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Cisco CCNA practice test: Try these 20 exam questions

Use this ccna practice test as study material to prepare for the cisco ccna routing and switching 200-125 exam. with 20 questions on a range of topics, we're not playing around..

• Andrew Froehlich, West Gate Networks
• Chris Partsenidis, Firewall.cx

Achieving your Cisco Certified Networking Associate , or  CCNA, certification requires more than just studying. Instead, it takes a true in-depth understanding of network fundamentals and network security technologies covered in the CCNA material as outlined by Cisco. Our updated CCNA practice test has been redesigned to reflect the Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching 200-125 requirements found in the ICND1 and 2 version 3.0 curriculum.

With the 200-125 CCNA Routing and Switching exam that launched in mid-2016, Cisco made some much-needed changes to steer the certification away from topics covered in previous exams, such as frame relay , and focus more on modern routing and switching technologies. 

A few of the major changes included an added emphasis on cloud computing and supplementary network services, such as DNS, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Network Time Protocol (NTP). Additionally, Cisco added more Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) topics to the exam material. Lastly, you'll likely notice an increased focus on modern WAN technologies, including dynamic multipoint VPN and site-to-site VPN connectivity options.

In 2019, Cisco announced a new CCNA Routing and Switching exam. Beginning Feb. 24, 2020, the new 200-301 exam will replace the existing 200-125 exam. If you've been studying for your CCNA using the version 3.0 study materials, it is highly advisable you take the older 200-125 exam while you still can.

This CCNA practice test covers the appropriate range of topics you can expect when taking the CCNA Routing and Switching exam. The practice questions are in no particular order and provide a realistic example of what you should expect.

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Cisco CCNA 200-301 Practice Test

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The CCNA 200-301 is for the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Implementing and Administering Cisco Solutions exam. You can use the practice test to check your knowledge and improve your understanding in preparation for the Cisco CCNA certification exam.

The Cisco CCNA 200-301 practice exam tests include questions to test your knowledge and skills related to Cisco networking fundamentals, which helps you pass the actual exam.

The Cisco CCNA exam objectives include Cisco network fundamentals on routers, switches, IP addresses, etc., network access, IP connectivity such as static and dynamic routing protocol, IP services, network security fundamentals, and automation and programmability.

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CCNA 1 v7 – ITN v7.02 – Module Quiz Final Exam Answers Packet Tracer PT Labs 2024 Full 100%

Ccna 1 v7 itn v7.02 module exam answers full 100% 2024 – introduction to network (version 7.02).

Welcome to the ultimate collection of Cisco NetAcad CCNA 1 v7 and ITN v7.02 module lab and final exam answers for 2024. This comprehensive guide covers all aspects of the Introduction to Network (version 7.00) course, providing you with expertly verified answers to help you achieve a full mark of 100%. Whether you’re preparing for your exams or looking to reinforce your networking knowledge, these resources are invaluable for your success. Dive in to ensure you have the best preparation possible and excel in your Cisco certification journey.

CCNA 1 ITN v7 & v7.02 – System Test Exam Answers

Ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 1 – 3 : basic network connectivity and communications exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 4 – 7 : ethernet concepts exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 8 – 10 : communicating between networks exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 11 – 13 : ip addressing exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 14 – 15 : network application communications exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – modules 16 – 17 : building and securing a small network exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – practice final – itn answers, ccna 1 v7 course feedback, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 –  itn practice pt skills assessment (ptsa), ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 –  itn final pt skills assessment (ptsa) answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn v7.02 – final exam answers, ccna 1 v7 – itn 7.02 – packet tracer activities answers 2024 100%.

CCNA 1 v7 – ITN 7.02 – Lab Answers 2024 100%

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• Sat. Aug 24th, 2024

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CCNA 1 v7 Final Exam Answers

CCNA 1 – Introduction to Networks (Version 7.00) – ITNv7 Final Exam Answers Full

Number of questions: 60; passed score: 80-100%.

1. Which two traffic types use the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)? (Choose two.)

• file transfer
• peer to peer

2. Which wireless technology has low-power and data rate requirements making it popular in home automation applications?

3. Which layer of the TCP/IP model provides a route to forward messages through an internetwork?

• application
• network access

Explain: The OSI model network layer corresponds directly to the internet layer of the TCP/IP model and is used to describe protocols that address and route messages through an internetwork.

4. Which type of server relies on record types such as A, NS, AAAA, and MX in order to provide services?

Explain: A DNS server stores records that are used to resolve IP addresses to host names. Some DNS record types include the following:

A – an end device IPv4 address NS – an authoritative name server AAAA – an end device IPv6 address MX – a mail exchange record

5. What are proprietary protocols?

• protocols developed by private organizations to operate on any vendor hardware
• protocols that can be freely used by any organization or vendor
• protocols developed by organizations who have control over their definition and operation
• a collection of protocols known as the TCP/IP protocol suite

Explain: Proprietary protocols have their definition and operation controlled by one company or vendor. Some of them can be used by different organizations with permission from the owner. The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, not a proprietary protocol.

6. What service is provided by DNS?

• Resolves domain names, such as cisco.com, into IP addresses.
• A basic set of rules for exchanging text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the web.
• Allows for data transfers between a client and a file server.
• Uses encryption to secure the exchange of text, graphic images, sound, and video on the web.

7. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 110. What service is the client requesting?

8. What command can be used on a Windows PC to see the IP configuration of that computer?

• show ip interface brief
• show interfaces

9. A wired laser printer is attached to a home computer. That printer has been shared so that other computers on the home network can also use the printer. What networking model is in use?

• client-based
• master-slave
• point-to-point
• peer-to-peer (P2P)

Explanation:  Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have two or more network devices that can share resources such as printers or files without having a dedicated server.

10. What characteristic describes a virus?

• a network device that filters access and traffic coming into a network
• the use of stolen credentials to access private data
• an attack that slows or crashes a device or network service
• malicious software or code running on an end device

11. Three bank employees are using the corporate network. The first employee uses a web browser to view a company web page in order to read some announcements. The second employee accesses the corporate database to perform some financial transactions. The third employee participates in an important live audio conference with other corporate managers in branch offices. If QoS is implemented on this network, what will be the priorities from highest to lowest of the different data types?

• financial transactions, web page, audio conference
• audio conference, financial transactions, web page
• financial transactions, audio conference, web page
• audio conference, web page, financial transactions

Explanation:  QoS mechanisms enable the establishment of queue management strategies that enforce priorities for different categories of application data. Thus, this queuing enables voice data to have priority over transaction data, which has priority over web data.

12. Match the description to the IPv6 addressing component. (Not all options are used.)

• only application and Internet layers
• only Internet and network access layers
• only application, Internet, and network access layers
• application, transport, Internet, and network access layers
• only application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers
• application, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers

Explanation:  The TCP/IP model contains the application, transport, internet, and network access layers. A file transfer uses the FTP application layer protocol. The data would move from the application layer through all of the layers of the model and across the network to the file server.

14. Match the characteristic to the forwarding method. (Not all options are used.)

Explanation:  A store-and-forward switch always stores the entire frame before forwarding, and checks its CRC and frame length. A cut-through switch can forward frames before receiving the destination address field, thus presenting less latency than a store-and-forward switch. Because the frame can begin to be forwarded before it is completely received, the switch may transmit a corrupt or runt frame. All forwarding methods require a Layer 2 switch to forward broadcast frames.

Explanation:  The default gateway for host H1 is the router interface that is attached to the LAN that H1 is a member of. In this case, that is the G0/0 interface of R1. H1 should be configured with the IP address of that interface in its addressing settings. R1 will provide routing services to packets from H1 that need to be forwarded to remote networks.

16. What service is provided by Internet Messenger?

• An application that allows real-time chatting among remote users.
• Allows remote access to network devices and servers.
• Uses encryption to provide secure remote access to network devices and servers.

17. Refer to the exhibit. Match the network with the correct IP address and prefix that will satisfy the usable host addressing requirements for each network.

Explanation:  Network A needs to use 192.168.0.128 /25, which yields 128 host addresses. Network B needs to use 192.168.0.0 /26, which yields 64 host addresses. Network C needs to use 192.168.0.96 /27, which yields 32 host addresses. Network D needs to use 192.168.0.80/30, which yields 4 host addresses.

19. A network administrator notices that some newly installed Ethernet cabling is carrying corrupt and distorted data signals. The new cabling was installed in the ceiling close to fluorescent lights and electrical equipment. Which two factors may interfere with the copper cabling and result in signal distortion and data corruption? (Choose two.)

• extended length of cabling
• signal attenuation

20. A host is trying to send a packet to a device on a remote LAN segment, but there are currently no mappings in its ARP cache. How will the device obtain a destination MAC address? A host is trying to send a packet to a device on a remote LAN segment, but there are currently no mappings in the ARP cache. How will the device obtain a destination MAC address?

• It will send the frame and use its own MAC address as the destination.
• It will send an ARP request for the MAC address of the destination device.
• It will send the frame with a broadcast MAC address.
• It will send a request to the DNS server for the destination MAC address.
• It will send an ARP request for the MAC address of the default gateway.

21. Which two functions are performed at the MAC sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer to facilitate Ethernet communication? (Choose two.)

• integrates Layer 2 flows between 10 Gigabit Ethernet over fiber and 1 Gigabit Ethernet over copper
• enables IPv4 and IPv6 to utilize the same physical medium
• handles communication between upper layer networking software and Ethernet NIC hardware
• adds Ethernet control information to network protocol data
• implements CSMA/CD over legacy shared half-duplex media

22. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 53. What service is the client requesting?

• NetBIOS (NetBT)

23. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 25 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

• 255.255.255.128
• 255.255.255.192
• 255.255.255.224
• 255.255.255.240

24. What characteristic describes a Trojan horse?

25. What service is provided by HTTPS?

26. A technician with a PC is using multiple applications while connected to the Internet. How is the PC able to keep track of the data flow between multiple application sessions and have each application receive the correct packet flows?

• The data flow is being tracked based on the destination MAC address of the technician PC.
• The data flow is being tracked based on the source port number that is used by each application.
• The data flow is being tracked based on the source IP address that is used by the PC of the technician.
• The data flow is being tracked based on the destination IP address that is used by the PC of the technician.

Explanation: The source port number of an application is randomly generated and used to individually keep track of each session connecting out to the Internet. Each application will use a unique source port number to provide simultaneous communication from multiple applications through the Internet.

27. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 61 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

ITN (Version 7.00) – ITNv7 Final Exam

Explanation: Network A needs to use 192.168.0.0 /25 which yields 128 host addresses. Network B needs to use 192.168.0.128 /26 which yields 64 host addresses. Network C needs to use 192.168.0.192 /27 which yields 32 host addresses. Network D needs to use 192.168.0.224 /30 which yields 4 host addresses.

29. What characteristic describes a DoS attack?

• software that is installed on a user device and collects information about the user

31. What service is provided by SMTP?

• Allows clients to send email to a mail server and the servers to send email to other servers.

32. Which scenario describes a function provided by the transport layer?

• A student is using a classroom VoIP phone to call home. The unique identifier burned into the phone is a transport layer address used to contact another network device on the same network.
• A student is playing a short web-based movie with sound. The movie and sound are encoded within the transport layer header.
• A student has two web browser windows open in order to access two web sites. The transport layer ensures the correct web page is delivered to the correct browser window.
• A corporate worker is accessing a web server located on a corporate network. The transport layer formats the screen so the web page appears properly no matter what device is being used to view the web site.

Explain: The source and destination port numbers are used to identify the correct application and window within that application.

Layer 2 destination address = 00-00-0c-94-36-dd Layer 2 source address = 00-00-0c-94-36-bb Layer 3 destination address = 172.16.20.200 Layer 3 source address = 172.16.10.200

Layer 2 destination address = 00-00-0c-94-36-cd Layer 2 source address = 00-00-0c-94-36-bb Layer 3 destination address = 172.16.20.99 Layer 3 source address = 172.16.10.200

Layer 2 destination address = 00-00-0c-94-36-ab Layer 2 source address = 00-00-0c-94-36-bb Layer 3 destination address = 172.16.20.200 Layer 3 source address = 172.16.100.200

34. What does the term “attenuation” mean in data communication?

• strengthening of a signal by a networking device
• leakage of signals from one cable pair to another
• time for a signal to reach its destination
• loss of signal strength as distance increases

• The entire command, configure terminal, must be used.
• The administrator is already in global configuration mode.
• The administrator must first enter privileged EXEC mode before issuing the command.
• The administrator must connect via the console port to access global configuration mode.

36. Which two protocols operate at the top layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite? (Choose two.)

37. A company has a file server that shares a folder named Public. The network security policy specifies that the Public folder is assigned Read-Only rights to anyone who can log into the server while the Edit rights are assigned only to the network admin group. Which component is addressed in the AAA network service framework?

• authentication
• authorization

After a user is successfully authenticated (logged into the server), the authorization is the process of determining what network resources the user can access and what operations (such as read or edit) the user can perform.

38. What three requirements are defined by the protocols used in network communcations to allow message transmission across a network? (Choose three.)

• message size
• message encoding
• connector specifications
• media selection
• delivery options
• end-device installation

39. What are two characteristics of IP? (Choose two.)

• does not require a dedicated end-to-end connection
• operates independently of the network media
• retransmits packets if errors occur
• re-assembles out of order packets into the correct order at the receiver end
• guarantees delivery of packets

Explain: The Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless, best effort protocol. This means that IP requires no end-to-end connection nor does it guarantee delivery of packets. IP is also media independent, which means it operates independently of the network media carrying the packets.

40. An employee of a large corporation remotely logs into the company using the appropriate username and password. The employee is attending an important video conference with a customer concerning a large sale. It is important for the video quality to be excellent during the meeting. The employee is unaware that after a successful login, the connection to the company ISP failed. The secondary connection, however, activated within seconds. The disruption was not noticed by the employee or other employees. What three network characteristics are described in this scenario? (Choose three.)

• quality of service
• scalability
• powerline networking
• fault tolerance

41. What are two common causes of signal degradation when using UTP cabling? (Choose two.)

• improper termination
• low-quality shielding in cable
• installing cables in conduit
• low-quality cable or connectors
• loss of light over long distances

Explanation:  When terminated improperly, each cable is a potential source of physical layer performance degradation.

42. Which subnet would include the address 192.168.1.96 as a usable host address?

• 192.168.1.64/26
• 192.168.1.32/27
• 192.168.1.32/28
• 192.168.1.64/29

Explanation:  For the subnet of 192.168.1.64/26, there are 6 bits for host addresses, yielding 64 possible addresses. However, the first and last subnets are the network and broadcast addresses for this subnet. Therefore, the range of host addresses for this subnet is 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126. The other subnets do not contain the address 192.168.1.96 as a valid host address.

• This host does not have a default gateway configured.
• There are 4 hops between this device and the device at 192.168.100.1.
• There is connectivity between this device and the device at 192.168.100.1.
• The connectivity between these two hosts allows for videoconferencing calls.
• The average transmission time between the two hosts is 2 milliseconds.

Explain: The output displays a successful Layer 3 connection between a host computer and a host at 19.168.100.1. It can be determined that 4 hops exist between them and the average transmission time is 1 milliseconds. Layer 3 connectivity does not necessarily mean that an application can run between the hosts.

44. Which two statements describe how to assess traffic flow patterns and network traffic types using a protocol analyzer? (Choose two.)

• Capture traffic on the weekends when most employees are off work.
• Capture traffic during peak utilization times to get a good representation of the different traffic types.
• Only capture traffic in the areas of the network that receive most of the traffic such as the data center.
• Perform the capture on different network segments.
• Only capture WAN traffic because traffic to the web is responsible for the largest amount of traffic on a network.

Explanation:  Traffic flow patterns should be gathered during peak utilization times to get a good representation of the different traffic types. The capture should also be performed on different network segments because some traffic will be local to a particular segment.

45. What is the consequence of configuring a router with the  ipv6 unicast-routing  global configuration command?

• All router interfaces will be automatically activated.
• The IPv6 enabled router interfaces begin sending ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages.
• Each router interface will generate an IPv6 link-local address.
• It statically creates a global unicast address on this router.

46. Which three layers of the OSI model map to the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)

• presentation

Explanation:  The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: application, transport, internet, and network access. The OSI model consists of seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. The top three layers of the OSI model: application, presentation, and session map to the application layer of the TCP/IP model.

47. Refer to the exhibit. If PC1 is sending a packet to PC2 and routing has been configured between the two routers, what will R1 do with the Ethernet frame header attached by PC1?

• nothing, because the router has a route to the destination network
• open the header and use it to determine whether the data is to be sent out S0/0/0
• open the header and replace the destination MAC address with a new one
• remove the Ethernet header and configure a new Layer 2 header before sending it out S0/0/0

Explanation:  When PC1 forms the various headers attached to the data one of those headers is the Layer 2 header. Because PC1 connects to an Ethernet network, an Ethernet header is used. The source MAC address will be the MAC address of PC1 and the destination MAC address will be that of G0/0 on R1. When R1 gets that information, the router removes the Layer 2 header and creates a new one for the type of network the data will be placed onto (the serial link).

48. What will happen if the default gateway address is incorrectly configured on a host?

• The host cannot communicate with other hosts in the local network.
• The host cannot communicate with hosts in other networks.
• A ping from the host to 127.0.0.1 would not be successful.
• The host will have to use ARP to determine the correct address of the default gateway.
• The switch will not forward packets initiated by the host.

49. What are two features of ARP? (Choose two.)

• When a host is encapsulating a packet into a frame, it refers to the MAC address table to determine the mapping of IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• An ARP request is sent to all devices on the Ethernet LAN and contains the IP address of the destination host and its multicast MAC address.
• If a host is ready to send a packet to a local destination device and it has the IP address but not the MAC address of the destination, it generates an ARP broadcast.
• If no device responds to the ARP request, then the originating node will broadcast the data packet to all devices on the network segment.
• If a device receiving an ARP request has the destination IPv4 address, it responds with an ARP reply.

50. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 90 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

• 255.255.255.248

51. What are two ICMPv6 messages that are not present in ICMP for IPv4? (Choose two.)

• Neighbor Solicitation
• Destination Unreachable
• Host Confirmation
• Time Exceeded
• Router Advertisement
• Route Redirection

52. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 80. What service is the client requesting?

53. What is an advantage for small organizations of adopting IMAP instead of POP?

• POP only allows the client to store messages in a centralized way, while IMAP allows distributed storage.
• Messages are kept in the mail servers until they are manually deleted from the email client.
• When the user connects to a POP server, copies of the messages are kept in the mail server for a short time, but IMAP keeps them for a long time.
• IMAP sends and retrieves email, but POP only retrieves email.

Explanation:  IMAP and POP are protocols that are used to retrieve email messages. The advantage of using IMAP instead of POP is that when the user connects to an IMAP-capable server, copies of the messages are downloaded to the client application. IMAP then stores the email messages on the server until the user manually deletes those messages.

54. A technician can ping the IP address of the web server of a remote company but cannot successfully ping the URL address of the same web server. Which software utility can the technician use to diagnose the problem?

Explain: Traceroute (tracert) is a utility that generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along the path from source to destination.This list can provide important verification and troubleshooting information. The ipconfig utility is used to display the IP configuration settings on a Windows PC. The Netstat utility is used to identify which active TCP connections are open and running on a networked host. Nslookup is a utility that allows the user to manually query the name servers to resolve a given host name. This utility can also be used to troubleshoot name resolution issues and to verify the current status of the name servers.

55. Which two functions are performed at the LLC sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer to facilitate Ethernet communication? (Choose two.)

• implements a process to delimit fields within an Ethernet 2 frame
• places information in the Ethernet frame that identifies which network layer protocol is being encapsulated by the frame

Other case:

• responsible for internal structure of Ethernet frame
• applies source and destination MAC addresses to Ethernet frame
• implements trailer with frame check sequence for error detection
• responsible for the internal structure of Ethernet frame

Explanation:  The data link layer is actually divided into two sublayers:

+ Logical Link Control (LLC): This upper sublayer defines the software processes that provide services to the network layer protocols. It places information in the frame that identifies which network layer protocol is being used for the frame. This information allows multiple Layer 3 protocols, such as IPv4 and IPv6, to utilize the same network interface and media. + Media Access Control (MAC): This lower sublayer defines the media access processes performed by the hardware. It provides data link layer addressing and delimiting of data according to the physical signaling requirements of the medium and the type of data link layer protocol in use.

56. The global configuration command  ip default-gateway 172.16.100.1  is applied to a switch. What is the effect of this command?

• The switch can communicate with other hosts on the 172.16.100.0 network.
• The switch can be remotely managed from a host on another network.
• The switch is limited to sending and receiving frames to and from the gateway 172.16.100.1.
• The switch will have a management interface with the address 172.16.100.1.

Explanation:  A default gateway address is typically configured on all devices to allow them to communicate beyond just their local network.In a switch this is achieved using the command ip default-gateway <ip address>.

57. What happens when the  transport input ssh  command is entered on the switch vty lines?

• The SSH client on the switch is enabled.
• The switch requires a username/password combination for remote access.
• Communication between the switch and remote users is encrypted.
• The switch requires remote connections via a proprietary client software.

Explanation:  The  transport input ssh  command when entered on the switch vty (virtual terminal lines) will encrypt all inbound controlled telnet connections.

58. Match the type of threat with the cause. (Not all options are used.)

ITN (Versión 7.00) – ITNv7 Final Exam

59. A disgruntled employee is using some free wireless networking tools to determine information about the enterprise wireless networks. This person is planning on using this information to hack the wireless network. What type of attack is this?

• reconnaissance
• Trojan horse

60. What service is provided by HTTP?

61. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 67. What service is the client requesting?

62. What are two problems that can be caused by a large number of ARP request and reply messages? (Choose two.)

• Switches become overloaded because they concentrate all the traffic from the attached subnets.
• The ARP request is sent as a broadcast, and will flood the entire subnet.
• The network may become overloaded because ARP reply messages have a very large payload due to the 48-bit MAC address and 32-bit IP address that they contain.
• A large number of ARP request and reply messages may slow down the switching process, leading the switch to make many changes in its MAC table.
• All ARP request messages must be processed by all nodes on the local network.

Explanation:  ARP requests are sent as broadcasts: (1) All nodes will receive them, and they will be processed by software, interrupting the CPU. (2) The switch forwards (floods) Layer 2 broadcasts to all ports.

A switch does not change its MAC table based on ARP request or reply messages. The switch populates the MAC table using the source MAC address of all frames. The ARP payload is very small and does not overload the switch.

63. A group of Windows PCs in a new subnet has been added to an Ethernet network. When testing the connectivity, a technician finds that these PCs can access local network resources but not the Internet resources. To troubleshoot the problem, the technician wants to initially confirm the IP address and DNS configurations on the PCs, and also verify connectivity to the local router. Which three Windows CLI commands and utilities will provide the necessary information? (Choose three.)

• netsh interface ipv6 show neighbor

64. During the process of forwarding traffic, what will the router do immediately after matching the destination IP address to a network on a directly connected routing table entry?

• analyze the destination IP address
• switch the packet to the directly connected interface
• look up the next-hop address for the packet
• discard the traffic after consulting the route table

65. What characteristic describes antispyware?

• applications that protect end devices from becoming infected with malicious software
• software on a router that filters traffic based on IP addresses or applications
• a tunneling protocol that provides remote users with secure access into the network of an organization

66. A network administrator needs to keep the user ID, password, and session contents private when establishing remote CLI connectivity with a switch to manage it. Which access method should be chosen?

67. What are the two most effective ways to defend against malware? (Choose two.)

• Implement a VPN.
• Implement network firewalls.
• Implement RAID.
• Implement strong passwords.
• Update the operating system and other application software.
• Install and update antivirus software.

Explanation:  A cybersecurity specialist must be aware of the technologies and measures that are used as countermeasures to protect the organization from threats and vulnerabilities.

68. Which type of security threat would be responsible if a spreadsheet add-on disables the local software firewall?

• brute-force attack
• buffer overflow

Explanation:  A Trojan horse is software that does something harmful, but is hidden in legitimate software code. A denial of service (DoS) attack results in interruption of network services to users, network devices, or applications. A brute-force attack commonly involves trying to access a network device. A buffer overflow occurs when a program attempts to store more data in a memory location than it can hold.

69. Which frame field is created by a source node and used by a destination node to ensure that a transmitted data signal has not been altered by interference, distortion, or signal loss?

• User Datagram Protocol field
• transport layer error check field
• flow control field
• frame check sequence field
• error correction process field

70. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 4 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

• 255.255.255.0

71. What service is provided by POP3?

• Retrieves email from the server by downloading the email to the local mail application of the client.

72. What two security solutions are most likely to be used only in a corporate environment? (Choose two.)

• antispyware
• virtual private networks
• intrusion prevention systems
• strong passwords
• antivirus software

73. What characteristic describes antivirus software?

74. What mechanism is used by a router to prevent a received IPv4 packet from traveling endlessly on a network?

• It checks the value of the TTL field and if it is 0, it discards the packet and sends a Destination Unreachable message to the source host.
• It checks the value of the TTL field and if it is 100, it discards the packet and sends a Destination Unreachable message to the source host.
• It decrements the value of the TTL field by 1 and if the result is 0, it discards the packet and sends a Time Exceeded message to the source host.
• It increments the value of the TTL field by 1 and if the result is 100, it discards the packet and sends a Parameter Problem message to the source host.

75. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 69. What service is the client requesting?

76. An administrator defined a local user account with a secret password on router R1 for use with SSH. Which three additional steps are required to configure R1 to accept only encrypted SSH connections? (Choose three.)

• Configure DNS on the router.
• Generate two-way pre-shared keys.
• Configure the IP domain name on the router.
• Generate the SSH keys.
• Enable inbound vty SSH sessions.
• Enable inbound vty Telnet sessions.

77. Which two functions are performed at the MAC sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer to facilitate Ethernet communication? (Choose two.)

• applies delimiting of Ethernet frame fields to synchronize communication between nodes

78. An IPv6 enabled device sends a data packet with the destination address of FF02::2. What is the target of this packet?

• all IPv6 enabled devices on the local link
• all IPv6 DHCP servers
• all IPv6 enabled devices across the network
• all IPv6 configured routers on the local link

79. What are the three parts of an IPv6 global unicast address? (Choose three.)

• subnet mask
• broadcast address
• global routing prefix
• interface ID

80. A network administrator is designing the layout of a new wireless network. Which three areas of concern should be accounted for when building a wireless network? (Choose three.)

• extensive cabling
• mobility options
• packet collision
• interference
• coverage area

Explanation:  The three areas of concern for wireless networks focus on the size of the coverage area, any nearby interference, and providing network security. Extensive cabling is not a concern for wireless networks, as a wireless network will require minimal cabling for providing wireless access to hosts. Mobility options are not a component of the areas of concern for wireless networks.

81. A new network administrator has been asked to enter a banner message on a Cisco device. What is the fastest way a network administrator could test whether the banner is properly configured?

• Enter CTRL-Z at the privileged mode prompt.
• Exit global configuration mode.
• Power cycle the device.
• Reboot the device.
• Exit privileged EXEC mode and press Enter .

82. What method is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network?

• token passing
• priority ordering

83. What is a function of the data link layer?

• provides the formatting of data
• provides end-to-end delivery of data between hosts
• provides delivery of data between two applications
• provides for the exchange of frames over a common local media

84. What is the purpose of the TCP sliding window?

• to ensure that segments arrive in order at the destination
• to end communication when data transmission is complete
• to inform a source to retransmit data from a specific point forward
• to request that a source decrease the rate at which it transmits data

85. What characteristic describes spyware?

86. Which switching method drops frames that fail the FCS check?

• store-and-forward switching
• borderless switching
• ingress port buffering
• cut-through switching

87. Which range of link-local addresses can be assigned to an IPv6-enabled interface?

Explain: Link-local addresses are in the range of FE80::/10 to FEBF::/10. The original IPv6 specification defined site-local addresses and used the prefix range FEC0::/10, but these addresses were deprecated by the IETF in favor of unique local addresses. FDEE::/7 is a unique local address because it is in the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7. IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8.

88. What service is provided by FTP?

89. A user is attempting to access http://www.cisco.com/ without success. Which two configuration values must be set on the host to allow this access? (Choose two.)

• source port number
• HTTP server
• source MAC address
• default gateway

90. Which two statements accurately describe an advantage or a disadvantage when deploying NAT for IPv4 in a network? (Choose two.)

• NAT adds authentication capability to IPv4.
• NAT introduces problems for some applications that require end-to-end connectivity.
• NAT will impact negatively on switch performance.
• NAT provides a solution to slow down the IPv4 address depletion.
• NAT improves packet handling.
• NAT causes routing tables to include more information.

Explanation:  Network Address Translation (NAT) is a technology that is implemented within IPv4 networks. One application of NAT is to use private IP addresses inside a network and use NAT to share a few public IP addresses for many internal hosts. In this way it provides a solution to slow down the IPv4 address depletion. However, since NAT hides the actual IP addresses that are used by end devices, it may cause problems for some applications that require end-to-end connectivity.

91. What would be the interface ID of an IPv6 enabled interface with a MAC address of 1C-6F-65-C2-BD-F8 when the interface ID is generated by using the EUI-64 process?

• 0C6F:65FF:FEC2:BDF8
• 1E6F:65FF:FEC2:BDF8
• C16F:65FF:FEC2:BDF8
• 106F:65FF:FEC2:BDF8

Explanation:  To derive the EUI-64 interface ID by using the MAC address 1C-6F-65-C2-BD-F8, three steps are taken.

• Change the seventh bit of the MAC address from a binary 0 to a binary 1 which changes the hex C, into a hex E.
• Insert hex digits FFFE into the middle of the address.
• Rewrite the address in IPv6 format.

The three steps, when complete, give the interface ID of  1E6F:65FF:FEC2:BDF8 .

• PC2 will send an ARP reply with its MAC address.
• SW1 will send an ARP reply with the SW1 Fa0/1 MAC address.
• SW1 will send an ARP reply with the PC2 MAC address.
• PC2 will send an ARP reply with the PC2 MAC address.
• RT1 will send an ARP reply with the RT1 Fa0/0 MAC address.
• RT1 will send an ARP reply with the PC2 MAC address.

Explain:  When a network device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it sends a broadcast ARP request. In this case, the request will contain the IP address of PC2. The destination device (PC2) sends an ARP reply with its MAC address.

93. What service is provided by BOOTP?

• Legacy application that enables a diskless workstation to discover its own IP address and find a BOOTP server on the network.

94. What characteristic describes adware?

95. When a switch configuration includes a user-defined error threshold on a per-port basis, to which switching method will the switch revert when the error threshold is reached?

• cut-through
• store-and-forward
• fast-forward
• fragment-free

Explain: Peer-to-peer networks do not require the use of a dedicated server, and devices can assume both client and server roles simultaneously on a per request basis. Because they do not require formalized accounts or permissions, they are best used in limited situations. Peer-to-peer applications require a user interface and background service to be running, and can be used in more diverse situations.

97. What are two primary responsibilities of the Ethernet MAC sublayer? (Choose two.)

• error detection
• frame delimiting
• accessing the media
• data encapsulation
• logical addressing

• Two physical interfaces have been configured.
• The switch can be remotely managed.
• One device is attached to a physical interface.
• Passwords have been configured on the switch.
• Two devices are attached to the switch.
• The default SVI has been configured.

Explain: Vlan1 is the default SVI. Because an SVI has been configured, the switch can be configured and managed remotely. FastEthernet0/0 is showing up and up, so a device is connected.

100. What is the subnet ID associated with the IPv6 address 2001:DA48:FC5:A4:3D1B::1/64?

• 2001:DA48::/64
• 2001:DA48:FC5::A4:/64
• 2001:DA48:FC5:A4::/64

• packet filtering – prevents access based on IP or MAC address
• URL filtering – prevents access to websites
• network address translator – (none)
• stateful packet inspection – prevents unsolicited incoming sessions
• application filtering – prevents access by port number

Explain: Firewall products come packaged in various forms. These products use different techniques for determining what will be permitted or denied access to a network. They include the following:

+ Packet filtering – Prevents or allows access based on IP or MAC addresses + Application filtering – Prevents or allows access by specific application types based on port numbers + URL filtering – Prevents or allows access to websites based on specific URLs or keywords + Stateful packet inspection (SPI) – Incoming packets must be legitimate responses to requests from internal hosts. Unsolicited packets are blocked unless permitted specifically. SPI can also include the capability to recognize and filter out specific types of attacks, such as denial of service (DoS)

102. Users are reporting longer delays in authentication and in accessing network resources during certain time periods of the week. What kind of information should network engineers check to find out if this situation is part of a normal network behavior?

• syslog records and messages
• the network performance baseline
• debug output and packet captures
• network configuration files

103. How does the service password-encryption command enhance password security on Cisco routers and switches?

• It requires encrypted passwords to be used when connecting remotely to a router or switch with Telnet.
• It encrypts passwords that are stored in router or switch configuration files.
• It requires that a user type encrypted passwords to gain console access to a router or switch.
• It encrypts passwords as they are sent across the network.

Explain:  The service password-encryption command encrypts plaintext passwords in the configuration file so that they cannot be viewed by unauthorized users.

104. Which two statements are correct in a comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers? (Choose two.)

• The Source Address field name from IPv4 is kept in IPv6.
• The Version field from IPv4 is not kept in IPv6.
• The Destination Address field is new in IPv6.
• The Header Checksum field name from IPv4 is kept in IPv6.
• The Time-to-Live field from IPv4 has been replaced by the Hop Limit field in IPv6.

105. A network administrator wants to have the same network mask for all networks at a particular small site. The site has the following networks and number of devices: IP phones – 22 addresses PCs – 20 addresses needed Printers – 2 addresses needed Scanners – 2 addresses needed

The network administrator has deemed that 192.168.10.0/24 is to be the network used at this site. Which single subnet mask would make the most efficient use of the available addresses to use for the four subnetworks?

• 255.255.255.252

106. What characteristic describes identity theft?

• software that identifies fast-spreading threats

107. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 200 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

108. What are three commonly followed standards for constructing and installing cabling? (Choose three.)

• cost per meter (foot)
• cable lengths
• connector color
• connector types
• tensile strength of plastic insulator

109. Refer to the exhibit. What is wrong with the displayed termination?

• The woven copper braid should not have been removed.
• The wrong type of connector is being used.
• The untwisted length of each wire is too long.
• The wires are too thick for the connector that is used.

Explanation:  When a cable to an RJ-45 connector is terminated, it is important to ensure that the untwisted wires are not too long and that the flexible plastic sheath surrounding the wires is crimped down and not the bare wires. None of the colored wires should be visible from the bottom of the jack.

111. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 143. What service is the client requesting?

112. What are two characteristics shared by TCP and UDP? (Choose two.)

• default window size
• connectionless communication
• port numbering
• 3-way handshake
• ability to to carry digitized voice
• use of checksum

Explain: Both TCP and UDP use source and destination port numbers to distinguish different data streams and to forward the right data segments to the right applications. Error checking the header and data is done by both protocols by using a checksum calculation to determine the integrity of the data that is received. TCP is connection-oriented and uses a 3-way handshake to establish an initial connection. TCP also uses window to regulate the amount of traffic sent before receiving an acknowledgment. UDP is connectionless and is the best protocol for carry digitized VoIP signals.

113. Refer to the exhibit. Which two network addresses can be assigned to the network containing 10 hosts? Your answers should waste the fewest addresses, not reuse addresses that are already assigned, and stay within the 10.18.10.0/24 range of addresses. (Choose two.)

• 10.18.10.200/28
• 10.18.10.208/28
• 10.18.10.240/27
• 10.18.10.200/27
• 10.18.10.224/27
• 10.18.10.224/28

Explanation:  Addresses 10.18.10.0 through 10.18.10.63 are taken for the leftmost network. Addresses 192 through 199 are used by the center network. Because 4 host bits are needed to accommodate 10 hosts, a /28 mask is needed. 10.18.10.200/28 is not a valid network number. Two subnets that can be used are 10.18.10.208/28 and 10.18.10.224/28.

114. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 21. What service is the client requesting?

115. What attribute of a NIC would place it at the data link layer of the OSI model?

• attached Ethernet cable
• MAC address
• TCP/IP protocol stack

116. A network administrator is adding a new LAN to a branch office. The new LAN must support 10 connected devices. What is the smallest network mask that the network administrator can use for the new network?

117. What technique is used with UTP cable to help protect against signal interference from crosstalk?

• wrapping a foil shield around the wire pairs
• twisting the wires together into pairs
• terminating the cable with special grounded connectors
• encasing the cables within a flexible plastic sheath

Explanation:  To help prevent the effects of crosstalk, UTP cable wires are twisted together into pairs. Twisting the wires together causes the magnetic fields of each wire to cancel each other out.

• IP address: 192.168.10.65 subnet mask: 255.255.255.240, default gateway: 192.168.10.76
• IP address: 192.168.10.38 subnet mask: 255.255.255.240, default gateway: 192.168.10.33
• IP address: 192.168.10.38 subnet mask: 255.255.255.248, default gateway: 192.168.10.33
• IP address: 192.168.10.41 subnet mask: 255.255.255.248, default gateway: 192.168.10.46
• IP address: 192.168.10.254 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0, default gateway: 192.168.10.1

Explain: Using a /29 prefix to subnet 192.168.10.0 results in subnets that increment by 8: 192.168.10.0 (1) 192.168.10.8 (2) 192.168.10.16 (3) 192.168.10.24 (4) 192.168.10.32 (5)

• only host D
• only router R1
• only hosts A, B, and C
• only hosts A, B, C, and D
• only hosts B and C
• only hosts B, C, and router R1

Explain: Since host A does not have the MAC address of the default gateway in its ARP table, host A sends an ARP broadcast. The ARP broadcast would be sent to every device on the local network. Hosts B, C, and router R1 would receive the broadcast. Router R1 would not forward the message.

122. Which connector is used with twisted-pair cabling in an Ethernet LAN?

LC conector

SC conector

True Answer:

RJ 45 (true answer)

123. A client packet is received by a server. The packet has a destination port number of 22. What service is the client requesting?

124. What characteristic describes an IPS?

Explanation:  IPS – An intrusion prevention system (IPS) monitors incoming and outgoing traffic looking for malware, network attack signatures, and more. If it recognizes a threat, it can immediately stop it.

125. What service is provided by DHCP?

• Dynamically assigns IP addresses to end and intermediary devices.

127. Refer to the exhibit. The switches have a default configuration. Host A needs to communicate with host D, but host A does not have the MAC address for the default gateway. Which network devices will receive the ARP request sent by host A?

i360201v3n1_275353.png

128. Which wireless technology has low-power and low-data rate requirements making it popular in IoT environments?

Explanation:  Zigbee is a specification used for low-data rate, low-power communications. It is intended for applications that require short-range, low data-rates and long battery life. Zigbee is typically used for industrial and Internet of Things (IoT) environments such as wireless light switches and medical device data collection.

129. What two ICMPv6 message types must be permitted through IPv6 access control lists to allow resolution of Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 MAC addresses? (Choose two.)

• neighbor solicitations
• echo requests
• neighbor advertisements
• echo replies
• router solicitations
• router advertisements

130. A client is using SLAAC to obtain an IPv6 address for its interface. After an address has been generated and applied to the interface, what must the client do before it can begin to use this IPv6 address?

• It must send a DHCPv6 INFORMATION-REQUEST message to request the address of the DNS server.
• It must send a DHCPv6 REQUEST message to the DHCPv6 server to request permission to use this address.
• It must send an ICMPv6 Router Solicitation message to determine what default gateway it should use.
• It must send an ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation message to ensure that the address is not already in use on the network.

131. Two pings were issued from a host on a local network. The first ping was issued to the IP address of the default gateway of the host and it failed. The second ping was issued to the IP address of a host outside the local network and it was successful. What is a possible cause for the failed ping?

• The default gateway is not operational.
• The default gateway device is configured with the wrong IP address.
• Security rules are applied to the default gateway device, preventing it from processing ping requests.
• The TCP/IP stack on the default gateway is not working properly.

132. An organization is assigned an IPv6 address block of 2001:db8:0:ca00::/56. How many subnets can be created without using bits in the interface ID space?

133. What subnet mask is needed if an IPv4 network has 40 devices that need IP addresses and address space is not to be wasted?

134. Refer to the exhibit. If host A sends an IP packet to host B, what will the destination address be in the frame when it leaves host A?

• DD:DD:DD:DD:DD:DD
• 172.168.10.99
• CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC
• 172.168.10.65
• BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB
• AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA

Explain: When a host sends information to a distant network, the Layer 2 frame header will contain a source and destination MAC address. The source address will be the originating host device. The destination address will be the router interface that connects to the same network. In the case of host A sending information to host B, the source address is AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA and the destination address is the MAC address assigned to the R2 Ethernet interface, BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB.

135. What is a benefit of using cloud computing in networking?

• Technology is integrated into every-day appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated.
• Network capabilities are extended without requiring investment in new infrastructure, personnel, or software.
• End users have the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate across a business network.
• Home networking uses existing electrical wiring to connect devices to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet, saving the cost of installing data cables.

Explanation:  Cloud computing extends IT’s capabilities without requiring investment in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. These services are available on-demand and delivered economically to any device anywhere in the world without compromising security or function. BYOD is about end users having the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate across a business or campus network. Smart home technology is integrated into every-day appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated. Powerline networking is a trend for home networking that uses existing electrical wiring to connect devices to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet, saving the cost of installing data cables.

136. Which two statements are correct about MAC and IP addresses during data transmission if NAT is not involved? (Choose two.)

• Destination IP addresses in a packet header remain constant along the entire path to a target host.
• Destination MAC addresses will never change in a frame that goes across seven routers.
• Every time a frame is encapsulated with a new destination MAC address, a new destination IP address is needed.
• Destination and source MAC addresses have local significance and change every time a frame goes from one LAN to another.
• A packet that has crossed four routers has changed the destination IP address four times.

137. What is one main characteristic of the data link layer?

• It generates the electrical or optical signals that represent the 1 and 0 on the media.
• It converts a stream of data bits into a predefined code.
• It shields the upper layer protocol from being aware of the physical medium to be used in the communication.
• It accepts Layer 3 packets and decides the path by which to forward the packet to a remote network.

138. What are three characteristics of the CSMA/CD process? (Choose three.)

• The device with the electronic token is the only one that can transmit after a collision.
• A device listens and waits until the media is not busy before transmitting.
• After detecting a collision, hosts can attempt to resume transmission after a random time delay has expired.
• All of the devices on a segment see data that passes on the network medium.
• A jam signal indicates that the collision has cleared and the media is not busy.
• Devices can be configured with a higher transmission priority.

Explanation:  The Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) process is a contention-based media access control mechanism used on shared media access networks, such as Ethernet. When a device needs to transmit data, it listens and waits until the media is available (quiet), then it will send data. If two devices transmit at the same time, a collision will occur. Both devices will detect the collision on the network. When a device detects a collision, it will stop the data transmission process, wait for a random amount of time, then try again.

139. Which information does the show startup-config command display?

• the IOS image copied into RAM
• the bootstrap program in the ROM
• the contents of the current running configuration file in the RAM
• the contents of the saved configuration file in the NVRAM

Explain: The show startup-config command displays the saved configuration located in NVRAM. The show running-config command displays the contents of the currently running configuration file located in RAM.

140. Which two commands can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table? (Choose two.)

• route print
• show ip route

Explain: On a Windows host, the route print or netstat -r commands can be used to display the host routing table. Both commands generate the same output. On a router, the show ip route command is used to display the routing table. The netstat –s command is used to display per-protocol statistics. The tracert command is used to display the path that a packet travels to its destination.

141. What are two functions that are provided by the network layer? (Choose two.)

• directing data packets to destination hosts on other networks
• placing data on the network medium
• carrying data between processes that are running on source and destination hosts
• providing dedicated end-to-end connections
• providing end devices with a unique network identifier

142. Which two statements describe features of an IPv4 routing table on a router? (Choose two.)

• Directly connected interfaces will have two route source codes in the routing table: C and S.
• If there are two or more possible routes to the same destination, the route associated with the higher metric value is included in the routing table.
• The netstat -r command can be used to display the routing table of a router.
• The routing table lists the MAC addresses of each active interface.
• It stores information about routes derived from the active router interfaces.
• If a default static route is configured in the router, an entry will be included in the routing table with source code S.

143. What characteristic describes a VPN?

144. Why would a Layer 2 switch need an IP address?

• to enable the switch to send broadcast frames to attached PCs
• to enable the switch to function as a default gateway
• to enable the switch to be managed remotely
• to enable the switch to receive frames from attached PCs

Explanation:  A switch, as a Layer 2 device, does not need an IP address to transmit frames to attached devices. However, when a switch is accessed remotely through the network, it must have a Layer 3 address. The IP address must be applied to a virtual interface rather than to a physical interface. Routers, not switches, function as default gateways.

146. A user sends an HTTP request to a web server on a remote network. During encapsulation for this request, what information is added to the address field of a frame to indicate the destination?

• the network domain of the destination host
• the IP address of the default gateway
• the MAC address of the destination host
• the MAC address of the default gateway

Explanation:  A frame is encapsulated with source and destination MAC addresses. The source device will not know the MAC address of the remote host. An ARP request will be sent by the source and will be responded to by the router. The router will respond with the MAC address of its interface, the one which is connected to the same network as the source.

147. What is an advantage to using a protocol that is defined by an open standard?

• A company can monopolize the market.
• The protocol can only be run on equipment from a specific vendor.
• An open standard protocol is not controlled or regulated by standards organizations.
• It encourages competition and promotes choices.

Explain: A monopoly by one company is not a good idea from a user point of view. If a protocol can only be run on one brand, it makes it difficult to have mixed equipment in a network. A proprietary protocol is not free to use. An open standard protocol will in general be implemented by a wide range of vendors.

148. Data is being sent from a source PC to a destination server. Which three statements correctly describe the function of TCP or UDP in this situation? (Choose three.)

• The source port field identifies the running application or service that will handle data returning to the PC.
• The TCP process running on the PC randomly selects the destination port when establishing a session with the server.
• UDP segments are encapsulated within IP packets for transport across the network.
• The UDP destination port number identifies the application or service on the server which will handle the data.
• TCP is the preferred protocol when a function requires lower network overhead.
• The TCP source port number identifies the sending host on the network.

Explanation:  Layer 4 port numbers identify the application or service which will handle the data. The source port number is added by the sending device and will be the destination port number when the requested information is returned. Layer 4 segments are encapsulated within IP packets. UDP, not TCP, is used when low overhead is needed. A source IP address, not a TCP source port number, identifies the sending host on the network. Destination port numbers are specific ports that a server application or service monitors for requests.

150. Refer to the exhibit. A company uses the address block of 128.107.0.0/16 for its network. What subnet mask would provide the maximum number of equal size subnets while providing enough host addresses for each subnet in the exhibit?

Explanation:  The largest subnet in the topology has 100 hosts in it so the subnet mask must have at least 7 host bits in it (27-2=126). 255.255.255.0 has 8 hosts bits, but this does not meet the requirement of providing the maximum number of subnets.

151. A network administrator wants to have the same subnet mask for three subnetworks at a small site. The site has the following networks and numbers of devices:

What single subnet mask would be appropriate to use for the three subnetworks?

Explain: If the same mask is to be used, then the network with the most hosts must be examined for number of hosts. Because this is 10 hosts, 4 host bits are needed. The /28 or 255.255.255.240 subnet mask would be appropriate to use for these networks.

153. What two pieces of information are displayed in the output of the show ip interface brief command? (Choose two.)

• IP addresses
• interface descriptions
• MAC addresses
• next-hop addresses
• Layer 1 statuses
• speed and duplex settings

Explanation:  The command show ip interface brief shows the IP address of each interface, as well as the operational status of the interfaces at both Layer 1 and Layer 2. In order to see interface descriptions and speed and duplex settings, use the command show running-config interface. Next-hop addresses are displayed in the routing table with the command show ip route, and the MAC address of an interface can be seen with the command show interfaces.

154. A user is complaining that an external web page is taking longer than normal to load.The web page does eventually load on the user machine. Which tool should the technician use with administrator privileges in order to locate where the issue is in the network?

• ipconfig /displaydns

155. Which value, that is contained in an IPv4 header field, is decremented by each router that receives a packet?

• Header Length
• Differentiated Services
• Time-to-Live
• Fragment Offset

Explanation:  When a router receives a packet, the router will decrement the Time-to-Live (TTL) field by one. When the field reaches zero, the receiving router will discard the packet and will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the sender.

156. A network technician is researching the use of fiber optic cabling in a new technology center. Which two issues should be considered before implementing fiber optic media? (Choose two.)

• Fiber optic cabling requires different termination and splicing expertise from what copper cabling requires.
• Fiber optic cabling requires specific grounding to be immune to EMI.
• Fiber optic cabling is susceptible to loss of signal due to RFI.
• Fiber optic cable is able to withstand rough handling.
• Fiber optic provides higher data capacity but is more expensive than copper cabling.

157. Match each description with an appropriate IP address. (Not all options are used.)

158. A user is executing a tracert to a remote device. At what point would a router, which is in the path to the destination device, stop forwarding the packet?

• when the router receives an ICMP Time Exceeded message
• when the RTT value reaches zero
• when the host responds with an ICMP Echo Reply message
• when the value in the TTL field reaches zero
• when the values of both the Echo Request and Echo Reply messages reach zero

Explain: When a router receives a traceroute packet, the value in the TTL field is decremented by 1. When the value in the field reaches zero, the receiving router will not forward the packet, and will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source.

159. Users report that the network access is slow. After questioning the employees, the network administrator learned that one employee downloaded a third-party scanning program for the printer. What type of malware might be introduced that causes slow performance of the network?

Explanation:  A cybersecurity specialist needs to be familiar with the characteristics of the different types of malware and attacks that threaten an organization.

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Lab 10: Configuring Advanced Switch Access Port Security

Lab 9: configuring switch access port security, lab 8: securing vtp domains, lab 7: configuring vtp transparent mode.

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Cisco Coding Questions and Answers

July 4, 2023

Cisco Coding Questions with Solutions

This page will help you get Cisco Coding Questions and Answers asked in Online Assessment and Technical Interview of the company’s recruitment process. Other than that you will find Insights on Recruitment process of Cisco for particular job profiles.  

Steps of Cisco Recruitment Process

This Cisco Recruitment process consists of the following steps :

• Online Coding Round
• Technical Interview
• HR Interview

Insight on Cisco Online Assessment

Here are some facts related to Cisco Recruitment Test:

• Cisco Conducts its Recruitment Test on Hackerrank .
• On Hackerrank candidates can choose any Programming Language to solve the given Problem Statement.
• Aptitude Based Questions may or may not be asked in Online Assessment, but  Coding Questions are always asked .
• Team of 3 Members needs to be formed to participate in the Online Assessment.
• Discussion within the team is allowed, while solving  the given problem statements.

Details of  Cisco Recruitment Process

Cisco Recruitment Process starts with Online Assessment and is followed by a Technical Interview, we have given further details below :

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Cisco Technical Test Coding Questions with Solutions

Question 1 : coin game.

Raman was playing a game,  he starts with x coins. Now in every step, he wins and loses and he has to get the money or pay the money as needed. He came in contact with a psychic who can see the future and the Psychic predicted the outcomes after each step. Now Raman wants to start the game with the minimum wage where he doesn’t run out of money.  Help Raman to find what money he should start with. The only rule to keep playing is not going in a credit situation.

Input Format:

• First line with n, number of steps in the game
• Next n lines, n integers denoting outcomes of every game. Positive means winning and negative means losing that money.

Output Format:

• One single integer denoting the minimum amount to start with

Constraints:

• Number of steps<=10^9
• -1000<=Money needed in each step<=1000

Sample Input:

4 2 -9 15 2

Sample Output:

Explanation:

If he starts with 7 rupees, then after steps : 7 ->9 -> 0-> 15 -> 17.

Question 02 : Device Name System

Problem statement: Rocky is a software engineer and he is creating his own operating system called “myFirst os”. myFirst os is a GUI (Graphical user interface) based operating system where everything is stored in files and folders. He is facing issues on  creating unique folder names for the operating system . Help rocky to create the unique folder name for it’s os.If folder name already exists in the system and integer number is added at the name to make it unique. The integer added starts with 1 and is incremented by 1 for each new request of an existing folder name. Given a list of folder names , process all requests and return an array of corresponding folder names.

• foldername= [‘home’ , ‘myfirst’ ,’downloads’, ‘myfirst’, ‘myfirst’]
• Foldername[0] = ‘home’ is unique.
• Foldername[1] = ‘myfirst’ is unique.
• foldername [2] =’downloads’ is unique.
• Foldername[3] =’myfirst’ already exists in our system. So Add1 at the end of the folder name i.e foldername[3] =”myfirst1″
• Foldername[4 ]=’myfirst’ also already exists in our system.So add 2 at the end of the folder name i.e. foldername[4]=”myfirst2″.

Function description 

• Complete the function folderNameSystem In the editor below
• folderNameSystem has the following parameters
• string foldername[n]: an array of folder name string in the order requested
• String[n]:  an array of strings usernames in the order assigned

Constraints

•     1<=n<=10^4
•     1<=length of foldername[i]<20
•     foldername[i] contains only lowercase english letter in the range ascii[a-z]
• The first line contains an integer n , denoting the size of the array usernames Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where i<=0<=n) contains a string usernames[i] representing a username request in the order received.

Sample case 0

Sample output 0, explanation 0.

•    foldername[0] = ‘home’ is unique
•    foldername[1]=’download’ is unique
•    foldername[2]= ‘first’ is unique
•    foldername[3]=’first’ is already existing . so add 1 to it and it become first1

Question 3 : Coloured Zenga

Problem Statement :

Rahul is playing a game, wherein he has multiple coloured wooden blocks, stacked one above the other, his task is to remove all the wooden blocks from the stack, without letting it fall and in the minimum number of steps. He can remove one block of a colour at a time, but he can remove multiple blocks of the same colour together. Determine the minimum number of steps in which he can perform this task.

For example , if you remove [red,red] from (white,red,red,white), the resulting array is [white,white].

Note- there are only two colour blocks – red and white

Function description :

Complete the minMoves function in the provided editor. It contains the following parameters:

Parameters:

Input format :

The first line contains an integer n denoting the number of blocks. Each n line denotes the colour of the wooden block .

Constraints : 1<=n<=700 0<=a[i]<=1

Sample input 1 :

4 red white white red

Sample Output 2 :

Explanation :

Remove [white,white] first The array will be [red,red] The remaining numbers can  be removed in one strap .

Sample Input 1:

4 white red white red

Sample Output 1:

Sample Explanation: 0 The steps are [white,red,white,red]->[red,white,red]->[red,red]->[]. Therefore the answer is 3.

Question 4 :Make It Palindrome

Problem Statement  :

You’re given a string, you’ve to print additional characters needed to make that string a palindrome.

A Palindrome is a sequence of characters that has the property of reading the same in either direction.

Input : abede Output : ba

Sample Input : abcfe

Sample output : fcba

Question 5 : Seating Arrangement in Exam Hall

Semester exams are going on for university students. Examiners noticed that a group of people are trying to cheat. They marked students of that group as ‘1’ and students of another group ( who are not cheating ) as ‘0’ 

We can reduce cheating by not allowing students from group 1 to sit together, means no two students from group 1 can sit together. Seatings are marked using above conditions. Your task is to give the seating placement of nth possibility Possibility order from 1 to 10 is given below

[1  10  100  101  1000  1001  1010  10000  10001  10010]

Sample input :

3 → number of test cases

Sample output :

4th possibility is 101 

6th possibility is 1001

9th possibility is 10001

FAQs related to Cisco Coding Questions with Solutions

Question 1: what is cisco coding round process for 2023..

• There is a Online coding assessment where students need to solve 3 Coding problems in 1 Hour.
• Students can participate in the team of 3 members and every team must have 1 leader.
• Only leader can solve the Coding problems while the other team mates can help the leader.
• All the team members need to present on a common google meet while attempting the test.

Question 1: How many team members are allowed in Cisco Online Coding Assessment?

Team of 3 candidates must be formed to participate in Cisco Online Coding Assessment.

Question 2: How much time is allotted in Cisco's Code With Cisco Coding Assessment?

1 Hour is allotted to the particular team to complete whole Online Coding Assessment.

Question 3: How many Problem Statements are given to the particular team in Code With Cisco Coding Assessment?

Total 3 Problem Statements are given to the particular team to solve in 1 Hour time Slot.

Question 4: Is discussion is allowed in Code With Cisco Coding Assessment ?

Yes, Discussion is allowed within the Team. If team members are in separate locations, they can use Google Meet to communicate with each other.

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Cisco Interview Questions and Answers for Technical Profiles

Cisco Systems is a worldwide leader in networking and telecommunications hardware, its products and services are used globally. Although Cisco interviews are fair and predictable, they can sometimes be difficult. You may get an important advantage and raise your chances of getting your ideal job at Cisco by studying typical interview questions and responses.

Anyone preparing for a job interview at Cisco Systems might benefit from using these Cisco interview Q&As. You may learn more about the types of questions you could be asked and how to respond to them by going over sample questions and answers from Cisco interviews. Your chances of success in the interview might be improved by feeling more prepared and confident on the day of the interview

To know more about Cisco Recruitment Process please go through this attached link

1. Define firewall and explain methods through which firewalls can be implemented A firewall is a network security system that monitors and takes actions (permit or deny traffic) on the basis of policies defined explicitly. It can be performed by a single device, a group of devices, or by software running on a single device like a server.

2. Explain various mechanisms for building a Distributed file system. Distributed Systems are the systems that make a single system image to users of the networks. The failure of one system in the network will not be coming into the picture of all other uses.

Characteristics of distributed file system

• Remote data/file sharing: It allows a file to be transparently accessed by processes of any node of the system irrespective of the file’s location. Example: Any process  ‘A’ can create the file and share it with other processes ‘B’ or ‘C’ and the same file can be accessed/modified process running in other nodes.
• User mobility: Users in the distributed systems are allowed to work in any system at any time. So, users need not relocate secondary storage devices in distributed file systems.
• Availability: Distributed file systems keep multiple copies of the same file in multiple places. Hence, the availability of the distributed file system is high and it maintains a better fault tolerance for the system.
• Data Integrity: A file system is typically shared by several users. Data saved in a transferred file must have its integrity protected by the file system. The correct synchronization of concurrent access requests from multiple users vying for access to the same file requires a concurrency control method. Atomic transactions, which are high-level concurrency management systems for data integrity, are frequently made available to users by file systems. 
• Performance: Performance is evaluated using the typical amount of time it takes to persuade a client. It must function in a manner comparable to a centralized file system.
• Diskless workstations: Distributed file systems allow the use of diskless workstations to reduce noise and heat in the system.  Also, diskless workstations are more economical than disk-full workstations. 

3. What is a pointer and what are the various types of pointer in C?  A pointer is defined as a derived data type that can store the address of other C variables or a memory location. We can access and manipulate the data stored in that memory location using pointers.

The syntax of pointers is similar to the variable declaration in C, but we use the ( * ) dereferencing operator in the pointer declaration.

• ptr is the name of the pointer.
• datatype is the type of data it is pointing to.

4. What are the various types of sorting technique? A Sorting Algorithm is used to rearrange a given array or list of elements according to a comparison operator on the elements. The comparison operator is used to decide the new order of elements in the respective data structure.

5. What’s the difference between C and C++?

6. What is OSI model and explain its 7 layers? OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It was developed by ISO – ‘International Organization for Standardization’, in the year 1984. It is a 7-layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe.

7. What’s the difference between mutex and semaphore?

8. What are Deadlocks?   A deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process.

9. What is a network congestion? Network Congestion occurs when the traffic flowing through a network exceeds its maximum capacity. In most cases, congestion is a temporary issue with the network caused due to a sudden upsurge of traffic, however, sometimes, a network is continually congested, indicating a deeper problem.

10. What are various types of TCP timers? TCP uses several timers to ensure that excessive delays are not encountered during communications. Several of these timers are elegant, handling problems that are not immediately obvious at first analysis.

11. What is inheritance and What are the different types of inheritance ? The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important features of Object-Oriented Programming.

12. What is an API? API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface which is a collection of communication protocols and subroutines used by various programs to communicate between them.

13. What are various Keywords in C? Keywords are predefined or reserved words that have special meanings to the compiler. These are part of the syntax and cannot be used as identifiers in the program.

14. What’s the differences between TCP and UDP?

15. How is a TCP connection made? TCP is a connection-oriented protocol and every connection-oriented protocol needs to establish a connection in order to reserve resources at both the communicating ends. 

16. What is Encapsulation? Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that refers to the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, which is called a class in Java

17. What are Logic Gates and its types ? A semiconductor material’s electrical conductivity is somewhere between that of a conductor, such as metallic copper, and that of an insulator, such as glass. As the temperature rises, its resistivity reduces, whereas metals have the opposite effect.

18. What is virtual memory in OS ? Virtual Memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of the main memory. The addresses a program may use to reference memory are distinguished from the addresses the memory system uses to identify physical storage sites and program-generated addresses are translated automatically to the corresponding machine addresses. 

19. What is Cut-through Switching? Cut-through is a packet-switching method, where the switch forwards a packet as soon as the destination address is processed without waiting for the entire packet to be received. The next packet is sent as soon as the previous one has been verified as reaching the recipient without waiting for the complete transmission of the previous packet.

20. What’s the difference between linked list and arrays ?

•   Array: Arrays store elements in contiguous memory locations, resulting in easily calculable addresses for the elements stored and this allows faster access to an element at a specific index.
•  Linked List: Linked lists are less rigid in their storage structure and elements are usually not stored in contiguous locations, hence they need to be stored with additional tags giving a reference to the next element. 

21. What’s the difference between heap and stack ?

22. What is Recovery Testing in Software Testing ? System testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the overall functionality and performance of a complete and fully integrated software solution. It tests if the system meets the specified requirements and if it is suitable for delivery to the end-users. This type of testing is performed after the integration testing and before the acceptance testing.

23. What are various types of TCP timers? TCP uses several timers to ensure that excessive delays are not encountered during communications. Several of these timers are elegant, handling problems that are not immediately obvious at first analysis

24. What is the difference between Structured Programming and Object Oriented Programming?

25. What’s the Difference between Normalization and Denormalization?

26. What are ACID properties? A transaction is a single logical unit of work that accesses and possibly modifies the contents of a database. Transactions access data using read-and-write operations.  In order to maintain consistency in a database, before and after the transaction, certain properties are followed. These are called ACID properties. 

27. Check if pair with given Sum exists in Array (Two Sum) Two Sum using  Hashing

This problem can be solved efficiently by using the technique of hashing. Use a hash_map to check for the current array value x(let), if there exists a value target_sum-x which on adding to the former gives target_sum. This can be done in constant time.

28. Next Permutation

Brute Force Approach :

Find all possible permutations of the given array. Print the Next permutation right after the er given input sequence.

29. What is a trigger in SQL?

A trigger is a stored procedure in a database that automatically invokes whenever a special event in the database occurs. For example, a trigger can be invoked when a row is inserted into a specified table or when specific table columns are updated in simple words a trigger is a collection of SQL statements with particular names that are stored in system memory.

30. What is the difference between a structure and a class in C++?

31. Intersection of Two Linked Lists

Use Hashing

Basically, we need to find a common node of two linked lists. So we hash all nodes of the first list and then check the second list.  Create an empty hash set.  Traverse the first linked list and insert all nodes’ addresses in the hash set.  Traverse the second list. For every node check if it is present in the hash set. If we find a node in the hash set, return the node.

32. The Celebrity Problem

Using Elimination Technique (Efficient):

The idea is to follow below to steps based on the above approach: If A knows B, then A can’t be a celebrity. Discard A, and B may be celebrity. If A doesn’t know B, then B can’t be a celebrity. Discard B, and A may be celebrity. We will not use any extra space as will use spaces M[i][i] for storing whether i th person is a celebrity or not as these are by default 0, so if we find i th person is not a celebrity then we will mark M[i][i] as 1

33. Detect Cycle in a Directed Graph

Detect Cycle in a Directed Graph using  DFS :

The problem can be solved based on the following idea:

To find cycle in a directed graph we can use the  Depth First Traversal  (DFS) technique. It is based on the idea that there is a cycle in a graph only if there is a back edge [i.e., a node points to one of its ancestors] present in the graph. To detect a back edge, we need to keep track of the nodes visited till now and the nodes that are in the current recursion stack [i.e., the current path that we are visiting]. If during recursion, we reach a node that is already in the recursion stack, there is a cycle present in the graph.

34. ZigZag Tree Traversal

We can use a queue just like we used in Level Order Traversal. But in this case, we can also maintain a flag variable which keeps track of alternate level to reverse the order of the corresponding level traversal.flag==true implies we have to insert from left to right and flag==false means we have to insert element from right to left our answer arraylist.

35. Minimum number of jumps to reach end (Jump Game) Minimum number of jumps to reach the end using  Recursion : 

Start from the first element and recursively call for all the elements reachable from the first element. The minimum number of jumps to reach end from first can be calculated using the minimum value from the recursive calls.  minJumps(start, end) = 1 + Min(minJumps(k, end)) for all k reachable from start.

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