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Ano ang Scientific Method? Paano gumawa ng Hypothesis? Ano hakbang?

Ang scientific method o ang agham na pamamaraan ay isang proseso ng pag eeksperimento na ginagamit upang mapatunayan at mapag-aralan ang pagmamasid at masagot ang iba’t-ibang mga katanungan. Ibig bang sabihin nito na ang lahat ng mga scientists o mananaliksik ay eksaktong sinusunod ang prosesong ito? Hindi. Ang ilang bahagi ng agham ay mas medaling mai-test kaysa iba.

Halimbawa, ang mga scientists na pinag aaralan kung paano magbago ang mga bituin habang tumatanda o kung paano natutunaw ng mga dinosaurs ang kanilang kinakain ay hindi maaaring pabilisin o i-fast forward ang buhay ng isang bituin ng milyon-milyong taon o magsagawa ng mga medikal na eksaminsasyon sa mga kumakaing dinosaurs upang ma kumpirma ang kanilang hinala o hypothesis. Kapag hindi posibleng magsagawa ng direktang pag-eeksperimento, binabago ng mga scientists ang kanilang scientific method. Kaya nga, maaring mayroong kasing daming scientific methods na katumbas sa dami ng mga scientists! Ngunit kahit na ito ay binabago, iisa pa din at hindi nagbabago ang kanilang layunin: ang alamin ang relasyon ng sanhi at epekto sa pamamagitan ng pagsagot sa mga katanungan, maingat na pagkokolekta at pagsusuri ng ebidensya, at pagtingin at pag analisa kung ang lahat ng impormasyong nakalap ay maaaring pagsamasamahin upang bumuho ng makabuluhang sagot.

Kahit na ipinapakita natin ang ating mga scientific methods sa iba’t-ibang magkakasunod na steps, importanteng alalahanin na ang bagong mga impormasyon o pag-iisip ay maaaring magdulot para ulitin at ibahin ng isang scientist ang kanyang direkson o proseso sa kalagitnaan ng kanyang pagsasaliksik. Ang proseso na tulad ng isang scientific method na nangangailangan ng madalas na pagbabago at pag-uulit ay tinatawag na iterative process.

Kahit na ikaw ay gumagawa ng isang proyekto para sa scientific fair, isang gawain sa loob ng silid-aralan, malayang nagsasaliksik o kahit ano pa mang klaseng scientific inquiry, ang pag-iintindi ng konsepto at proseso ng scientific method ay makakatulong para mai-focus moa ng iyong katanungan at maisaayos ang iyong proseso, obserbasyon at impormasyon para masagot ang iyong katanungan sa pinakaepektibong paraan.

Mga hakbang ng Scientific Method

Magtanong: Ang scientific method ay nagsisimula sa pagtatanong tungkol sa isang bagay na iyong napapansin: Paano, Ano, Kailan, Sino, Kung Saan, Bakit o Saan?

Para sa isang proyekto para sa science fair, ang ilang mga guro ay nangangailangan na kung maaari, ang iyong katanungan ay pwedeng masukat gamit ng isang numero.

Magsaliksik sa background: Imbes na umpisahan sa wala ang iyong pagpapalano para masagot ang iyong katanungan, mas mainam na gamitin ang library o magsaliksik sa internet upang matulungan kang maghanap ng pinakamabisang paraan na gawin ang iyong eksperimento at masiguradong hindi mo maulit ang nakaraang pagkakamali ng ibang scientists.

Gumawa ng Teorya o Hypothesis: Ang hypothesis ay isang edukado at lohikal na hula sa kung paano nangyayari ang mga bagay bagay. Ito ay isang tangkang pagsagot sa iyong tanong na may kasamang paliwanag na kayang kayang i-test at patunayan. Ang isang magandang hypothesis ay nagpapahintulot sa iyong gumawa ng isang hula:

“Kung _____ [ginawa koi to]_______, pwes _____________(ito)________ ang mangyayari.”

Kailangan mong sabihin ang iyong hypothesis at ang iyong hula na iyong itetest. Ang mga predictions o hula ay dapat na medaling masukat.

Subukan Ang Iyong Hypothesis sa Pamamagitan ng Isang Eksperimento: Ang iyong eksperimento ang susubok sa iyong hula kung ito ba ay tama at siyang magpapatunay kung tama ba o mali ang iyong hypothesis. Importante para sa iyong eksperimento na maging patas. Makakagawa ka lamang ng patas na eksperimento kung masisiguro mong iisang factor lang ang iyong babaguhin sa bawat beses na ginagawa mo ito at pananatilihin mong pare pareho ang kondisyon ng ibang factors.

Nararapat ding ulitin ang iyong eksperimento ng ilang beses para masiguradong hindi isang aksidente ang unang resulta ng iyong eksperimento.

Analisahin Ang Iyong Impormasyong Nakalap at Gumawa ng Isang Konklusyon: Kapag tapos na ang iyong eksperimento, kolektahin ang lahat ng mga nasukat mong resulta at suriin itong mabuti para malaman kung sumusuporta ba sila sa iyong hypothesis o hindi.

Kalimitang nakikita ng mga scientists na ang kanilang mga hula ay hindi nagkatotoo at hindi nasuportahan ang kanilang hypothesis at sa mga kasng ito ay ipapaalam at ilalathala nila ang kanilang resulta at gagawa ulit ng bagong hypothesis at prediksyon base sa impormasyong natutunan nila sa nakaraang eksperimento. Ito ulit ang magiging simula ng kanilang panibagong scientific method. Kahit na nasuportahan pa ang kanilang hypothesis, mainam ding ulitin nila ulit ito sa bagong paraan naman para mas makompirma ang kanilang resulta.

Ilathala ang Resulta: Para makumpleto ang iyong proyekto para sa Science Fair, kailangang ilathala ang resulta ng iyong eksperimento sa isanng report o display board para mabasa ng iba. Kahit ang mga propersyonal na siyentipiko ay pareho din ang ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng paglathala sa mga scientific journal o sa pag presinta ng mga resulta nila sa isang poster o sa isang diskurso sa isang scientific meeting. Sa isang science fair, may mga huradong tiyak na magiging interesado sa iyong mga resulta napatunayan mo man o hindi ang iyong hypothesis.

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Paano gumawa ng hypothesis

Ang pag-alam kung paano gumawa ng hypothesis ay mahalaga kapag naghahanda ka ng tesis, artikulo o proyekto ng pananaliksik. Dahil ang impormasyon ay walang halaga kung ito ay hindi ipahayag sa tamang paraan, lalo na pagdating sa isang mahalagang proyekto. Samakatuwid, bilang karagdagan sa pagsasaliksik at pagbuo ng isang ideya, mahalagang malaman kung paano ito gagawing hypothesis upang magkaroon ito ng bisa.

Ang hypothesis ay isang palagay o isang haka-haka na ginawa mula sa data na nakuha mula sa ilang mga pagsisiyasat. Upang ang hypothesis ay tumigil sa pagiging isang pagpapalagay at maging isang kumpirmadong katotohanan, kailangan mong dumaan sa ilang hakbang at pag-aaral upang matukoy kung ito ay tama o hindi. Kaya't ang hypothesis ay maaaring maging isang napatunayang pahayag, kung pagkatapos ng mga nauugnay na pagsisiyasat ay natukoy na ito ay tama.

Ano ang hypothesis?

Sa pamamagitan ng pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik, maaaring makuha ang data na maaaring magmungkahi ng ilang mga resolusyon. Ang data na, nang hindi pa nakumpirma, ay humahantong sa iyo na magtatag ng ilang mga hula batay sa iyong pananaliksik at pag-aaral. Para maging hypotheses ang naturang pananaliksik , kailangan mong matugunan ang ilang mga kinakailangan. Ang pinakamahalaga ay dapat itong masuri, dahil kung hindi, ang hypothesis ay hindi maaaring magbigay ng isang tiyak na resulta.

Kung mas maraming impormasyon ang isasama mo sa iyong hypothesis, mas malamang na makakuha ka ng resulta. Ito, gayunpaman, ay maaaring maging positibo o negatibo, palaging batay sa mga pagsisiyasat na isasagawa gamit ang siyentipikong pamamaraan. kaya, dapat kang magdagdag ng maraming impormasyon hangga't maaari, gaya ng mga obserbasyon, pagsusuri ng datos, eksperimento o istatistika.

Ang pinakamahalagang mga tampok

Bagama't bahagi ng isang pagpapalagay, ang isang hypothesis ay higit pa sa isang haka-haka. Ito ay dapat na nakabatay sa umiiral na kaalaman at napatunayang mga teorya. Samakatuwid, ang mahusay na gawaing pananaliksik ay mahalaga upang makapagbigay ng datos kasama ng hypothesis bago ito ipresenta.

Kabilang sa mga pinakamahalagang katangian ng isang hypothesis ay ang mga sumusunod:

• Dapat itong malinaw at tumpak. Dahil kung hindi, ang iyong mga pagbabawas ay hindi maituturing na maaasahan.
• Magkaroon ng kakayahang masuri. Ang iyong hypothesis ay maaaring maging napakahusay, maaaring nakakuha ka ng napakahalagang mga resulta at nagpapakita ng isang napakahusay na teorya. Ngunit kung walang posibilidad na masuri, maaari itong tumimik at maging wala pagkatapos ng ilang sandali.
• Limitado at tiyak. Nangangahulugan ito na ang iyong hypothesis ay dapat na limitado sa saklaw, dahil ito ang mga hypothesis na malamang na malulutas.
• Dapat itong masuri sa loob ng makatwirang tagal ng panahon. Ang mga pagsubok na maaaring pabulaanan ang katotohanan ng iyong teorya, ay dapat na maisagawa sa medyo maikling panahon. Dahil hindi posibleng gumugol ng mga taon at taon sa pagkolekta ng data para masubukan ito.

Ito ay maaaring ang pinakanakakatakot na bahagi para sa sinumang nahaharap sa kanilang unang hypothesis. Dahil, ang isang masamang pagsulat o pagtatanghal ng impormasyon, ay maaaring itapon ang lahat ng gawain sa pamamagitan ng lupa. Ang pinakamahalagang bagay bago ka magsimula ay tiyaking nagtatanong ka ng mga tamang tanong. At syempre, isulat nang tama ang mga ideya, teorya at konklusyon na iyong natagpuan sa panahon ng iyong pananaliksik.

Bago ka magsimula, ayusin nang mabuti ang lahat ng impormasyong nakuha mo sa panahon ng iyong mga pagsisiyasat. Mahalaga na ang lahat ay may tamang pagkakasunod-sunod, kung hindi ay maaaring mabago ang mga resulta. Kapag naplano mo nang mabuti ang lahat, dapat mong simulan ang pagsulat ng iyong teorya. Ito ang mga hakbang na dapat mong sundin upang maisulat nang tama ang iyong hypothesis.

Sa pagsisimula mong isulat ang iyong hypothesis, dapat mo magtanong ng isang tanong na gusto mong makuha ng sagot. Dapat malinaw ang tanong na ito, dapat nakatutok sa paksa ng hypothesis at dapat itong maimbestigahan. Palaging isinasaalang-alang ang mga posibleng limitasyon na iyong nakuha sa panahon ng iyong pagsisiyasat.

Magsagawa ng paunang pagsisiyasat

Ang sagot sa paunang tanong ay dapat na nakabatay sa datos na dati mong nakuha sa panahon ng iyong pananaliksik. Kapag isinusulat ang iyong hypothesis, magdagdag ng malinaw at makatotohanang impormasyon na iyong nakuha sa panahon ng iyong pagsisiyasat. Kasama ang impormasyon na tumutukoy sa iba pang mga kaugnay na teorya, data at mga pag-aaral kung saan nakamit mo ang iyong hula.

Ano ang inaasahan mong mahanap? Ngayon na ang oras upang bumalangkas ng iyong hypothesis

Sa puntong ito magkakaroon ka na ng sagot sa iyong unang tanong, ito ang nagbibigay ng hypothesis. Ayon sa iyong pananaliksik, dapat ay umabot ka sa isang pagpapalagay, na kung ano ang iimbestigahan upang tanggapin ang teorya o hindi. Halimbawa, sa isang paunang tanong tulad ng: Ang mga bata ba na nagbabasa sa pagkabata ay nakakakuha ng isang mas mahusay na gawi sa pag-aaral sa pagbibinata?

Ang sagot na inaasahan mong masusumpungan noon ay: “Ang pagbabasa sa pagkabata ay nagpapabuti sa ugali ng pag-aaral sa mga kabataan.

I-debug ang iyong hypothesis

Para maimbestigahan ang isang hypothesis, mahalaga na maayos itong nakasulat. Kaya kailangan mong gumamit ng mga malinaw na termino na madaling maunawaan at na may kaugnayan sa napiling paksa. Sa kabilang banda, dapat itong maglaman ng data tulad ng:

• Ang mga nauugnay na variable
• Tukuyin ang pangkat kung saan isinasagawa ang pag-aaral
• Pagtataya ng mga resulta ng pananaliksik

Iba pang mga tip para sa paggawa ng isang magandang hypothesis

Ang isang hypothesis ay batay sa isang tanong, kaya ito ay kung paano mo dapat simulan ang pagsulat ng iyong teorya. Malinaw na tukuyin kung ano ang tanong na lutasin sa loob ng iyong pagsisiyasat, dahil ito ay mahalaga na ito ay malinaw at maigsi. Ang hypothesis ay hindi ang tanong mismo, ito ay ang pahayag na sumusunod dito, napakahalaga na malinaw ito sa iyong presentasyon.

Ang pagbabasa ng iyong hypothesis ay dapat na madali, kahit na isinasaalang-alang na ito ay babasahin ng isang siyentipiko, huwag ipagpalagay na dapat itong isulat na may masalimuot at malayong mga termino. Kung mas madaling basahin, mas malamang na makahanap ng isang sagot. Panghuli, kailangan mong tiyakin na masusubok ang iyong hypothesis.

Ang resulta ay maaaring maging positibo o negatibo, ngunit ito ay mahalaga na ito ay maabot pagkatapos ng nauugnay na pananaliksik at pag-aaral. Samakatuwid, siguraduhin na ang iyong hypothesis ay malulutas, pagsasagawa ng mga pag-aaral, eksperimento, paunang pagsusuri at lahat ng magagawa mo para makakuha ng resulta.

Bago simulan ang paggawa ng iyong hypothesis, ayusin nang mabuti ang impormasyon, uriin ito at itanong ang mga kinakailangang katanungan upang mailipat ang mga ito nang tama sa pagsulat. Sa ganitong paraan, maaari kang magsulat ng isang natitirang proyekto.

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How to Write a Research Introduction

Last Updated: December 6, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,657,722 times.

The introduction to a research paper can be the most challenging part of the paper to write. The length of the introduction will vary depending on the type of research paper you are writing. An introduction should announce your topic, provide context and a rationale for your work, before stating your research questions and hypothesis. Well-written introductions set the tone for the paper, catch the reader's interest, and communicate the hypothesis or thesis statement.

Introducing the Topic of the Paper

• In scientific papers this is sometimes known as an "inverted triangle", where you start with the broadest material at the start, before zooming in on the specifics. [2] X Research source
• The sentence "Throughout the 20th century, our views of life on other planets have drastically changed" introduces a topic, but does so in broad terms.
• It provides the reader with an indication of the content of the essay and encourages them to read on.

• For example, if you were writing a paper about the behaviour of mice when exposed to a particular substance, you would include the word "mice", and the scientific name of the relevant compound in the first sentences.
• If you were writing a history paper about the impact of the First World War on gender relations in Britain, you should mention those key words in your first few lines.

• This is especially important if you are attempting to develop a new conceptualization that uses language and terminology your readers may be unfamiliar with.

• If you use an anecdote ensure that is short and highly relevant for your research. It has to function in the same way as an alternative opening, namely to announce the topic of your research paper to your reader.
• For example, if you were writing a sociology paper about re-offending rates among young offenders, you could include a brief story of one person whose story reflects and introduces your topic.
• This kind of approach is generally not appropriate for the introduction to a natural or physical sciences research paper where the writing conventions are different.

Establishing the Context for Your Paper

• It is important to be concise in the introduction, so provide an overview on recent developments in the primary research rather than a lengthy discussion.
• You can follow the "inverted triangle" principle to focus in from the broader themes to those to which you are making a direct contribution with your paper.
• A strong literature review presents important background information to your own research and indicates the importance of the field.

• By making clear reference to existing work you can demonstrate explicitly the specific contribution you are making to move the field forward.
• You can identify a gap in the existing scholarship and explain how you are addressing it and moving understanding forward.

• For example, if you are writing a scientific paper you could stress the merits of the experimental approach or models you have used.
• Stress what is novel in your research and the significance of your new approach, but don't give too much detail in the introduction.
• A stated rationale could be something like: "the study evaluates the previously unknown anti-inflammatory effects of a topical compound in order to evaluate its potential clinical uses".

Specifying Your Research Questions and Hypothesis

• The research question or questions generally come towards the end of the introduction, and should be concise and closely focused.
• The research question might recall some of the key words established in the first few sentences and the title of your paper.
• An example of a research question could be "what were the consequences of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Mexican export economy?"
• This could be honed further to be specific by referring to a particular element of the Free Trade Agreement and the impact on a particular industry in Mexico, such as clothing manufacture.
• A good research question should shape a problem into a testable hypothesis.

• If possible try to avoid using the word "hypothesis" and rather make this implicit in your writing. This can make your writing appear less formulaic.
• In a scientific paper, giving a clear one-sentence overview of your results and their relation to your hypothesis makes the information clear and accessible. [10] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
• An example of a hypothesis could be "mice deprived of food for the duration of the study were expected to become more lethargic than those fed normally".

• This is not always necessary and you should pay attention to the writing conventions in your discipline.
• In a natural sciences paper, for example, there is a fairly rigid structure which you will be following.
• A humanities or social science paper will most likely present more opportunities to deviate in how you structure your paper.

Research Introduction Help

Community Q&A

• Use your research papers' outline to help you decide what information to include when writing an introduction. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 1
• Consider drafting your introduction after you have already completed the rest of your research paper. Writing introductions last can help ensure that you don't leave out any major points. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

• Avoid emotional or sensational introductions; these can create distrust in the reader. Thanks Helpful 51 Not Helpful 12
• Generally avoid using personal pronouns in your introduction, such as "I," "me," "we," "us," "my," "mine," or "our." Thanks Helpful 32 Not Helpful 7
• Don't overwhelm the reader with an over-abundance of information. Keep the introduction as concise as possible by saving specific details for the body of your paper. Thanks Helpful 25 Not Helpful 14

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185916
• ↑ https://www.aresearchguide.com/inverted-pyramid-structure-in-writing.html
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/introduction
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/PlanResearchPaper.html
• ↑ https://dept.writing.wisc.edu/wac/writing-an-introduction-for-a-scientific-paper/
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/planresearchpaper/
• ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178846/

About This Article

To introduce your research paper, use the first 1-2 sentences to describe your general topic, such as “women in World War I.” Include and define keywords, such as “gender relations,” to show your reader where you’re going. Mention previous research into the topic with a phrase like, “Others have studied…”, then transition into what your contribution will be and why it’s necessary. Finally, state the questions that your paper will address and propose your “answer” to them as your thesis statement. For more information from our English Ph.D. co-author about how to craft a strong hypothesis and thesis, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on September 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on September 5, 2024.

The introduction to a research paper is where you set up your topic and approach for the reader. It has several key goals:

• Present your topic and get the reader interested
• Provide background or summarize existing research
• Position your own approach
• Detail your specific research problem and problem statement
• Give an overview of the paper’s structure

The introduction looks slightly different depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument by engaging with a variety of sources.

The five steps in this article will help you put together an effective introduction for either type of research paper.

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Table of contents

Step 1: introduce your topic, step 2: describe the background, step 3: establish your research problem, step 4: specify your objective(s), step 5: map out your paper, research paper introduction examples, frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.

The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what your topic is and why it’s interesting or important. This is generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.

The hook is a striking opening sentence that clearly conveys the relevance of your topic. Think of an interesting fact or statistic, a strong statement, a question, or a brief anecdote that will get the reader wondering about your topic.

For example, the following could be an effective hook for an argumentative paper about the environmental impact of cattle farming:

A more empirical paper investigating the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues in adolescent girls might use the following hook:

Don’t feel that your hook necessarily has to be deeply impressive or creative. Clarity and relevance are still more important than catchiness. The key thing is to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas.

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This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is taking.

In a more argumentative paper, you’ll explore some general background here. In a more empirical paper, this is the place to review previous research and establish how yours fits in.

Argumentative paper: Background information

After you’ve caught your reader’s attention, specify a bit more, providing context and narrowing down your topic.

Provide only the most relevant background information. The introduction isn’t the place to get too in-depth; if more background is essential to your paper, it can appear in the body .

Empirical paper: Describing previous research

For a paper describing original research, you’ll instead provide an overview of the most relevant research that has already been conducted. This is a sort of miniature literature review —a sketch of the current state of research into your topic, boiled down to a few sentences.

This should be informed by genuine engagement with the literature. Your search can be less extensive than in a full literature review, but a clear sense of the relevant research is crucial to inform your own work.

Begin by establishing the kinds of research that have been done, and end with limitations or gaps in the research that you intend to respond to.

The next step is to clarify how your own research fits in and what problem it addresses.

Argumentative paper: Emphasize importance

In an argumentative research paper, you can simply state the problem you intend to discuss, and what is original or important about your argument.

Empirical paper: Relate to the literature

In an empirical research paper, try to lead into the problem on the basis of your discussion of the literature. Think in terms of these questions:

• What research gap is your work intended to fill?
• What limitations in previous work does it address?
• What contribution to knowledge does it make?

You can make the connection between your problem and the existing research using phrases like the following.

Now you’ll get into the specifics of what you intend to find out or express in your research paper.

The way you frame your research objectives varies. An argumentative paper presents a thesis statement, while an empirical paper generally poses a research question (sometimes with a hypothesis as to the answer).

Argumentative paper: Thesis statement

The thesis statement expresses the position that the rest of the paper will present evidence and arguments for. It can be presented in one or two sentences, and should state your position clearly and directly, without providing specific arguments for it at this point.

Empirical paper: Research question and hypothesis

The research question is the question you want to answer in an empirical research paper.

Present your research question clearly and directly, with a minimum of discussion at this point. The rest of the paper will be taken up with discussing and investigating this question; here you just need to express it.

A research question can be framed either directly or indirectly.

• This study set out to answer the following question: What effects does daily use of Instagram have on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls?
• We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls.

If your research involved testing hypotheses , these should be stated along with your research question. They are usually presented in the past tense, since the hypothesis will already have been tested by the time you are writing up your paper.

For example, the following hypothesis might respond to the research question above:

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The final part of the introduction is often dedicated to a brief overview of the rest of the paper.

In a paper structured using the standard scientific “introduction, methods, results, discussion” format, this isn’t always necessary. But if your paper is structured in a less predictable way, it’s important to describe the shape of it for the reader.

If included, the overview should be concise, direct, and written in the present tense.

• This paper will first discuss several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then will go on to …
• This paper first discusses several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then goes on to …

Scribbr’s paraphrasing tool can help you rephrase sentences to give a clear overview of your arguments.

Full examples of research paper introductions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

Are cows responsible for climate change? A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for two thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands. These emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade into ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations show that agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 46% of the country’s total emissions. By comparison, road traffic and households are responsible for 6.1% each, the industrial sector for 1%. While efforts are being made to mitigate these emissions, policymakers are reluctant to reckon with the scale of the problem. The approach presented here is a radical one, but commensurate with the issue. This paper argues that the Dutch government must stimulate and subsidize livestock farmers, especially cattle farmers, to transition to sustainable vegetable farming. It first establishes the inadequacy of current mitigation measures, then discusses the various advantages of the results proposed, and finally addresses potential objections to the plan on economic grounds.

The rise of social media has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of body image issues among women and girls. This correlation has received significant academic attention: Various empirical studies have been conducted into Facebook usage among adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray, 2014). These studies have consistently found that the visual and interactive aspects of the platform have the greatest influence on body image issues. Despite this, highly visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram have yet to be robustly researched. This paper sets out to address this research gap. We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls. It was hypothesized that daily Instagram use would be associated with an increase in body image concerns and a decrease in self-esteem ratings.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, September 05). Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide. Scribbr. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/research-paper-introduction/

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Ano ang hypothesis sa pananaliksik?

Ang hypothesis ay nangangahulugang teorya kung saan mapapatunayan mo sa pamamagitan ng iyong pag-aaral. Ito ay mga hula o prediksyon na binubuo kaugnay ng kalalabasang pag-aaral. Maaaring ang mga ito’y mga palagay na nabuo ng isang mananaliksik.

• Ayon kay Gay (1976) ang hypothesis pansamantalang paliwanag para sa mga tiyak na gawi o kaasalan, mga bagay na hindi pangkaraniwan o mga pangyayaring naganap o magaganap.
• Ayon kay McGuigan (1978), ang hypothesis ay isang maaaring subuking pahayag tungkol sa potensyal na ugnayan ng dalawa o mahigit pang baryabol.

Mga Tungkulin ng Hypothesis

• Isineset ng hypothesis ang iyong kaisipan sa simula pa lamang ng iyong pag-aaral o pananaliksik.
• Isinasaayos ng hypothesis ang susunod na hakbang ng iyong imbestigasyon o pananaliksik.
• Nakatutulong ang hypothesis sa pagbibigay ng pormat para sa presentasyon, pagsusuri at interpretasyon ng mga datos na iyong pag-aaralan.

Mga Katangian ng isang mabuti o mahusay na hypothesis

• Ito ay dapat na maging makatwiran.
• Dapat nitong ipahayag ang relasyon o pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga variables.
• Ito ay pwedeng subukin at suriin.
• Ito ay dapat na batay sa datihang mga resulta.

Mga Uri ng Hypothesis

• Null hypothesis - ipinalalagay na walang pagkakaiba, walang relasyon, walang pagkakaugnay at walang epekto o interaksyon  sa mga variables . Ito ay kadalasang inererekomenda ng mga istatistisyan para gamitin sa pag-aaral dahil sa sinasabi nila na ang pagkakamali sa pagtanggap o pagtanggi sa hypothesis ay maiiwasan kung ito gagamitin.
• Alternative o Research hypothesis - kabaligtaran ito ng null hypothesis dahil ipinahihiwatig nito na ang palagay ay may pagkakaiba, pagkakaugnay, epekto o interaksyon sa mga mga variables .  Ito ay kadalasang batay sa teoriya.

Para sa karagdagan pang Kaalaman  i-click ang mga link sa ibaba:

Tungkol sa Hypothesis: brainly.ph/question/23719

brainly.ph/question/1480905

brainly.ph/question/1434515

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