M. Sivak, "Potential impact of self-driving vehicles on household vehicle demand and usage," The Univ. of Michigan Transportation Research Inst., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Rep. UMTRI-2015-3, Feb. 2015. Accessed on: Dec. 7, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cdn-advi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/UMTRI-2015-POTENTIAL-IMPACT-OF-SELF-DRIVING-VEHICLES-ON-HOUSEHOLD-VEHICLE-DAMAGE.pdf. 

Print standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date.

Online standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks , IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011,  2011.

Frequency Response and Bias , NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf. ( Adopted from IEEE Reference Guide ).

Web Resources:

A. B. Author. “Web Page Title.” Website Title. Published date, year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

Individual author: D. Garisto. " How Much Has Quantum Computing Actually Advanced? " IEEE Spectrum. Dec. 2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/quantum-computing-google-sycamore. (accessed Dec. 6, 2021).

Group author: Congressional Research Service. "Cloud Computing: Background, Status of Adoption by Federal Agencies, and Congressional Action." 2020. [Online] Available" https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R46119.pdf. (accessed Dec. 8, 2021).

Theses/Dissertations:

A. B. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year. A. B. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year.

Z. Chen, "Sparse activity detection for massive random access," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020. 

D. D. Cherry, "Optimal placement of distributed generation on a power system using particle swarm optimization," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS, USA, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/20263. 

Manuals/Software:

A. B. Author (or Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Software , x ed. (year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

H. Ishwaran and U. B. Kogalur.  Package ‘randomForestSRC' (2021).   Assessed: Dec. 08, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/randomForestSRC/randomForestSRC.pdf. 

Adobe Photoshop (21.1.0). Adobe Inc., 2021.

(If you have questions, you are welcome to contact Li Zhang for assistance.)

• << Previous: Harvard
• Next: MLA (Modern Language Association) 9th >>
• Last Updated: Aug 13, 2024 8:52 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.msstate.edu/citationguides

Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our IEEE Citation Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Popular IEEE Citation Guides

• How to cite a Book in IEEE style
• How to cite a Website in IEEE style
• How to cite a Journal in IEEE style
• How to cite a DVD, video, or film in IEEE style
• How to cite a Online image or video in IEEE style

Other IEEE Citation Guides

• How to cite a Archive material in IEEE style
• How to cite a Artwork in IEEE style
• How to cite a Blog in IEEE style
• How to cite a Broadcast in IEEE style
• How to cite a Chapter of an edited book in IEEE style
• How to cite a Conference proceedings in IEEE style
• How to cite a Court case in IEEE style
• How to cite a Dictionary entry in IEEE style
• How to cite a Dissertation in IEEE style
• How to cite a E-book or PDF in IEEE style
• How to cite a Edited book in IEEE style
• How to cite a Email in IEEE style
• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in IEEE style
• How to cite a Government publication in IEEE style
• How to cite a Interview in IEEE style
• How to cite a Legislation in IEEE style
• How to cite a Magazine in IEEE style
• How to cite a Music or recording in IEEE style
• How to cite a Newspaper in IEEE style
• How to cite a Patent in IEEE style
• How to cite a Podcast in IEEE style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in IEEE style
• How to cite a Press release in IEEE style
• How to cite a Religious text in IEEE style
• How to cite a Report in IEEE style
• How to cite a Software in IEEE style

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Can I include Figures and Texts from IEEE/ACM publications in my PhD thesis?

I am currently writing my Ph.D. thesis. The thesis is in computer science specifically the data science domain. The thesis will be based on my 8 first-authored publications in IEEE, ACM and springer. The final thesis will be eventually available online for public by the university library.

Can I use the text and figures I created and published in the conferences papers? to what extent can I copy from them? will it be considered self-plagiarism if I do so?

Looking into some of my previous colleagues' Ph.D. published thesis, I found that they have used the same exact text and figures without even citing their original IEEE papers(they mentioned in the introduction a list of papers references that are used in the thesis) while some created complete new figures to represent the results and some just included the figures while citing their papers in the captain.

PS1: I Wrote the [email protected] and will update the question if I get a reply.

PS2: The answer from IEEE is (That is indeed acceptable, as IEEE allows authors to use everything short of their entire paper for thesis reuse without requiring permission, provided that everything is cited. If you need to use an entire paper however, you will need to contact our permissions department ( [email protected] ). The following URLs may be of use to your for this and future post-publication work, and the first link specifically deals with thesis reuse.

https://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/choose-a-publishing-agreement/avoid-infringement-upon-ieee-copyright/

https://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/become-an-ieee-journal-author/publishing-ethics/guidelines-and-policies/post-publication-policies/

https://conferences.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/author-ethics/guidelines-and-policies/post-publication-policies/ )

• 3 You will need to consult your local institutional policy to determine whether reusing text from prior publications is permitted, or whether the thesis needs to be all new at time of submission. That varies, and without that information people can only be speculating. –  Michael Homer Commented Feb 14, 2022 at 19:06
• 1 It would be good if you posted your edit (and @MichaelHomer, perhaps your comment) as an answer instead. –  wizzwizz4 Commented Feb 14, 2022 at 19:08

4 Answers 4

You need to consult your institutional regulations with regard to the self-plagiarism question. Nobody here can help you with that.

Requirements for doctoral theses vary, and span the full range of

• The thesis work must not have been published previously in any way.
• You can reuse all the text, but have to edit it into a coherent whole.
• You literally staple three papers together and hand it in.

and many points in between. You may not be allowed to do this at all, or it may be the standard way a thesis is written where you are.

While everybody thinks that what they're used to is universal , only someone who knows your actual institution's rules can answer that question usefully for you. If you've been seeing it happen plenty, presumably it's fine - but you want to know where the line is.

On the copyright issue, both the IEEE and the ACM permit anywhere up to total reuse of the contents of accepted papers within a thesis or dissertation , including figures, as long as a citation to the version of record of the paper is included. This is an explicit part of the copyright agreement that you make when publishing the work for virtually all legitimate publishers in one form or another (sometimes by reference to a published policy).

For the ACM :

Authors can include partial or complete papers of their own (and no fee is expected) in a dissertation as long as citations and DOI pointers to the Versions of Record in the ACM Digital Library are included.

For the IEEE :

You may reuse your published article in your thesis or dissertation without requesting permission, provided that you fulfill the following requirements ... [fine-grained citation format rules for text and figures follow]

(You can infer from the existence of this blanket licence term that such theses are common, but they're not universal)

If "they mentioned in the introduction a list of papers references that are used in the thesis" and inside captions, your colleagues have likely satisfied that requirement. The IEEE also requests copyright symbol markers virtually everywhere, though to-the-letter observance of that is limited in my experience.

Generating new figures from previous data sets may well be outside of the copyright transferred to the publisher and not require their permission at all, but it will depend on the nature of the figures. It's not required in order to reuse them within your thesis, but you might prefer to have them a consistent style throughout anyway. You can cite them with "adapted from ..." if it's derivative.

There are actually two issues, copyright and self-plagiarism.

The latter is easy to avoid if you quote and cite the earlier work in the thesis. Cite it as you would cite the work of another. This holds for both the text and the images.

The copyright issue can be a bit more involved, but likely is not. When you give copyright to a publisher you normally get back a license for certain uses. Among the typical permitted uses is for a dissertation. You may have the specific wording of your license for reuse somewhere in you email (or paper mail), but both IEEE and ACM will have them online if you look. This license for reuse is typical of all reputable publishers, not just those that are also professional societies. But, you should quote and cite even here. But longer quotations than are typically allowed (work of others) is almost certainly ok but not unlimited.

Your colleagues should have done this also.

Although many things related to intellectual properties are a grey area, the only certain thing is that copyrights do not cover the pixel of a figure, or the wording in a sentence, copyrights cover the intellectual property.

I found that they have used the same exact text and figures without even citing their original IEEE papers while some created complete new figures to represent the results

While the first group that used same text and figures without citing IEEE papers probably broke the copyright (maybe they submitted the thesis before IEEE papers?), the second group definitely broke the copyright, because they knew they were representing the same intellectual content!

Stay away from shortcuts, ask the permission for reproducing the figures/plots/etc. or simply cite your own work with something like "see Figure 7 from Krebto (2020d)" without including the figure.

The final thesis will be eventually available online for public by the university library.

Yes, but I am 99.9999% sure that when you upload the final PDf to the library for publication, you will sign some document stating that you have all the rights and you obtained permission to reproduce any contents included in the thesis. Since you are asking the question, it seems you do not want to declare something you know is false.

• 4 Both the publishers mentioned provide a blanket licence to reuse paper contents in your thesis, and all of the uses identified in the question clearly comply with that. This doesn’t seem to answer the question at all and in parts seems outright incorrect. –  Michael Homer Commented Feb 14, 2022 at 19:03

I think you can include figures or text from IEEE papers with citation . To be on the safe side, ask the editors of the journal, if you need a permission.

For more explanation, please read here .

• 2 With "here" do you mean here: ieee.org/publications/rights/copyright-policy.html ? –  EarlGrey Commented Feb 14, 2022 at 11:39
• 1 Just click on here and you will got to libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/figurestablesequations –  imtaar Commented Feb 15, 2022 at 8:35

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged phd citations thesis copyright germany ..

• Featured on Meta
• Bringing clarity to status tag usage on meta sites
• We've made changes to our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy - July 2024
• Announcing a change to the data-dump process

Hot Network Questions

• Questions about best way to raise the handlebar on my bike
• Does Gimp do batch processing?
• Why would Space Colonies even want to secede?
• Splitting an infinite sum in two parts results in a different total
• Are there rules of when there is linking-sound compound words?
• How to cite a book if only its chapters have DOIs?
• Isn't an appeal to emotions in fact necessary to validate our ethical decisions?
• Did the Jews of the New Testament era think the time was imminent for the coming Messiah?
• How to understand the use of "used to"?
• Prove that there's a consecutive sequence of days during which I took exactly 11 pills
• Writing a Puzzle Book - Enigmatic Puzzles 2
• Are there jurisdictions where an uninvolved party can appeal a court decision?
• Ai-Voice cloning Scam?
• Inaccurate group pace
• Can a Statute of Limitations claim be rejected by the court?
• In "Take [action]. When you do, [effect]", is the action a cost or an instruction?
• Why are extremally disconnected spaces so hard to give examples of?
• What is the meaning of "Exit, pursued by a bear"?
• With 42 supernovae in 37 galaxies, how do we know SH0ES results is robust?
• Unstable output C++: running the same thing twice gives different output
• What is the airspeed record for a helicopter flying backwards?
• Can you bring a cohort back to life?
• Any complete (and possibly distributive) lattice is a Boolean algebra
• What mode of transport is ideal for the cold post-apocalypse?

University of Tasmania, Australia

Referencing guide: ieee.

• Systems and Styles
• Using in-text citations
• Using Turnitin
• Managing references
• AGLC This link opens in a new window
• Health & Medicine examples This link opens in a new window
• Transition from Harvard to APA
• General principles
• In-text citations
• Works Cited
• Works Cited - Author
• Works Cited - Title
• Works cited - Title of Container
• Works Cited - Other Contributors
• Works Cited - Version & Number
• Works Cited - Publisher & Publication Date
• Works Cited - Location
• Works Cited - Optional Elements
• Works Cited - More Examples
• Simplified Author-date & Writing guide

Engineering

• IEEE Reference Guide Outlines how to cite a variety of references in IEEE style [IEEE 2020, updated August 2022]
• << Previous: Turabian
• Next: Simplified Author-date & Writing guide >>
• Last Updated: Jul 29, 2024 3:52 PM
• URL: https://utas.libguides.com/referencing

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Thesis in IEEE

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
• Citation Machine® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Referencing
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Make PhD citations say "dissertation" rather than thesis

At my school, PhD works are generally referred to as dissertations rather than theses.

My bibtex file has this entry:

And it gets rendered as:

Is there any way to make it say "PhD dissertation" rather than "PhD thesis"?

On another note, why is this the default in LaTeX? Would it be unusual or poor form to change it?

Edit: I'm using the plain bibliography style. I could probably use ieeetr as well:

• This depends on your bibliography style, not your .bib file. So you need to show the LaTeX code you are using to produce the bibliography for us to help you. –  Alan Munn Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:28
• @AlanMunn Thanks, see edit. Using plain style. –  jtpereyda Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:37

2 Answers 2

The text used in plain.bst is hard coded into the file itself, and so isn't customizable from within your document.

What you can do is make a copy of plain.bst and edit it, and then use the copy as your bibliography style.

On a TeX Live system, plain.bst is located in /usr/local/texlive/2013/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . Make a copy of this file and call it plain-diss.bst (or some other name). Save this in the same folder as your document, or put it in your local texmf folder in texmf/bibtex/bst/ .

Edit the file and search for "thesis". You will find the following function:

Change "PhD thesis" to "PhD dissertation" and then save the file.

In your document, use \bibliographystyle{plain-diss} instead of {plain} .

The same general solution will also work for the ieeetr.bst .

A biblatex solution

Another way to do this would be to use biblatex , which provides easy customization of these sorts of things. Here's a schematic document that shows how to do this:

• Thanks! Worked perfectly. I had to search my system (Cygwin) for the file with find / -name plain.bst . My plain.bst was at /usr/share/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . –  jtpereyda Commented May 15, 2014 at 16:35
• Somebody at my school also pointed out that my PhD titles were italicized while my master's titles were not. Comparing the entries, I changed format.btitle "title" output.check to format.title "title" output.check to make them not italic. –  jtpereyda Commented May 16, 2014 at 2:09

For a quick fix, you can use the type field, although it makes the file non portable.

• this seems perfect, but could you pls elaborate on the "non portable" part? –  davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:09
• @davyjones If you use the bib file for other purposes, you probably need to remove the type field. –  egreg Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:23
• that's nice. I thought the generated pdf file would be somehow self-contradictorily non-portable. Thanks~ –  davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:29

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged bibtex citing ..

• The Overflow Blog
• Scaling systems to manage all the metadata ABOUT the data
• Navigating cities of code with Norris Numbers
• Featured on Meta
• We've made changes to our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy - July 2024
• Bringing clarity to status tag usage on meta sites

Hot Network Questions

• Clarification on Counterfactual Outcomes in Causal Inference
• What is a word/phrase that best describes a "blatant disregard or neglect" for something, but with the connotation of that they should have known?
• Did the Space Shuttle weigh itself before deorbit?
• Do space stations have anything that big spacecraft (such as the Space Shuttle and SpaceX Starship) don't have?
• Automotive Controller LDO Failures
• Will the US Customs be suspicious of my luggage if i bought a lot of the same item?
• What determines whether an atheist's claim to be a Christian is logically sound?
• What is the meaning of "Exit, pursued by a bear"?
• Why didn't Walter White choose to work at Gray Matter instead of becoming a drug lord in Breaking Bad?
• Looking for a book from 25 ish years ago, Aliens mined Earth and made Humans their slaves, but a human bombs the alien homeworld,
• Confused about topographic data in base map using QGIS
• Sharing course material from a previous lecturer with a new lecturer
• What would be the optimal amount of pulses per second for pulsed laser rifles?
• Are there jurisdictions where an uninvolved party can appeal a court decision?
• Conditional environment using package option
• Can you bring a cohort back to life?
• Can two different points can be connected by multiple adiabatic curves?
• Repeats: Simpler at the cost of more redundant?
• Any complete (and possibly distributive) lattice is a Boolean algebra
• Ai-Voice cloning Scam?
• My script that creates public links on approval doesn't set the url path as the file name
• Is there any point "clean-installing" on a brand-new MacBook?
• Why is Excel not counting time with COUNTIF?
• Word to classify what powers a god is associated with?

Write With Clarity, Precision, and Inclusion

APA Style is used by writers in many disciplines around the world for concise, powerful, and persuasive scholarly communication.

About APA style 7th Edition now available

Inclusive Language Guide

Available now! The Mastering APA Style Student Workbook

The Mastering APA Style Student Workbook is an online and interactive workbook for teaching and learning seventh edition APA Style. Explore the workbook to learn more, register for a webinar, watch a demo video, try a sample workbook, and purchase your copy. Adopt the workbook for your course or workshop to use it to teach APA Style and scholarly writing.

Explore the workbook Free instructor trial

Popular Style Guidelines

Apa style monthly.

Subscribe to our free monthly newsletter to get APA Style tips, updates, and resources delivered directly to your inbox. Subscribe

Mastering APA Style Student Workbook

An online and interactive workbook designed for teaching and learning seventh edition APA Style

Concise Guide, Seventh Edition

An easy-to-use guide for students writing their papers in seventh edition APA Style

Publication Manual, Seventh Edition

The official source for seventh edition APA Style that guides users through the scholarly writing process

Academic Writer™

Subscribe to Academic Writer, APA’s tool for teaching and learning effective writing

Educators and Students

Course Adoption

APA Style for beginners

Handouts and Guides

Tutorials and Webinars

Journal Article Reporting Standards

Learn more about JARS