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Sigmund Freud: Essays and Papers (riverrun editions) Paperback – November 12, 2020

'Freud the writer is what Joan Riviere so elegantly presents to the English-Language reader' Lisa Appignanesi from her preface to Sigmund Freud: Essays and Papers This collection focuses in on the set of Riviere's translations that made up the first library of Freud in English. Including his papers on metapsychology, applied psychoanalysis and technique, and within those broader categories are subjects as diverse as narcissism, love, paranoia and homosexuality. Riviere's great understanding of Freud's work is evident as we see his engrossingly direct arguments - the style that distinguished him from academics of his day - take shape in her talented translations. We are presented with Freud's various guises, both an essayist and master storyteller he brings to life the vagaries of his patients. Riviere was a major player in disseminating psychoanalysis into English, 'no less than the man she translated is she a figure to be hidden from history', in this collection the translator and the scientist come together in a rich, engrossing brew.

• Print length 458 pages
• Language English
• Publisher riverrun
• Publication date November 12, 2020
• Dimensions 5.12 x 1.34 x 7.8 inches
• ISBN-10 1787479323
• ISBN-13 978-1787479326
• See all details

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ riverrun (November 12, 2020)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 458 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1787479323
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1787479326
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 11.8 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.12 x 1.34 x 7.8 inches
• #1,137 in Scientific Reference
• #3,331 in Medical Psychoanalysis
• #4,361 in Popular Psychology Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud: Essays and Papers

'Freud the writer is what Joan Riviere so elegantly presents to the English-Language reader' Lisa Appignanesi from her preface to Sigmund Freud: Essays and Papers This collection focuses in on the set of Riviere's translations that made up the first library of Freud in English. Including his papers on metapsychology, applied psychoanalysis and technique, and within those broader categories are subjects as diverse as narcissism, love, paranoia and homosexuality. Riviere's great understanding of Freud's work is evident as we see his engrossingly direct arguments - the style that distinguished him from academics of his day - take shape in her talented translations. We are presented with Freud's various guises, both an essayist and master storyteller he brings to life the vagaries of his patients. Riviere was a major player in disseminating psychoanalysis into English, 'no less than the man she translated is she a figure to be hidden from history', in this collection the translator and the scientist come together in a rich, engrossing brew.

Publisher: R iverrun

Published: November 2020

Format: Paperback

Dimensions: 13 x 3.4 x 19.8 cm

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Sigmund Freud: Essays and Papers (riverrun editions)

By sigmund freud.

12th November 2020

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Sigmund Freud - 29 major books and articles

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SIGMUND FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

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Freudian Theory and Consciousness: A Conceptual Analysis**

Avinash de sousa.

* Consultant Psychiatrist and Psychotherapist, Mumbai, India.

This paper aims at taking a fresh look at Freudian psychoanalytical theory from a modern perspective. Freudian psychology is a science based on the unconscious (id) and the conscious (ego). Various aspects of Freudian thinking are examined from a modern perspective and the relevance of the psychoanalytical theory of consciousness is projected. Do psychoanalysis and the unconsciousness have something to teach us about consciousness? Approaching Freud from a historical, psychoanalytical, anthropological and sociological perspective, we need to look at how Freudian theory may contribute to a better understanding of consciousness. We also need to look at psychoanalytical psychotherapy and its contribution to a better understanding of body-mind dualism and consciousness as a whole. Ego psychology is considered in the present day context and it is synthesized with various psychological studies to give us a better understanding of consciousness.

Introduction

“If often he was wrong and, at times absurd, to us he is no more a person now but a whole climate of opinion under whom we conduct our different lives…”

( W.H. Auden, In Memory of Sigmund Freud) (Auden and Mendelson, 1991 )

Despite distorted understandings of Freudian views and despite periodic waves of Freud bashing, Auden’s assessment remains essentially correct. Freud’s influence continues to be enormous and pervasive. He gave us a new and powerful way to think about and investigate human thought, action and interaction. He often made sense of the ranges that were neglected or misunderstood. Although one might wish to reject or argue with some Freudian interpretations and theories, his writings and insights are too compelling to simply turn away. There is still much to be learned from Freud (Neu, 1991). Much to be learned in relation to issues in contemporary philosophy of mind, moral and social theory. The special characteristics of unconscious states including their relations to states described by modern psychology and the relevance of the Freudian unconsciousness to questions concerning the divided or multiple self is equally important. This paper looks at the connection between Freudian theory/concepts and modern day conceptualisation of consciousness.

Is the Freudian unconscious relevant in the light of modern day consciousness?

Psychoanalysis regarded everything mental being in the first place unconscious, and thus for them, consciousness might be present or absent. This of course provoked a denial from philosophers for whom consciousness and mental were identical and they could never conceive of an absurdity such as an unconscious mental state. Reasons for believing in the existence of the unconsciousness are of course empirical, but the question as to what most fundamentally distinguishes the Freudian unconscious is a conceptual one. It is very important that one understands the nature of the unconsciousness in broad holistic terms rather than the fine details that Freud gave, and also one must follow the coherence of such a concept to understand our present day understanding of consciousness (Freud, 1912; Ricoeur, 1970).

The qualified specialization of consciousness that can be located in ordinary thought about the mind provides a source of motivation that is free from conceptual confusion. The analysis of what it is to be in consciousness has a further importance for the concept of unconscious mentality. If one assumes that all mental states are conscious alone, we will take a highly sceptical stand on Freudian theory and the topographical model of the mind proposed by him (Laplanche and Pontalis, 1983). For example, mental states like beliefs and values do not exist solely by virtue of the consciousness in them. Freud’s notion of unconscious mentality is arrived at by pressing the distinction of mental states from consciousness and combining it with the topographical model where all the psychological locales are spoken of as existing independently from their members at any given moment (Freud, 1915; Freud, 1937).

In William James’s The Principles of Psychology (James, 1890), the concept of unconscious mentality is considered in terms of its role as a necessary concomitant of what James calls the mind stuff theories by which he means theories that regard mental states as empirically analysable compounds.

It would now be helpful to spell out more precisely various conceptions of the psychoanalytic concept of the unconsciousness in terms of successive degrees of independence from the concept of consciousness.

Unconsciousness may be entirely composed of ideas that were previously conscious and have been repressed. This would meet the Lockenian condition on mentality, that is, there can be nothing in the mind that has not been previously in awareness (Ricoeur, 1970).

Unconsciousness may be perceived as entirely composed of, or at least as including some ideas that were not originally conscious but that could become conscious (Sears, 1943).

The last of these conceptions matches the unconsciousness as described in the writings of Melanie Klein and Wilfred Bion (Bion, 1984; Dryden, 2004), but it is also most probably attributable to Freud. The evidence for the same comes from Freud’s explicit statements that the concept of unconsciousness is broader than that of the repressed and also is made up of a phylogenetic heritage and primal fantasies (Freud, 1938).

A different question now needs to be addressed. It has been supposed that positive reason to believe in the existence of unconsciousness may come, and does in fact come from the notion that unconsciousness is necessary as data of consciousness have very large number of gaps in them (Freud, 1915). Consciousness is characterized by a special kind of unity, on account of which it does not tolerate gaps of any kind. We could interpret Freud’s notion in terms of gaps in self-explanation. These gaps are as such fully psychological in nature and they occur at points where we would ordinarily expect an intentional psychological explanation to be available and in this way, they stand apart from other merely nominal gaps in ordinary psychological explanation (for example, the impossibility of explaining how it is that one ordinarily remembers something).

Freud in his topographical model never looked at the mind to be built up of a number of agencies or systems, but rather these were terms used in a very special way, and it is a further puzzle as to what precisely Freud wanted them to signify (Freud, 1923). Consciousness and unconsciousness are not inimical properties and they are not intrinsically antagonistic to each other. Conflict between them is not regarding their status but because of the particular character of the contents of unconsciousness and their consequent connection with repression (Wollheim, 1973).

Many questions remain unanswered, but it is fitting to conclude that consciousness and unconsciousness are both a set of states with representational content distinguished by special features which need not be regarded as propositional attitudes, characteristically endowed with phenomenology but attributed in a spirit of pure plain psychological realism (Archard, 1984).

Relationships Between Freudian Theory and Cognitive Psychology with Reference to Consciousness

Though over a century has elapsed since Freud first proposed his theory, there has been very little comparison between Freudian theory and its links to nonpsychoanalytic academic psychology. The choice of cognitive psychology in this discussion stems from the fact that cognitive theory and cognitive psychology have a basis in almost all facets of modern psychology. Though cognitive psychology has explained many areas unknown to us 50 years earlier, one must admit that no other theorist ever constructed a conceptual and metatheoretical framework like Freud did, in order to understand psychological questions. No theory so far has ever provided a theory conceptually superior to Freud’s (Reiser, 1984).

Freud reduced the role of consciousness to that of an epistemological tool to know about certain areas of one’s mental state, removing all ontological implications. The evidence available in his time suggested that some mental states might exist outside ones awareness. Thus, Freud had to reject the principle that all mental states are conscious (ontological), but he retained the principle that all conscious states are accessible to awareness (epistemological). The demotion of consciousness to a purely epistemological role leads to serious failure, both by Freud and other theorists. In the transformation of psychology from a science of consciousness to a science of mental representations, there has been a gain in theoretical power, but there has been a loss of something of great value. Psychologists may in fact be avoiding the problem that made the mental realm so puzzling in the first place, the problem of consciousness, and thereby ignoring the mystery that is at the heart of the nature of meaning and mind (Grunbaum, 1984; Holt, 1989; Roth, 1998).

The term ‘conscious’ refers to an irreducible and irreplaceable phenomenon, no matter what the name. Terms such as awareness, reflective awareness, phenomenal awareness and phenomenal representation have all been used to refer to the same thing. Awareness has been used to refer to what we mean when we are at the moment conscious of something but also refers to the latent knowledge of something. The term conscious, unless burdened with additional meaning, may serve to mean what is immediately, subjectively and introspectively given in experience. We may be thus conscious of a rational abstract idea, an obsessional preoccupation or even a hallucination. We are conscious in psychosis, dissociative states, in intoxication and so forth. But each of these represents a quite different mental organisation of experiences, obeying different principles of organisation and existing on different levels of categorization and abstraction (Kihlstrom, 1987).

We shall now take a look at the confusion, both terminological and conceptual, that dogged Freudian thought as well as contemporary cognitive psychology. Freud always struggled with what has been called an adjectival and substantive use of the term conscious. It simply means that the term conscious idea denotes an idea that is directly, subjectively given and capable of being introspected, although it need not be. The experience can be conscious in a variety of different states, i.e., waking alert state, dream state, psychotic state and so on. It is better to refer to the above states as psychological states rather than different states of consciousness. The experience of consciousness may be different in each state but consciousness as a subjective, introspective given, is indivisible no matter what the state of consciousness. But the principles of organisation, levels of categorization and abstraction affecting or producing the experience may be different.

Cognitive psychology has not been immune to confusing and ambiguous uses of the term conscious and consciousness. If consciousness can occur in a variety of psychological states regardless of the principles of organisation, what purpose does being conscious serve and what shall then be the special conditions needed for consciousness to occur? What is the role that consciousness must play in our lives, apart from the operation of the different principles of organisation and levels of abstraction?

Freud gave consciousness the quality and capacity to transform experienced activity into unconscious states, similar to how different forms of energy are interchanged in physics. It could also play a part in inhibiting and restricting certain thoughts from becoming conscious. It also served the purpose of transforming quantities of unconscious excitation into qualitative experiences of pleasure and unpleasure (Freud, 1900; Hartmann, 1964).

Conclusions [see also Figure 1 ]

Flowchart of the paper

Whether psychoanalytic and cognitive science views of the consciousness are fraternal or identical twins, we do not know, but they were certainly reared apart from one another. The psychoanalytic twin was raised in the consulting room, exposed to primal scenes, intrapsychic conflict and the risky improvisations of clinical work, whereas the cognitive twin was raised in the scientific laboratory where calm and order prevailed. There is no doubt that the cognitive and psychoanalytic views are different and come out of different traditions (Shervin and Dickman, 1980). Cognitive science focusses on motive, affect and conflict, whereas psychoanalysis focusses on conflict and underlying psychological processes. There are in fact convergences between these two radically different views but from a holistic perspective. They follow a similarity in the nature of the problems they address, though at first look they seem to be far apart.

The newer developments in the field of cognitive science dealing with levels of categorisation and organisation will be of immense value in studying the hierarchical relationship between unconscious and conscious experiences. The chasm between the consulting room and scientific laboratory may soon narrow. We are now at a stage where we must broaden and deepen the scientific investigation of consciousness and conscious states in a way never done before. We need to apply our imagination and good will while being open minded and flexible at the same time.

Take home message

Freudian theory needs to be given a fresh look. Though considered outdated by some, it has a lot to offer to modern theories of consciousness. Insights from Freudian theory are relevant to modern day concepts of consciousness in cognitive neuroscience. Consciousness and unconsciousness are both independent and interdependent phenomena and their study will yield a different perspective on the evolution of conscious phenomena.

Conflict of interest

None declared

Declaration

This is to state that this is my original, unpublished work and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.

CITATION: De Sousa A., (2011), Freudian Theory and Consciousness: A Conceptual Analysis. In: Brain, Mind and Consciousness: An International, Interdisciplinary Perspective (A.R. Singh and S.A. Singh eds.), MSM , 9(1), p210-217.

Questions That This Paper Raises

• Is Freudian relevant today, or must it be done away with?
• Does Freudian theory play a role in explaining our modern day concept of consciousness?
• Does the Freudian concept of ‘conscious’ relate at least conceptually to the concept of ‘conscious’ in cognitive psychology?
• Do parts of Freudian theory have resemblance with modern day cognitive psychology and its theories?
• Should qualitative research on Freudian concepts be carried out in the light of modern theories of consciousness?
• Should modern methods of neuroimaging and neuroscience in the light of new data be used to validate Freudian models of conscious phenomena?

About the Author

Avinash De Sousa is a consultant psychiatrist and psychotherapist with a private practice in Mumbai. He is an avid reader and has over 40 publications in national and international journals. His main areas of interest are alcohol dependence, child and adolescent psychiatry, mental retardation, autism and developmental disabilities. He is also the academic director of the Institute of Psychotherapy Training and Management, Mumbai. He teaches psychiatry, child psychology and psychotherapy at over 18 institutions as a visiting faculty.

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905, by Sigmund Freud

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality is a 1905 work by Sigmund Freud which advanced his theory of sexuality, in particular its relation to childhood. Freud considered these essays to be his second greatest work. His most important work, according to him was The Interpretation of Dreams . Freud began developing these theories after working with female patients. Most of these patients were loosely diagnosed to suffer from hysteria. The symptoms for this term were quite varied. For instance, symptoms as paralysis or insomnia were diagnosed to be hysteria. It also included psychotic instances and wild mood swings. Interestingly, one of the common ways of treating it was for a doctor to cause the patient to have an orgasm. This may have had a great influence on Sigmund Freud's work.

Sigmund Freud was mentored by Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned Psychiatrist of his time. He was the first to use hypnosis in treating patients that were diagnosed with hysteria. However, Freud abandoned the practice later in his career, finding it to be ineffective. Freud's own success came from dealing with patients who had psychosomatic illnesses. He theorized that the symptoms, which these patients were experiencing, were due to repression of sexual desires. Consequently, Freud postulated that treatment of these symptoms was by bringing these suppressed desired into the conscious mind.

Freud's work has generated a lot of controversy, especially among feminist groups. They view Freud's work as a sexist. However, newer theories into human sexuality are still based on the original Freudian theories. These opponents are particularly offended by the use of the term "normal". They argue that normal is subjective and thus Freud's work is flawed. Freud did also observe that people with "normal" sexual tendencies were not normal afterall. He claimed that there was no normal sexual behavior. On the issue of pedophiles, Freud had an interesting observation. He characterized such perverse feelings as originating form fear. For instance, animals, which were unable to mate successfully with others, would take their frustrations out on young ones. Thus, he observed that pedophilia was not innate but rather grew out of fear.

Despite the major flaws, Freud does make a number of important points. This work was based on famous sexologists of his time. He read their theories and observed their work before coming up with his own theory. The first part of this work is dedicated to studying sexual behaviors that were not "normal". In his work, Freud observed a number of different sexual orientations, which he had observed such as homosexuality and bisexual tendencies. Freud observed that some of this individuals have always had this attraction since birth while others developed this "condition" after a certain trigger.

Sigmund Freud was the first to give detailed description of how children experienced sexual pleasure. He described that children experience pleasure through mechanical processes such as being flung in the air. He claimed that the sense of fear they experience followed by a sense of calmness was an intense source of sexual pleasure. In his work, Freud also suggested that children had specific erogenous zones through which they would experience sexual pleasure. For instance, the act of a child sucking on their thumb was for sexual pleasure. He also postulated the anal area could be converted into an area of sexual pleasure where the child experiences pleasure by exerting pressure.

On his explanations on the stages of sexual development in children, Freud claimed the first stage was borne out of curiosity. A young boy will wonder why they are built different from girls. He also suggested that girls on discovering they do not have a penis develop what he termed as "sexual envy". Freud suggested that this early developments in the child of a life had a great influence on them later on in life. He suggested boys would develop a fear for their father and thus try to mimic him in an attempt to appease him. This fear was the fear of castration. According to Freud this fear came out of sexual desire for his mother. He also postulates he discovery of the penis to be the origin of misogyny. Freud suggested that when the boy made the discovery that the opposite sex lacks a penis, he would henceforth look down on the as lesser men. Freud suggested that later on, this feeling would disappear but re-emerge later in puberty. At this stage, the person's sexual desire and relationships would be staged by the early stages of development. One of his wildest claims was that the desire for intellectualism was driven by sexual desires.

The essays also do briefly touch on sadomasochism. He explained that the drive men had to be aggressive was rooted in more than a desire to mate. He postulated that men were driven by the dire to completely dominate the female in every way. He also observed that this trait was common in most men. However, it existed in varying degrees among different men.

The original Freud theories have been revised over the course of more than a hundred years. Although most of his work has been disproved. He did make some very progressive a point for a man of his time. For instance, he gave an explanation to what were seen as perverse sexual nature of people at the time. In essence, Freud was challenging the long held notion that all sexual desire came from a biological desire to mate. Here in lies the contradictory nature of Freud's work. Although he clearly described sexuality developing independently from a desire to mate, he still viewed it as perverse. Freud also viewed sexuality as fluid and not fixed, thus it developed over the course of an individual's life.

From the aforementioned summary, it is quite clear that Sigmund Freud was obsessed by development of human beings as rooted in sexuality. However, his work does raise some interest. For instance, Freud's attributes the rise of monotheism and the strong hold it had at the time to psychosexual development. In addition, Freud attributed the ease with which strongmen in most states at the time ruled with absolute authority to development of human sexuality. His work was controversial during his time and still is even today. However, Freud's contribution to modern psychoanalysis is not in doubt.

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Freud's Writings Get an Update—30 Years in the Making

Sigmund Freud is having something of a moment. Psychoanalysis is suddenly everywhere: on such hit shows as Couples Therapy , where troubled lovers probe their unconscious minds; in upstart magazines, including Parapraxis , which applies the tenets of the talking cure to modern life and politics; at bookstores, where new titles on the Viennese psychologist, who died in 1939, hit shelves at a steady clip; and, of course, on social media, where Freudian memes abound.

Now, Freud is getting yet another update for the modern age. In June, Rowman & Littlefield published a reimagined version of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , widely considered to be the bedrock of the psychoanalytical canon. Translated and edited by James Strachey throughout the 1950s and ‘60s, the final volume of the Standard Edition was published by Hogarth Press 50 years ago, in 1974. The new 24-volume, 8,100-plus-page Revised Standard Edition has been three decades in the making, with psychoanalyst and neuropsychologist Mark Solms spearheading the once-in-a-generation project.

In 1989, Solms began translating Freud’s neuroscientific writings, which amount to more than 200 individual titles, fewer than 10 of which had previously been translated into English. This endeavor put him on the radar of the U.K.–based Institute of Psychoanalysis (IOPA), which had recently decided, amid growing criticisms of Strachey’s translations, that a revised version of the Standard Edition was sorely needed. The IOPA appointed Solms as editor of the Revised Standard Edition in 1994.

Assembling the Revised Standard Edition , Solms said, was “a mammoth task.” He not only needed to revise Strachey’s translations, but “update his editorial apparatus” to accommodate and incorporate the reams of Freud scholarship that have come out since the 1960s, much of which needed to be translated. Plus, Solms had to add and translate “some 50-odd” new works by Freud—some omitted from the Standard Edition , others discovered in the last half century—which include previously unknown notes, letters, and essays on such topics as homosexuality and women’s rights, which Solms said “reveal Freud to have been more progressive than has been appreciated.”

Solms was uniquely suited to the task of translating Freud's newly discovered writings, having grown up in a part of Namibia where the late-19th-century German dialect of Freud's era is still spoken. He is also an ambitious and fastidious scholar and editor, completely reworking the Standard Edition 's index and bibliography and adding nearly 1,400 entries throughout the editing process. Solms lamented that the sheer amount of work required to put together the edition, which he did alongside his day job as a neuroscientist and clinician, “is why, sadly, it has taken me a full 30 years to complete it!”

The two dozen volumes of the original Standard Edition were copublished from 1953 to 1974 by the IOPA and Hogarth Press, which was established in 1917 by Virginia and Leonard Woolf and is now an imprint of Penguin Random House. Solms said that it was “initially assumed” that the IOPA would publish the Revised Standard Edition with PRH, but the IOPA’s publications committee instead decided to invite a number of publishers to make proposals. Rowman & Littlefield was selected unanimously. “The selection was made, above all,” Solms said, “on the basis that they were an independent publisher that would give the Revised Standard Edition the ‘bespoke’ attention that it requires and deserves.”

R&L was eager to make the Freudian canon “available to a new generation of scholars, practitioners, students, and general readers” with the Revised Standard Edition , said Julie Kirsch, VP and publisher of R&L. In its pitch, R&L proposed a plan to make the Revised Standard Edition available globally in print and digital editions, and to build a secondary product portfolio of works related to the new edition, which Kirsch believes sealed the deal. Plus, she added, seeing as R&L “already had a strong presence in psychoanalytic publishing” thanks to its 2003 acquisition of Jason Aronson Publishers, the publisher felt confident it could not only do the job right but reach the work’s intended audience.

“The RSE has made it increasingly possible to understand the continuity between Freud’s work as a neuroscientist and his role as the architect of psychoanalysis,” Kirsch said. “We need this revised edition so that Freud’s work speaks clearly to a society that has changed in so many ways, while his insights into the fundamental nature of human beings remain a foundation of our understanding of ourselves.”

As an indie publisher, R&L hopes to “continue the legacy” of Hogarth, which was a small press when it published the Standard Edition, Kirsch said. She echoed Solms in noting that the independent spirit and business model of both R&L and Hogarth was in large part why the IOPA chose to partner with R&L, just as it had with Hogarth a century before. (Hogarth Press and the IOPA first agreed to copublish Freud’s works in English in 1924.) The Revised Edition was copublished by the IOPA and R&L’s academic division, which was acquired by Bloomsbury in May , and is distributed by National Book Network in the U.S. and Ingram Publisher Services internationally.

As for the forces behind Freud's resurgence, Kirsch and Solms agree that it's because his ideas are both timeless and timely. Kirsch calls Freud's theories “essential to understanding the human condition," not to mention ubiquitous in everyday life. “It’s easy to forget how many of his concepts have entered our mainstream vocabulary,” said Kirsch, who cited his “enormous impact” on art, literary criticism, philosophy, and popular culture.

Solms sees the culture's "growing disenchantment" with the treatment of psychiatric drugs as a panacea, as well as “the fact that Freud’s major scientific claims have been increasingly supported—perhaps surprisingly—by neuropsychological research findings,” as reasons for Freud’s renewed relevance. He added that, because "we are living in such troubled times," Freud's work has become a salient reminder of "all of how irrational we human beings are."

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Freud's Theories: Significance in Contemporary Psychology

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Sigmund Freud, often hailed as the father of psychoanalysis, pioneered a profound exploration of the human mind, delving into the unconscious, sexuality, and the structure of the psyche. Essays on Freud might cover his theories such as the Oedipus complex, the mechanisms of repression, or the id, ego, and superego model. Discussions could also venture into his controversial legacy, his influence on modern psychology and psychiatry, or his literary and cultural impacts. Analyzing his various works, exploring his interactions with contemporary or subsequent intellectuals, or critiquing the ethical implications of his theories are also rich areas for exploration. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Sigmund Freud you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

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